甘肃省地质灾害发育特征

甘肃省地质环境条件复杂,受极端天气、地震及人类工程活动等影响,区内地质灾害多发、频发,防灾减灾形势严峻。为进一步查清甘肃省地质灾害现状发育特征,在甘肃省1:5 万地质灾害风险调查最新数据分析的基础上,分析了全省地质灾害灾情险情特征、总结了地质灾害时空分布规律及致灾特征。研究结果表明：（1）甘肃省地质灾害以崩塌、滑坡、泥石流为主,灾害规模多为中小型;（2）在空间分布上,地质灾害主要集中分布于甘肃省中部和东南部的9 个市州,属于黄河流域及黄土高原区、白龙江流域及陇南山地;（3）在时间分布上,5-9 月主汛期是地质灾害高发期,以7 月下旬至8 月上旬最为严重;（4）地质灾害具群发致灾、隐蔽致灾和链式致灾特征。研究成果可为区域地质灾害风险管控和应急管理提供一定的技术依据和参考。     

山西兴县碧村小玉梁龙山文化玉器闻见录

山西兴县碧村小玉梁山位于黄河岸边,自古以来就流传出土玉器的传说。作者经过多年调研和实地走访、采集,认为这是史前的龙山文化玉器,其工艺特征素面无纹饰,玉质优良,与黄河对岸的陕西神木石峁遗址玉器如出一辙。     

化隆黄河谷地某典型滑坡稳定性分析

在青海省东部化隆地区黄河两岸谷坡地带,发育一系列不稳定斜坡,成为该区域易发的地质灾害.通过对区域黄河谷地发育的某典型滑坡的地质特征分析,利用毕肖普法对黄河谷地以黄土为主的混杂坡洪积物组成较复杂的典型滑坡特征及稳定性进行了计算分析,对该区域的典型滑坡的基本特征,形成机理和稳定性进行评价.结果表明,毕肖普法在此类不稳定斜坡的稳定性分析计算中,具有较好的可靠性.     

清代山东移民特点探析

移民作为一种调整人口分布的重要方式，在资源、环境配置方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。由于人口压力沉重及自然灾害频发，终清一代，山东省的移民活动都很活跃，前中期以规模庞大的“闯关东”为主，后期咸丰年间黄河改道后，灾民四出，移民途径多样化，有力地促进了山东社会的稳定发展。     

黄河流域水污染问题浅谈

上世纪90年代以来,黄河流域污染问题日益严重,引起了多方关注,防治黄河流域水污染问题已迫在眉睫。本文从黄河水污染现状出发,介绍了黄河水污染对水资源、生态环境、社会经济等的灾害性影响,简要分析了造成污染的多方面原因,进而从改善经济增长模式、增强环保意识、健全法律法规、完善管理制度等几个方面提出了针对黄河水污染防治的一些对策和建议。     

Pre-assessment on the loss and impact caused by large-scale flood disasters

Through intensive studies, we have established an index system for evaluating the loss and impact caused by large-scale flood disasters, and constructed a methodological system for pre-assessing the loss and impact caused by large-scale flood disasters. Through numerical simulation, submerged characteristics of large-scale flood can be determined. According to the characteristics of spatial corresponding distribution between land-use types and types of disaster-affecting subjects, we have realized spatialization for social and economic statistic data, and have completed spatialization evaluation on the loss and social impact caused by large-scale flood disasters using the spatial analytical function of GIS software. It is possible that large-scale flood can occur in the lower Yellow River. Flood management requires pre-assessment on the loss and impact caused by flood disasters. Nevertheless, there is no appropriate pre-assessment method for the lower Yellow River at present. By imitating the flood happened in Yuanyang, the north bank of the lower reach of Yellow River in 1958, we did pre-assessment on the loss and social impact caused by the overflow flood. We found that this method can be used to predict the types, quantity and spatial distribution of economic loss caused by large-scale flood disasters. This method can determine population affected by disasters and degree and spatial distribution of disasters. Indirect loss can be predicted as well using this method.In general this method can meet theneeds of regions affected by flood for planning and making decisions in fighting floods and reducing loss.     

黄河下游河道对水沙过程变异响应

 近年来黄河下游河道来水来沙量持续减少,河道演变特性发生变化,同时引起黄河下游河道的“小水大灾”、“横河”、“斜河”等问题。针对日趋严重的水灾问题,本文选取黄河下游典型站点分析黄河下游河道对水沙过程变异的响应,得到初步认识：一方面,由于黄河来水量减小,水流挟沙能力降低,致使黄河下游河槽持续淤积抬高、河槽变窄、河道过水断面变小,易引起“小水大灾”;另一方面,由于来水来沙量变异,黄河漫滩概率减小,使黄河下游河型发生缓慢的改变,引起河势变化,原有的部分工程措施因水流流路的改变被迫废弃,甚至产生负作用,形成水灾。     

古代山东的地震灾害

构造地震是人类社会发展过程中所经历的主要地震灾害。山东省是大陆地震最活跃、最强烈和最集中的地区,尤其是渤海、黄海沿海地震带,郯城—莒州(今山东莒县)地震带,是地震灾害的多发地区。研究古代山东的地震灾害,有利于我们掌握地震规律,增强防患意识,保障民生。     

古济水钩沉

本文考证了约在公元前二千年前的济水。那个时期,黄河还没有改道,在江苏省北部注入黄海。济水也还没有受到黄河的干扰,保持了它的自然状态在山东省北部注入勃海。     

论建立陕西延川黄河蛇曲地质公园的地质意义

陕西延川黄河蛇曲是发育在晋陕峡谷中的大型蛇曲群体，完整系统地保留了黄河蛇曲形成、演化过程的地质遗迹，对于研究黄河中游的演化以及黄土高原的环境变迁具有极为重要的科学价值，有助于认识黄河发育与新生代以来地壳运动的关系，深化河流蛇曲成因理论、了解黄河形成之前的古水系背景特征及其支流发育与土壤侵蚀的关系，而且对发展地质旅游、进行科学考察和科普教育亦具有重要意义。     

黄河断流对下游生态环境的影响研究

把黄河下游山东段分为黄河下游沿河两岸,黄河三角洲及渤海湾,莱州湾浅海区三部分进行研究,分析了黄河断流对该地区生态环境的影响,并提出了解决黄河下游断流的几何措施。     

寒潮天气对黄河下游凌汛的影响

探讨寒潮天气对黄河下游凌汛的影响,一方面分析一般年份凌汛期气温变化的规律,另一方面是研究部分年份凌汛期寒潮侵袭给气温造成的特殊变化．在部署黄河下游防凌工作时,不但要考虑到凌汛期气温变化的一般规律,更为重要的是预估到部分年份由于寒潮天气侵袭给凌汛造成的特殊灾害．     

Component and simulation of the 4,000-year-old noodles excavated from the archaeological site of Lajia in Qinghai,China

Noodles are a global food, but the periods when and places where they were made and originated, as well as their ingredients and the cooking methods used to manu- facture them, have remained contentious. In the 2005 edi- tion of the journal Nature, we wrote a summary of the millet noodle specimens found in the Late Neolithic Qijia cultural stratum of the Lajia archaeological site in Qinghai Province, China. However, how the ancient people made millet noodles remains controversial. This paper provides a systematic analysis of the remains of noodles found within an earthenware bowl at the Lajia ＂noodle house＂ in terms of their plant composition including phytoliths, starch and biomarkers. It provides evidence of how people used millet 4,000 years ago and, most specifically, of the principal methods used for producing millet-based noodles. Further, we show how we used traditional hele tools to make hele millet noodles, with especial reference to the gelatinized hydrogel-forming method, to simulate morphology con- sistent with the composition and form of the unearthed millet noodles. The results of this study provide new evi- dence and new insights into the cultural characteristics of the prehistoric human diet.     

陕西黄河湿地渔业水域环境分析及保护措施

目的对陕西黄河湿地渔业水域进行评价分析,加强湿地保护和渔业可持续发展。方法通过对2007,2008年度陕西黄河湿地渔业水域全面监测和重点指标动态监测分析,利用内梅罗指数法对水体进行综合评价。结果陕西黄河湿地渔业水域环境状况存在大的差异,湿地渔业养殖水域中大水面水质状况较好,中型水面次之,精养池塘受氮磷污染比较严重。结论提出了增强保护、加强管理和推广健康养殖等科学的改良和保护措施,对于渔业发展及湿地可持续发展有着十分重要的意义。     

山西省地表水监测断面布设合理性分析及优化思路

采用数理统计等方法,对山西省现有地表水监测断面合理性进行了全面分析,指出现有地表水断面布设在代表性、完整性、数据获取率等方面存在的问题;在对多种优化方法比较的基础上,提出以黄河和海河2大流域8大水系为出发点、采用聚类分析和模型预测相结合的综合法对全省地表水断面进行优化的工作思路。     

万家寨引黄工程北干线河道输水段渗漏评价

着重论述了山西省万家寨引黄工程北干线河道输水段与渗漏有关的地层岩性、水文地质条件，并且定量计算了渗漏量，评价了河道渗漏损失。     

Paleomagnetic dating of the topmost terrace in Kouma,Henan and its indication to the Yellow River''''s running through Sanmen Gorges

How did the Yellow River develop and evolve? Whendid it form? The geoscientists have concerned these im-portant questions for a long time. They have done a lot ofresearches on these issues and gotten a lot of valuableresults, while there are still many controversies. In general,it mainly includes several points as follows. According tothe transition of the fluviolacustrine strata, biological fos-sils and geologic structure in Lanzhou and Yinchuan, Linmade a conclusion that the Yellow River…     

A preliminary report on the newly found Tianyuan Cave, a Late Pleistocene human fossil site near Zhoukoudian

The Tianyuan Cave is the only human fossil-bearing site containing rich mammalian fossils found in the last decades near Zhoukoudian. Up to now more than 34 specimens of the human body have been recovered, and the mammalian fossils can be put into 29 species. Cervids dominate the fauna, and carnivores are very rare. Based on the primary examination, the human fossils can be attributed to the species Homo sapiens. All the mammalian fossils, except one between tooth of Crocuta belong to the species that still exist today. But some of them are the first records in fossil form north of the Yellow River, such as Arctonyx and Capricornis. Based on the mammalian fauna study, it seems that the Tianyuan Cave can be correlated with the Upper Cave.Sixty-three percent of the species of the mammalian fauna from the Tianyuan Cave are also present in the Upper Cave.The characters of the deposits also share some similarities between the Tianyuan Cave and the Upper Cave; both of them are mainly composed of breccia without cement. The dating using the U-series method on deer tooth samples indicates that the geological age of the new site is around 25 thousand years B.P. This is the first discovery of human sites outside the core area of the Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian,which throws new light onto this world famous site complex.     

黄河三角洲互花米草、碱蓬种群变化及扩散模拟

将卫星遥感、GIS空间分析技术和生物种群扩散模型相结合,利用1996、2006、2016年黄河三角洲滨海湿地3期遥感影像,采用面向对象分类方法、景观转移矩阵、景观重心转移模型分析互花米草和碱蓬动态变化,并利用CA-Markov模型对2026年的演变趋势开展预测模拟．结果表明:1）在时间上,20 a来互花米草总面积由1996年的3.45 km2增长到2016年的25.14 km2,碱蓬总面积呈大幅度下降;在空间上,互花米草发生了连通阻断,其重心由胜利油田边缘向河口方向移动,碱蓬重心向陆源方向有一个小幅度后退．2）模拟预测2026年互花米草面积为26.67 km2,碱蓬面积为26.15 km2．3）2种植被在2006—2016年转移变化剧烈,20 a来滨海湿地人类活动呈增加的趋势．从预测结果分析看,20 a间黄河三角洲河口受重大人工改道、初期的断流、风暴潮等人为和自然灾害的强烈影响,互花米草、碱蓬等滨海湿地植被数量造成短时序变化,导致模拟精度不高．如果不对互花米草加以人为控制,到2026年互花米草面积的激增将对整个黄河三角洲地区生态环境造成显著影响．      

先秦时期河神人格化的演进

对黄河的祭祀和崇拜是中国古老的宗教习俗,黄河之神也历来受到人们的顶礼膜拜.理清黄河怎样由一个自然神到人格神的转化过程,对我们认识和理解这一文化现象具有深远的意义.认为这一转化过程从商代就已经开始,经历了西周春秋时的发展,直至战国时期方完成了这一全过程.