共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
番木瓜性别鉴定方法研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
番木瓜雌雄异株,有雄株、雌株和两性株3类植株.雄株不结果,在生产上是无用的,雌株的果实不如两性株的果实市场价值高,因此,从经济效益考虑,对番木瓜植株进行性别鉴定是十分必要的.但番木瓜性别分化和性别表现较迟,这给番木瓜性别早期鉴定带来很大困难.多年来,人们一直在寻求早期鉴定番木瓜性别的方法.目前已经产生了一些番木瓜性别鉴定方法,本文系统研究分析番木瓜性别鉴定方法及其进展. 相似文献
2.
The tomato genome sequence provides insights into fleshy fruit evolution 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Tomato Genome Consortium 《Nature》2012,485(7400):635-641
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a major crop plant and a model system for fruit development. Solanum is one of the largest angiosperm genera and includes annual and perennial plants from diverse habitats. Here we present a high-quality genome sequence of domesticated tomato, a draft sequence of its closest wild relative, Solanum pimpinellifolium, and compare them to each other and to the potato genome (Solanum tuberosum). The two tomato genomes show only 0.6% nucleotide divergence and signs of recent admixture, but show more than 8% divergence from potato, with nine large and several smaller inversions. In contrast to Arabidopsis, but similar to soybean, tomato and potato small RNAs map predominantly to gene-rich chromosomal regions, including gene promoters. The Solanum lineage has experienced two consecutive genome triplications: one that is ancient and shared with rosids, and a more recent one. These triplications set the stage for the neofunctionalization of genes controlling fruit characteristics, such as colour and fleshiness. 相似文献
3.
The grapevine genome sequence suggests ancestral hexaploidization in major angiosperm phyla 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
Jaillon O Aury JM Noel B Policriti A Clepet C Casagrande A Choisne N Aubourg S Vitulo N Jubin C Vezzi A Legeai F Hugueney P Dasilva C Horner D Mica E Jublot D Poulain J Bruyère C Billault A Segurens B Gouyvenoux M Ugarte E Cattonaro F Anthouard V Vico V Del Fabbro C Alaux M Di Gaspero G Dumas V Felice N Paillard S Juman I Moroldo M Scalabrin S Canaguier A Le Clainche I Malacrida G Durand E Pesole G Laucou V Chatelet P Merdinoglu D Delledonne M Pezzotti M Lecharny A Scarpelli C Artiguenave F 《Nature》2007,449(7161):463-467
The analysis of the first plant genomes provided unexpected evidence for genome duplication events in species that had previously been considered as true diploids on the basis of their genetics. These polyploidization events may have had important consequences in plant evolution, in particular for species radiation and adaptation and for the modulation of functional capacities. Here we report a high-quality draft of the genome sequence of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) obtained from a highly homozygous genotype. The draft sequence of the grapevine genome is the fourth one produced so far for flowering plants, the second for a woody species and the first for a fruit crop (cultivated for both fruit and beverage). Grapevine was selected because of its important place in the cultural heritage of humanity beginning during the Neolithic period. Several large expansions of gene families with roles in aromatic features are observed. The grapevine genome has not undergone recent genome duplication, thus enabling the discovery of ancestral traits and features of the genetic organization of flowering plants. This analysis reveals the contribution of three ancestral genomes to the grapevine haploid content. This ancestral arrangement is common to many dicotyledonous plants but is absent from the genome of rice, which is a monocotyledon. Furthermore, we explain the chronology of previously described whole-genome duplication events in the evolution of flowering plants. 相似文献
4.
Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium 《Nature》2004,432(7018):695-716
We present here a draft genome sequence of the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus. Because the chicken is a modern descendant of the dinosaurs and the first non-mammalian amniote to have its genome sequenced, the draft sequence of its genome--composed of approximately one billion base pairs of sequence and an estimated 20,000-23,000 genes--provides a new perspective on vertebrate genome evolution, while also improving the annotation of mammalian genomes. For example, the evolutionary distance between chicken and human provides high specificity in detecting functional elements, both non-coding and coding. Notably, many conserved non-coding sequences are far from genes and cannot be assigned to defined functional classes. In coding regions the evolutionary dynamics of protein domains and orthologous groups illustrate processes that distinguish the lineages leading to birds and mammals. The distinctive properties of avian microchromosomes, together with the inferred patterns of conserved synteny, provide additional insights into vertebrate chromosome architecture. 相似文献
5.
Mikkelsen TS Wakefield MJ Aken B Amemiya CT Chang JL Duke S Garber M Gentles AJ Goodstadt L Heger A Jurka J Kamal M Mauceli E Searle SM Sharpe T Baker ML Batzer MA Benos PV Belov K Clamp M Cook A Cuff J Das R Davidow L Deakin JE Fazzari MJ Glass JL Grabherr M Greally JM Gu W Hore TA Huttley GA Kleber M Jirtle RL Koina E Lee JT Mahony S Marra MA Miller RD Nicholls RD Oda M Papenfuss AT Parra ZE Pollock DD Ray DA Schein JE Speed TP Thompson K VandeBerg JL Wade CM Walker JA Waters PD Webber C 《Nature》2007,447(7141):167-177
We report a high-quality draft of the genome sequence of the grey, short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica). As the first metatherian ('marsupial') species to be sequenced, the opossum provides a unique perspective on the organization and evolution of mammalian genomes. Distinctive features of the opossum chromosomes provide support for recent theories about genome evolution and function, including a strong influence of biased gene conversion on nucleotide sequence composition, and a relationship between chromosomal characteristics and X chromosome inactivation. Comparison of opossum and eutherian genomes also reveals a sharp difference in evolutionary innovation between protein-coding and non-coding functional elements. True innovation in protein-coding genes seems to be relatively rare, with lineage-specific differences being largely due to diversification and rapid turnover in gene families involved in environmental interactions. In contrast, about 20% of eutherian conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) are recent inventions that postdate the divergence of Eutheria and Metatheria. A substantial proportion of these eutherian-specific CNEs arose from sequence inserted by transposable elements, pointing to transposons as a major creative force in the evolution of mammalian gene regulation. 相似文献
6.
Wallis JW Aerts J Groenen MA Crooijmans RP Layman D Graves TA Scheer DE Kremitzki C Fedele MJ Mudd NK Cardenas M Higginbotham J Carter J McGrane R Gaige T Mead K Walker J Albracht D Davito J Yang SP Leong S Chinwalla A Sekhon M Wylie K Dodgson J Romanov MN Cheng H de Jong PJ Osoegawa K Nefedov M Zhang H McPherson JD Krzywinski M Schein J Hillier L Mardis ER Wilson RK Warren WC 《Nature》2004,432(7018):761-764
Strategies for assembling large, complex genomes have evolved to include a combination of whole-genome shotgun sequencing and hierarchal map-assisted sequencing. Whole-genome maps of all types can aid genome assemblies, generally starting with low-resolution cytogenetic maps and ending with the highest resolution of sequence. Fingerprint clone maps are based upon complete restriction enzyme digests of clones representative of the target genome, and ultimately comprise a near-contiguous path of clones across the genome. Such clone-based maps are used to validate sequence assembly order, supply long-range linking information for assembled sequences, anchor sequences to the genetic map and provide templates for closing gaps. Fingerprint maps are also a critical resource for subsequent functional genomic studies, because they provide a redundant and ordered sampling of the genome with clones. In an accompanying paper we describe the draft genome sequence of the chicken, Gallus gallus, the first species sequenced that is both a model organism and a global food source. Here we present a clone-based physical map of the chicken genome at 20-fold coverage, containing 260 contigs of overlapping clones. This map represents approximately 91% of the chicken genome and enables identification of chicken clones aligned to positions in other sequenced genomes. 相似文献
7.
Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium Waterston RH Lindblad-Toh K Birney E Rogers J Abril JF Agarwal P Agarwala R Ainscough R Alexandersson M An P Antonarakis SE Attwood J Baertsch R Bailey J Barlow K Beck S Berry E Birren B Bloom T Bork P Botcherby M Bray N Brent MR Brown DG Brown SD Bult C Burton J Butler J Campbell RD Carninci P Cawley S Chiaromonte F Chinwalla AT Church DM Clamp M Clee C Collins FS Cook LL Copley RR Coulson A Couronne O Cuff J Curwen V Cutts T Daly M David R Davies J 《Nature》2002,420(6915):520-562
The sequence of the mouse genome is a key informational tool for understanding the contents of the human genome and a key experimental tool for biomedical research. Here, we report the results of an international collaboration to produce a high-quality draft sequence of the mouse genome. We also present an initial comparative analysis of the mouse and human genomes, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the two sequences. We discuss topics including the analysis of the evolutionary forces shaping the size, structure and sequence of the genomes; the conservation of large-scale synteny across most of the genomes; the much lower extent of sequence orthology covering less than half of the genomes; the proportions of the genomes under selection; the number of protein-coding genes; the expansion of gene families related to reproduction and immunity; the evolution of proteins; and the identification of intraspecies polymorphism. 相似文献
8.
对稻属异源四倍体中染色体组C和D以及稻属现存的所有二倍体染色体组A、B、C、E、F的乙醇脱氢酶基因(Adh1)片段分别进行PCR扩增、克隆和序列测定,并以G染色体组序列作为外类群,采用PAUP运算软件中的简约性方法对所测定的序列进行了系统发育分析.结果表明:(1)3个CCDD四倍体是同一次杂交事件的产物;(2)四倍体中的C染色体组和亚洲二倍体中的C染色体组表现出更近的系统发育关系;(3)D染色体组和E染色体组表现出较近的亲缘关系,二者可能有共同的祖先. 相似文献
9.
10.
Mining the draft human genome 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Now that the draft human genome sequence is available, everyone wants to be able to use it. However, we have perhaps become complacent about our ability to turn new genomes into lists of genes. The higher volume of data associated with a larger genome is accompanied by a much greater increase in complexity. We need to appreciate both the scale of the challenge of vertebrate genome analysis and the limitations of current gene prediction methods and understanding. 相似文献
11.
Locke DP Hillier LW Warren WC Worley KC Nazareth LV Muzny DM Yang SP Wang Z Chinwalla AT Minx P Mitreva M Cook L Delehaunty KD Fronick C Schmidt H Fulton LA Fulton RS Nelson JO Magrini V Pohl C Graves TA Markovic C Cree A Dinh HH Hume J Kovar CL Fowler GR Lunter G Meader S Heger A Ponting CP Marques-Bonet T Alkan C Chen L Cheng Z Kidd JM Eichler EE White S Searle S Vilella AJ Chen Y Flicek P Ma J Raney B Suh B Burhans R Herrero J Haussler D Faria R Fernando O Darré F Farré D Gazave E Oliva M 《Nature》2011,469(7331):529-533
'Orang-utan' is derived from a Malay term meaning 'man of the forest' and aptly describes the southeast Asian great apes native to Sumatra and Borneo. The orang-utan species, Pongo abelii (Sumatran) and Pongo pygmaeus (Bornean), are the most phylogenetically distant great apes from humans, thereby providing an informative perspective on hominid evolution. Here we present a Sumatran orang-utan draft genome assembly and short read sequence data from five Sumatran and five Bornean orang-utan genomes. Our analyses reveal that, compared to other primates, the orang-utan genome has many unique features. Structural evolution of the orang-utan genome has proceeded much more slowly than other great apes, evidenced by fewer rearrangements, less segmental duplication, a lower rate of gene family turnover and surprisingly quiescent Alu repeats, which have played a major role in restructuring other primate genomes. We also describe a primate polymorphic neocentromere, found in both Pongo species, emphasizing the gradual evolution of orang-utan genome structure. Orang-utans have extremely low energy usage for a eutherian mammal, far lower than their hominid relatives. Adding their genome to the repertoire of sequenced primates illuminates new signals of positive selection in several pathways including glycolipid metabolism. From the population perspective, both Pongo species are deeply diverse; however, Sumatran individuals possess greater diversity than their Bornean counterparts, and more species-specific variation. Our estimate of Bornean/Sumatran speciation time, 400,000?years ago, is more recent than most previous studies and underscores the complexity of the orang-utan speciation process. Despite a smaller modern census population size, the Sumatran effective population size (N(e)) expanded exponentially relative to the ancestral N(e) after the split, while Bornean N(e) declined over the same period. Overall, the resources and analyses presented here offer new opportunities in evolutionary genomics, insights into hominid biology, and an extensive database of variation for conservation efforts. 相似文献
12.
PRV外壳蛋白基因转化番木瓜的研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
利用番木瓜亲本材料76号的成熟再生系统,以胚性愈作国组织作为转化材料,与农杆菌LBA 4404共培养后得到抗卡那霉素的再生植株,经PCR,Southern blot检测,证明PRV CP基因已整合进番木瓜基因组。 相似文献
13.
Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium Xu X Pan S Cheng S Zhang B Mu D Ni P Zhang G Yang S Li R Wang J Orjeda G Guzman F Torres M Lozano R Ponce O Martinez D De la Cruz G Chakrabarti SK Patil VU Skryabin KG Kuznetsov BB Ravin NV Kolganova TV Beletsky AV Mardanov AV Di Genova A Bolser DM Martin DM Li G Yang Y Kuang H Hu Q Xiong X Bishop GJ Sagredo B Mejía N Zagorski W Gromadka R Gawor J Szczesny P Huang S Zhang Z Liang C He J Li Y He Y Xu J Zhang Y Xie B Du Y Qu D Bonierbale M Ghislain M 《Nature》2011,475(7355):189-195
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the world's most important non-grain food crop and is central to global food security. It is clonally propagated, highly heterozygous, autotetraploid, and suffers acute inbreeding depression. Here we use a homozygous doubled-monoploid potato clone to sequence and assemble 86% of the 844-megabase genome. We predict 39,031 protein-coding genes and present evidence for at least two genome duplication events indicative of a palaeopolyploid origin. As the first genome sequence of an asterid, the potato genome reveals 2,642 genes specific to this large angiosperm clade. We also sequenced a heterozygous diploid clone and show that gene presence/absence variants and other potentially deleterious mutations occur frequently and are a likely cause of inbreeding depression. Gene family expansion, tissue-specific expression and recruitment of genes to new pathways contributed to the evolution of tuber development. The potato genome sequence provides a platform for genetic improvement of this vital crop. 相似文献
14.
Kasahara M Naruse K Sasaki S Nakatani Y Qu W Ahsan B Yamada T Nagayasu Y Doi K Kasai Y Jindo T Kobayashi D Shimada A Toyoda A Kuroki Y Fujiyama A Sasaki T Shimizu A Asakawa S Shimizu N Hashimoto S Yang J Lee Y Matsushima K Sugano S Sakaizumi M Narita T Ohishi K Haga S Ohta F Nomoto H Nogata K Morishita T Endo T Shin-I T Takeda H Morishita S Kohara Y 《Nature》2007,447(7145):714-719
Teleosts comprise more than half of all vertebrate species and have adapted to a variety of marine and freshwater habitats. Their genome evolution and diversification are important subjects for the understanding of vertebrate evolution. Although draft genome sequences of two pufferfishes have been published, analysis of more fish genomes is desirable. Here we report a high-quality draft genome sequence of a small egg-laying freshwater teleost, medaka (Oryzias latipes). Medaka is native to East Asia and an excellent model system for a wide range of biology, including ecotoxicology, carcinogenesis, sex determination and developmental genetics. In the assembled medaka genome (700 megabases), which is less than half of the zebrafish genome, we predicted 20,141 genes, including approximately 2,900 new genes, using 5'-end serial analysis of gene expression tag information. We found single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at an average rate of 3.42% between the two inbred strains derived from two regional populations; this is the highest SNP rate seen in any vertebrate species. Analyses based on the dense SNP information show a strict genetic separation of 4 million years (Myr) between the two populations, and suggest that differential selective pressures acted on specific gene categories. Four-way comparisons with the human, pufferfish (Tetraodon), zebrafish and medaka genomes revealed that eight major interchromosomal rearrangements took place in a remarkably short period of approximately 50 Myr after the whole-genome duplication event in the teleost ancestor and afterwards, intriguingly, the medaka genome preserved its ancestral karyotype for more than 300 Myr. 相似文献
15.
Selective pressures on proteins are usually measured by comparing nucleotide sequences. Here we introduce a method to detect selection on the basis of a single genome sequence. We catalogue the relative strength of selection on each gene in the entire genomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium falciparum. Our analysis confirms that most antigens are under strong selection for amino-acid substitutions, particularly the PE/PPE family of putative surface proteins in M. tuberculosis and the EMP1 family of cytoadhering surface proteins in P. falciparum. We also identify many uncharacterized proteins that are under strong selection in each pathogen. We provide a genome-wide analysis of natural selection acting on different stages of an organism's life cycle: genes expressed in the ring stage of P. falciparum are under stronger positive selection than those expressed in other stages of the parasite's life cycle. Our method of estimating selective pressures requires far fewer data than comparative sequence analysis, and it measures selection across an entire genome; the method can readily be applied to a large range of sequenced organisms. 相似文献
16.
Gardner MJ Hall N Fung E White O Berriman M Hyman RW Carlton JM Pain A Nelson KE Bowman S Paulsen IT James K Eisen JA Rutherford K Salzberg SL Craig A Kyes S Chan MS Nene V Shallom SJ Suh B Peterson J Angiuoli S Pertea M Allen J Selengut J Haft D Mather MW Vaidya AB Martin DM Fairlamb AH Fraunholz MJ Roos DS Ralph SA McFadden GI Cummings LM Subramanian GM Mungall C Venter JC Carucci DJ Hoffman SL Newbold C Davis RW Fraser CM Barrell B 《Nature》2002,419(6906):498-511
The parasite Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for hundreds of millions of cases of malaria, and kills more than one million African children annually. Here we report an analysis of the genome sequence of P. falciparum clone 3D7. The 23-megabase nuclear genome consists of 14 chromosomes, encodes about 5,300 genes, and is the most (A + T)-rich genome sequenced to date. Genes involved in antigenic variation are concentrated in the subtelomeric regions of the chromosomes. Compared to the genomes of free-living eukaryotic microbes, the genome of this intracellular parasite encodes fewer enzymes and transporters, but a large proportion of genes are devoted to immune evasion and host-parasite interactions. Many nuclear-encoded proteins are targeted to the apicoplast, an organelle involved in fatty-acid and isoprenoid metabolism. The genome sequence provides the foundation for future studies of this organism, and is being exploited in the search for new drugs and vaccines to fight malaria. 相似文献
17.
Sequencing and comparison of yeast species to identify genes and regulatory elements 总被引:135,自引:0,他引:135
Identifying the functional elements encoded in a genome is one of the principal challenges in modern biology. Comparative genomics should offer a powerful, general approach. Here, we present a comparative analysis of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on high-quality draft sequences of three related species (S. paradoxus, S. mikatae and S. bayanus). We first aligned the genomes and characterized their evolution, defining the regions and mechanisms of change. We then developed methods for direct identification of genes and regulatory motifs. The gene analysis yielded a major revision to the yeast gene catalogue, affecting approximately 15% of all genes and reducing the total count by about 500 genes. The motif analysis automatically identified 72 genome-wide elements, including most known regulatory motifs and numerous new motifs. We inferred a putative function for most of these motifs, and provided insights into their combinatorial interactions. The results have implications for genome analysis of diverse organisms, including the human. 相似文献
18.
真叶植物包括蕨类、裸子植物和被子植物。迄今已积累有较为丰富的真叶植物叶绿体基因组全序列数据。选取了29种真叶植物的叶绿体基因组全序列,采用PAML 软件基于位点间可变ω模型,分别分析了蕨类、裸子植物和被子植物叶绿体基因的适应性进化。结果显示:① 蕨类、裸子植物和被子植物各有6.5%、7.5%和19.2%的叶绿体基因受正选择作用;被子植物经历正选择的叶绿体基因明显比蕨类和裸子植物为多;② 被正选择作用的叶绿体基因主要是遗传系统和光合系统基因,它们的编码产物涉及叶绿体蛋白质合成、基因转录、能量转化与调节及光合作用等过程。推测叶绿体功能基因可能在真叶植物对陆生生态环境的适应过程中起着重要作用。 相似文献
19.
Arabidopsis Genome Initiative 《Nature》2000,408(6814):796-815
The flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana is an important model system for identifying genes and determining their functions. Here we report the analysis of the genomic sequence of Arabidopsis. The sequenced regions cover 115.4 megabases of the 125-megabase genome and extend into centromeric regions. The evolution of Arabidopsis involved a whole-genome duplication, followed by subsequent gene loss and extensive local gene duplications, giving rise to a dynamic genome enriched by lateral gene transfer from a cyanobacterial-like ancestor of the plastid. The genome contains 25,498 genes encoding proteins from 11,000 families, similar to the functional diversity of Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans--the other sequenced multicellular eukaryotes. Arabidopsis has many families of new proteins but also lacks several common protein families, indicating that the sets of common proteins have undergone differential expansion and contraction in the three multicellular eukaryotes. This is the first complete genome sequence of a plant and provides the foundations for more comprehensive comparison of conserved processes in all eukaryotes, identifying a wide range of plant-specific gene functions and establishing rapid systematic ways to identify genes for crop improvement. 相似文献
20.
Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium 《Nature》2004,431(7011):931-945
The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers approximately 99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of approximately 1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human genome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead. 相似文献