固相萃取-超高压液相色谱-串联质谱法分析海水中9种磺胺类抗生素

应用固相萃取及液相色谱-质谱联用技术,建立了海水中9种磺胺类抗生素的分析方法.海水样品经HLB固相萃取柱富集、净化后用甲醇洗脱浓缩定容,利用超高压液相色谱-串联质谱仪多反应监测(MRM)离子模式对目标物进行定性、定量分析.9种磺胺测定的线性范围为0.2～1 000 μg/L,方法检测限在0.2～0.4 ng/L之间(S/N=10,1 000倍浓缩).以海水为基底,磺胺甲基嘧啶为替代物,加标浓度分别为5.0 ng/L和20.0 ng/L时,9种磺胺的回收率在86.4%～150.4%之间,相对标准偏差0.5%～8.4%(n＝4),方法成功应用于厦门近岸海域海水样品中抗生素残留的分析.     

环渤海水域磺胺类药物的含量特征

为确认环渤海水域中抗生素的污染情况,对渤海各主要河流入海处的磺胺类抗生素含量状况进行调查.采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对14种磺胺类药物进行分析,外标法定量.经检测得出磺胺类化合物的质量浓度∶磺胺醋酰(SAAM)为2.1~4.4 ng/L,磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)为5.7~12.9 ng/L,磺胺甲基异唑(SMZ)为3.6~13.0 ng/L,磺胺噻唑(STZ)为9.2~32.2 ng/L,磺胺甲噻唑(SMTZ)为5.3~6.2 ng/L,磺胺氯哒嗪(SCP)为2.2 ng/L,磺胺间二甲氧嘧啶(SDM)为2.7~2.9 ng/L.检测结果表明,城市生活污水排放是环渤海水域磺胺类污染物的主要来源,对环境微生态系统已造成严重影响.     

固相萃取-超高压液相色谱-串联质谱法分析海水中9种磺胺类抗生素

应用固相萃取及液相色谱-质谱联用技术,建立了海水中9种磺胺类抗生素的分析方法.海水样品经HLB固相萃取柱富集、净化后用甲醇洗脱浓缩定容,利用超高压液相色谱-串联质谱仪多反应监测（MRM）离子模式对目标物进行定性、定量分析.9种磺胺测定的线性范围为0.2～1000μg/L,方法检测限在0.2～0.4 ng/L之间（S/N=10,1 000倍浓缩）.以海水为基底,磺胺甲基嘧啶为替代物,加标浓度分别为5.0 ng/L和20.0 ng/L时,9种磺胺的回收率在86.4%～150.4%之间,相对标准偏差0.5%～8.4%（n=4）,方法成功应用于厦门近岸海域海水样品中抗生素残留的分析.     

QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定蔬菜中16种磺胺类药物

为了准确测定蔬菜中16种磺胺类(磺胺间二甲氧嘧啶、磺胺-6-甲氧嘧啶、磺胺苯吡唑、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲氧哒嗪、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺吡啶、磺胺邻二甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺噻唑、磺胺甲基异噁唑、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺二甲异噁唑、磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺醋酰)药物残留,建立了液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。试样经超声提取,Kinetex C_(18)(2.1 mm×100 mm,2.6μm)色谱柱分离后进行HPLC/MS/MS多反应检测模式下的定性及定量分析。16种磺胺类药物的方法检出限为0.05μg/kg～0.5μg/kg,在0.1～100μg/L范围内呈线性,目标物线性相关系数(R~2)均大于0.9990,在低、中、高三个添加水平范围内的平均回收率为80.1%～102.5%,相对标准偏差均小于9.6%。该方法快速、简便,适用于蔬菜中磺胺类药物的测定。     

响应面优化超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定有机肥中14种磺胺类抗生素

建立了一种超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UHPLC-MS/MS)同时测定有机肥中14种磺胺类抗生素的方法.在明确最佳提取溶剂条件为乙腈与乙酸体积比为80:20的基础上,采用Box-Behnken Design方法设计实验,对前处理中缓冲液体积、缓冲液pH和振荡时间3个参数进行响应面优化.结果表明,在提取液中加入6.15 m...     

吸附法去除低温水体中的磺胺类抗生素

针对畜禽养殖过程中使用磺胺类抗生素产生的水环境污染问题, 考察天然矿物材料(火山渣)与资源转化材料(骨炭和菌糠)对4种磺胺类抗生素磺胺噻唑（ST）、 磺胺甲基嘧啶(SM)、 磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM2)和磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)的去除效果及影响因素. 结果表明： 3种材料对磺胺类抗生素的吸附效果为: 菌糠>火山渣>骨炭; 当水体中4种抗生素的质量浓度均为5 mg/L时, 菌糠对其吸附率>80%, 吸附量为1.60 mg/g; 采用质量分数为10%的Al2(SO4)3改性火山渣和骨炭后, 二者对4种抗生素的吸附率>60%, 吸附量>0.24 mg/g; 最佳吸附pH值为4~6; Fe³⁺,Mn²⁺,NH⁺₄,Cl^-,硬度和碱度等对菌糠吸附磺胺类抗生素的吸附效果影响较大.     

基于萃取和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法的贝类抗生素快速测定方法

建立一种简单、快速的超声波萃取–固相萃取净化–超高效液相色谱串联质谱分析方法, 可以同时测定淡水贝类软组织中磺胺类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类、β-内酰胺类和氨基糖苷类中15种抗生素。采取超声波萃取法, 对贝类体内的抗生素进行萃取, 用固相萃取方法净化提取液, 最后用超高效液相色谱–三重四级杆质谱对目标物进行分析检测。主要比较两种固相萃取柱Oasis HLB和Oasis PRiME HLB对污染物的净化效率, 后者展现出较好的结果。15种抗生素加标回收率实验结果表明: 当加标浓度为50 ng/g时, 回收率为64%~121%, 相对标准偏差为0.5%~19% (n=3); 添加高浓度(100 ng/g)样品时, 回收率为67%~117%, 相对标准偏差为1%~9%(n=3)。方法检测限(LOD)为0.004~0.5 ng/g (干重), 定量限(LOQ)为0.013~1.67 ng/g (干重)。该方法具有回收率高、检测限低的特点。使用该方法对鄱阳湖3个采样点三角帆蚌中的抗生素进行分析, 结果显示, 在15种抗生素中, 有9种均不同程度地检出, 检出频率和浓度最高的是甲氧苄胺嘧啶, 最高浓度达到78.8 ng/g, 其次是奇霉素(41.2 ng/g)和环丙沙星(39.8 ng/g)。     

水中磺胺类抗生素的光降解及富里酸对其光降解的影响

磺胺类抗生素是水环境中广泛存在的抗菌药物,光化学降解是其消减的重要途径.通过对两种磺胺类抗生素磺胺二甲基嘧啶和磺胺甲噁唑的光化学降解动力学研究,考察了其在纯水中的自敏化光降解过程以及溶解性有机物富里酸对其光化学降解的影响.结果表明,这两种磺胺类抗生素在纯水中的光化学降解反应均符合准一级动力学,但两者的自敏化光化学降解机理不同.水环境中富里酸浓度的大小会对其光化学降解产生重要影响:对于磺胺二甲基嘧啶,水中富里酸浓度较高(20,50,100mg/L)时会促进它的光降解,浓度较低时(2mg/L)不利于其光降解;对于磺胺甲噁唑,低浓度富里酸(0.2,2mg/L)会促进其光降解,高浓度富里酸(20,50,100mg/L)则抑制其光降解.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对水环境中12种抗生素的检测

利用固相萃取(solid phase extraction,SPE)及液相色谱-串联质谱(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)联用技术,建立了水体中痕量磺胺类、β-内酰胺类、四环素类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类等12种抗生素的定量分析方法.水样中的12种抗生素通过亲水疏水平衡(hydrophile lipophilic balance,HLB)小柱的萃取富集后,以乙腈为有机相、0.2%甲酸和醋酸铵混合水溶液为水相,采用LC-MS/MS进行定量分析.抗生素采用电喷雾电离(electrospray ionization,ESI)源多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM)模式,以~(13)C3-caffeine作为内标物进行定量检测.抗生素在河水中的方法定量限为0.004 83~4.805 00 ng/L,回收率为71%～90%.该方法被应用于分析南陈河(上海)中抗生素的含量,平均质量浓度为2.04～254.46 ng/L.     

大连碧流河水库及河流典型抗生素污染和分布特征研究

采用固相萃取和LC-MS/MS方法分析了23种抗生素在碧流河水库及其入库河流水体和沉积物中的污染和分布特征.结果表明,碧流河水库及其入库河流均存在抗生素污染.碧流河水库及其入库河流水体中共检出10种抗生素,检出率1%～22%,平均浓度0.046～6.1 ng·L~(-1).依诺沙星、氯霉素、氟苯尼考是水体中的优势污染物.沉积物中共检出9种抗生素,检出率1.5%～32%,平均浓度0.014～7.1 ng·g~(-1).磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲■唑和林可霉素是沉积物中的优势污染物.与国内外其他饮用水源相比,碧流河水库及其入库河流的抗生素浓度检出水平较低.碧流河、卧龙泉河是碧流河水库抗生素污染的主要来源.抗生素的浓度分布特征与流域人口分布、季节变化呈现相关性.生态风险评价结果显示,依诺沙星处于高风险,是该区域水环境中抗生素生态风险首要来源.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the