Transfer of a eubacteria-type cell division site-determining factor CrMinD gene to the nucleus from the chloroplast genome in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

MinD is a ubiquitous ATPase that plays a crucial role in selection of the division site in eubacteria, chloroplasts, and probably Archaea. In four green algae, Mesostigma viride, Nephroselmis olivacea, Chlorella vulgaris and Prototheca wickerhamii, MinD homologues are encoded in the plastid genome. However, in Arabidopsis, MinD is a nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-targeted protein involved in chloro- plast division, which suggests that MinD has been transferred to the nucleus in higher land plants. Yet the lateral gene transfer (LGT) of MinD from plastid to nucleus during plastid evolution remains poorly understood. Here, we identified a nucleus-encoded MinD homologue from unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a basal species in the green plant lineage. Overexpression of CrMinD in wild type E. coli inhibited cell division and resulted in the filamentous cell formation, clearly demon- strated the conservation of the MinD protein during the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes. The transient expression of CrMinD-egfp confirmed the role of CrMinD protein in the regulation of plastid division. Searching all the published plastid genomic sequences of land plants, no MinD homologues were found, which suggests that the transfer of MinD from plastid to nucleus might have occurred be- fore the evolution of land plants.     

Mutagenesis of Ser24 of Cytochrome b559 α Subunit Affects PSII Acitivies in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

In order to study the functions of cytochrome b559 (Cyt b559) in photosystem two (PSII) activity, mutant S24F of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was constructed using site directed mutagenesis, in which Serine24 (Ser24) locating downstream of Histidine23 (His23) in α subunit of Cyt b559 was replaced by Phenylalanine (Phe). Physiological and biochemical analysis showed that mutant S24F could be grown photoautotrophically or photoheterotrophically. However, their growth rate was slower either on HSM or TAP medium than that of the control; Analysis of PSII activity revealed that its oxygen evolution was about 71% of wild type (WT); The Photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) of S24F was reduced 0.23 compared with WT; S24F was more sensitive to strong light irradiance than the wild type; Furthermore, SDS-PAGE and Western-blotting analysis indicated that the expression levels of α subunit of Cyt b559, LHCII and PsbO of S24F were a little less than those of the wild type. Overall, these data suggests that Ser24 plays a significant role in making Cyt b559 structure maintain PSII complex activity of oxygen evolution although it is not directly bound to heme group.     

Properties of Paths in ROBDD and Its Application to Signal Probability Calculations

Introduction Powerconsumptionhasbecomeagreatconcerninchip design.Inordertocomputepowerdissipation,wehaveto firstlycalculatenodeswitchingactivityEn(sw).FromEq.1 En(sw)canbeestimatedthroughprob(n)[2]andtherefore thepowerdissipationcanbeobtainedthroughEq.2[3]. En(sw)=2prob(n)(1-prob(n))(1) Pavg=0.5V2ddfclkCloadE(SW)(2) Thereareseveralmethodsincalculatingprob(n) includingtheapplicationofMarkovchain,theentropyapproach,andothers[1].Yettwoimportantproblemsarise whenapplyingthesea…     

Digitization and DICOM Standardization of X-ray Image Signal

Picture archiving and communication system (PACS) has played an important role in hospital and developed rapidly in recent years. It is an important part of PACS architecture that X-ray video output connects with PACS. In this paper, a method to digitize the video signals of X-ray facility is introduced. By means of the video capture card, we can acquire digital medical images from X-ray facility. The American College of Radiology (ACR) and the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) developed a standard for Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM), this DICOM standard introduces a rule of medical image conversion from conventional format to DICA)M one. According to abovementioned standard, X-ray video signals can be connected to PACS easily. This project has been applied in some hospitals successfully and there is satisfied result.     

hB1F and HNF1 work syner-gistically in the regulation of the function of HBV ENⅡ

Human B1 binding factor (hB1F) is a novel trans- cription factor cloned in our laboratory, which has the capacity of binding the B1 region of HBV enhancer Ⅱ (ENⅡ) and stimulating its activity. In this report, the functional relationship between hB1F and other liver-enriched activators of ENⅡ was investigated. The results of CAT assay indicated that there was only additive effect between hB1F and HNF4 as well as HNF3?. On the contrary, the presence of both hB1F and HNF1 would result in significant functional synergism. Further GST pull down assay indicated that hB1F could interact with HNF1 directly in vitro. This study provides the evidence that hB1F and HNF1 work synergistically in the regulation of the activity of HBV ENⅡ.     

Bio-rational design of photosystem Ⅱ inhibitors (Ⅰ)──Molecular modeling of cyanoacrylates and ureas in photosystem Ⅱ D1 protein of Pisum sativum

Molecular modeling of cyanoacrylates and ureas with D1 protein of Pisum sativum have been presented. Studies show that these two kinds of inhibitors occupy the similar region in the D1 protein. Cyanoacrylates have more binding sites than ureas, thus they have higher activities.     

Electronic Absorption Spectra of Copper （ Ⅱ） Sulphophthalocyanine and Aggregation of the Dye in Aqueous Solution

Aggregation behavior of C.I. Direct Blue 86 was discussed using analyses of its UV-Vis spectra. The experiment results show that the dye molecules are inclined to aggregate in aqueous solution. Even in a very dilute solution of 0.050 μol/L, A618/A659 = 1. 239 8, showing that the dye monomers still coexist with its dimers. The strong aggregation trend may cause dye precipitates at a higher concentration, which is an important factor that should be considered in producing a formula of ink-jet inks containing the dye as a colorant.     

Participation and Reconstruction——On the History of the Republic of China Navy Officers Dispatched to England and the United States in World War Ⅱ

20世纪40年代,国民政府曾派遣海军军官赴英美参战、实习.这一计划的实施(包括稍后国民政府大规模从英、美获得赠舰和租舰)的实际意义不仅是为国民政府战后重建海军准备了基本力量,而且也为消除民国海军内部的派系藩篙,建立全国统一的海军起到了重要作用.     

A new threshold of uncovering the nature of glass transition:The slow β relaxation in glassy states

The glass transition involves more than one dynamic relaxation mechanisms in supercooled liquids,such as α relaxation,slow β relaxation and fast β relaxation and so on.For the traditional theoretical system,α relaxation is believed mainly responsible for the nature of the glass transition as the beginning of the phenomenon.This idea,however,has been open to a big challenge since recent studies have indicated that slow β relaxation closely relates to α relaxation.Slow β relaxation determines the characterist...     

Parallelism in Ordinary Language and in the Language of Poetry

Parallelisminitsbroadsenseispreciselytheoppositeofthekindofforegounding.Theimportanceofparallelismasafeatureofpoeticlanguagealmostrivalsthatofdeviation.AsRomanJakobsonhassaid'anyformofparallelismisanapportionmentofinvariantsandvariables'.Inotherwords,inanyparallelisticpatterntheremustbeaneIementofidentityandanelementofcontrast.Parallelismistypicalofmanyotheraspectsofhumancultureapartformliterature.Proverbs,slogans,nurseryrhymes,andmanyother'sub-liberary'usesoflanguagealsoaboundinparallelism.…     

The Reconstructing of Low Signal—noise Ratio Single Ion Channel Signal from Patech—clamp Recordings Sampled in the COlored Background Noise

The single ion channel signal is an ionic current that can be recorded by the patch clamp technique,Hidden Markov model(HMM) algorithm has been used to convert the low signal-noise ratio(SNR) noisy recording into an idealized quantal one in the case of white background noise,The Traditional HMM algorithm is extended and adapted to the colored background noise.A new algorithm called EHMM(Extended HMM) algorithm is propsed,and mainly validated by simulation,Resultes show that it‘s effective.     

Importance of Touch in the Design of Pleasurable Products and Experiences

IntroductionWenoticeeverydaythechangeofpurchasingattitudes.Inthepastwhenweboughtaproduct,wehadadeliberatedandrationalattitude,buttodaywearemoreandmoreirrational.Ourchoicesarebasedonemotionalandmultisensorialdimensions.Inthesociety,weobservethatcollectiverules,whichstructurepeoplesattitudes,havelessinfluenceonindividuals.So,anewcustomerisborn,whodoesntrespecttherulesofconductimposedbythesocietyandwhoismorefocusedonhispersonalexpression.Heismoreindividualistanddoeswhathefeels.Thisnewcustomeris…     

Thermal stability of oxygen evolution in photosystem Ⅱ core complex in the presence of digalactosyl diacylglyceroli

The influence of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), one of the photosynthetic membrane lipids, on heat inactivation of the process of oxygen evolution has been studied in vitro in photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) core complex. It was found that the temperature of semi-inactivation of oxygen evolution in the complex increased from 40.0 to about 43.0℃ in the presence of DGDG with 5-min heat treatment in the dark. Furthermore, when PSⅡ core complex was incubated for 5 min at 45.0℃, the oxygen evolution in the complex was completely lost, whilst the DGDG-complexed PSⅡ core complex still retained a 16% of activity (100% for 25.0℃). In addition, a 1-h incubation at 38.0℃ inactivated absolutely the oxygen evolution for the PSⅡ core complex. By contrast, there remained about 20% of activity (zero time for 100%) for the complex in the presence of DGDG under the same condition. These results indicate a new role of DGDG in the protection of PSⅡ core complex against the deleterious effects of temperature. It was most likely that DGDG-mediated stability toward thermal denaturation of oxygen evolution in PSⅡ core complex is due to the protective effect of DGDG on the release of the 33 kD protein from PSⅡ core complex.     

Isolation of tomato proteinase inhibitor Ⅱ gene and the function of its intron

The genomic DNA sequence of tomato proteinase inhibitor Ⅱ gene (named tin2i, whose accession number in GenBank is AF007240) was isolated by PCR techniques. The intron sequence (TPI), with a length of 109 bp, owns typical structures of GT/AG dinucleotides at both ends and high content of AT base pairs which accounts for 80.7% of the total nucleotides. As shown by recombination experiment, the TPI sequence could efficiently promote the expression of the reporter gene gusA and this effect was independent of the position and orientation of the intron, thus showing its role as an enhancer. Such experiments as gel retardation assays, GUS histochemical staining and GUS fluorometric assays further demonstrated that TPI sequence maybe has promoter-like activity.     

Distribution of lanthanum among the chloroplast subcomponents of spinach and its biological effects on photosynthesis： location of the lanthanum binding sites in photosystem Ⅱ

The effects of lanthanum at different concentrations on the related photosynthetic activities of Hill reaction, Mg^2＋-ATPase and Ca^2＋-ATPase in spinach chloroplast were studied. Experimental results showed that lanthanum can increase all the activities at suitable concentration （15-30 mg· L^-1）, however, it behaves toxically on them when over used （60 mg. L^-1）. To get an improved understanding of the mechanism of lanthanum effects on the photosynthesis of spinach, the different subcomponents in the chloroplast of the cultured spinach were isolated, and the content of lanthanum in each subcomponent was determined by ICP-MS. The results obtained indicated that among these different subcomponents, about 90% out of the total chloroplast lanthanum was located in photosystem Ⅱ （PS Ⅱ） while there was little lanthanum in photosystem Ⅰ （PS Ⅰ）. Moreover, size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography （SE-HPLC） coupled with online UV and ICP-MS detections was novelly used for locating lanthanum binding sites in PS Ⅱ proteins for the first time. It was found that lanthanum has two binding sites in PS Ⅱ： La associates with chlorophyll together with magnesium in PS Ⅱ by partly replacing magnesium and also shares the common binding sites of PS Ⅱ proteins together with the inorganic cofactors of calcium and manganese, influencing the process of photosynthesis.     

Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Soil Organic Matter in the Mixed Plantations of Alder and Cypress in the Hilly Areas of Central Sichuan Basin

The investigation was conducted on the spatial and temporal distributions of soil organic mater （SOM） in the mixed plantations of alder （Aluns crernastogyne） and cypress （Cupressus funebris ） （MPAC）, which distributed in the hilly areas of central Sichuan Basin （HACSB）. The results show that： （1） the spatial distribution of SOM among different sites at the same age are not significant before 15-year-old, but significant at 20-year-old, and not significant again after 25-year-old; （2） the SOM contents in 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm layers increase sharply from 10- to 15-year-old, and decline gradually from 15- to 30- year-old; the SOM contents of the 30-year-old PCP were 80. 38% and 78.42% higher than that of the 10-year-old, but 29.16% and 53.37% lower than that of 15-year-old in the 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm layers, respectively. The decrease of SOM contents would lead to the degradation of soil fertility and the decline of forest productivity.     

Analysis of the Role and Technique of Feedback in the Development of Students’Writing Skills

Feedback on writing can be defined as comments, corrections, questions and suggestions, that a reader gives to a writer with the aim to steer him through the process of writing on to the product, according to Keh (1990:294). This paper discusses the role of feedback in a process-focused approach to writing. The use of both peer feedback and teacher feedback could improve students’writing skills effectively in the long run. This paper also looks at the different techniques that a teacher can use in the writing classroom.