铁矿煤球团内生还原气生产DRI工艺及估算

在高炉热风炉中用高炉煤气、垃圾制燃气、低热值煤气加热循环还原气,或用红焦、热DRI(直接还原铁)等热量加热循环还原气至1100℃,输入还原竖炉加热铁矿煤球团,生产DRI,从炉顶气中回收硫和CO2,炉顶气净化后作为还原气循环使用.球团内煤干馏形成的半焦、焦炭起到了与高炉内焦炭不同的骨架作用.利用还原反应后气体余热来预热和干馏球团,利用铁精矿粉和煤粉的高比表面积,利用煤的干馏气化促进低温下碳的一次气化反应和直接还原反应,使DRI煤耗进一步降低.设炉顶气温度降到150℃,配煤218kg,高炉煤气消耗约947m3时,工艺能耗约333kg/t煤.比高炉工艺节能约52%,减排CO2约83%.比MIDREX节能约84kg标准煤.该工艺简称为DRI-NHQ.     

MHA黏结剂在钒钛磁铁矿氧化球团制备中的应用

应用已发明的MHA黏结剂替代膨润土制备钒钛磁铁矿氧化球团,获得质量优良的高炉冶炼原料。研究表明:当MHA用量为0.25%,在预热温度950℃,预热时间10 min,焙烧温度1 250℃,焙烧时间10 min的条件下,获得的预热球团抗压强度为522 N/个,焙烧球团抗压强度为3 702 N/个。与2.0%膨润土球团矿比较,MHA成品球团的抗压强度略低,而TFe品位明显提高1.11%。2种黏结剂球团矿的还原性能指标接近。MHA球团黏结剂在氧化球团矿生产中具有良好的应用前景。     

一步法直接还原新疆磁铁精矿

以新疆磁铁精矿为原料,采用“一步法”直接还原,研究粘结剂种类和润磨方式对生球质量的影响,高强度、高还原性预热球团的制备及煤基直接还原的工艺。研究结果表明,对于铁品位为69.21%的新疆磁铁精矿,采用润磨工艺,并添加粘结剂XB能明显改善生球质量;干燥后的生球在800℃预热10 min后,球团抗压强度达到581 N/个,将预热球团在1 050℃还原80 min,得到直接还原铁(DRI)的质量指标为:总Fe含量为90.33%,金属铁含量为85.05%,金属化率达到94.15%。与传统的预热-高温氧化-高温还原煤基回转窑直接还原工艺相比,“一步法”省去了高温氧化这一高能耗(1 150～1 300℃)工序,且还原所得产品结构完整,外表光滑,无裂纹。     

生物质合成气直接还原铁矿--生物质复合球团炼铁

为了使炼铁工业摆脱对化石能源的依赖及满足越来越严格的环境要求,将生物质能的开发利用与直接还原技术进行集成提出一种新型的绿色炼铁方法.把生物质、铁矿石粉与添加剂混合制取生球团,利用生物质催化气化制备的富氢合成气作为还原剂,生物质的高温燃烧为生球团的预热和预热球团的直接还原提供外加热源.对影响生物质直接还原炼铁的因素,如预热、还原温度及球团粒径进行了研究,发现减小球团粒径、增加预热和还原温度能够提高直接还原铁产品的全铁质量分数及金属化率.当采用品位65.21%的铁精矿为原料,在最优操作条件下(生球团粒径介于8～10 mm之间,900℃预热30 min,1000℃下还原60 min)可制得全铁TFe质量分数为86.1%,金属化率为94.9%的高质量直接还原铁产品.     

基于气基直接还原-熔分的硼铁矿高效利用新工艺

实验室条件下,以含硼铁精矿为原料制备氧化球团,对含硼铁精矿气基竖炉直接还原-电炉熔分新工艺进行了研究.结果表明,含硼铁精矿是良好的造球原料,1 200℃下焙烧20 min后,成品球团抗压强度可达2 500 N以上,满足气基竖炉直接还原工艺要求.在H2与CO体积比大于2/5且温度在850~1 000℃条件下,含硼铁精矿氧化球团还原率达到95%的时间为15~60 min,还原膨胀率不高于15%.在高温下电热熔化DRI后硼和铁可以高效分离,硼、铁收得率均可达到98%以上,富硼渣中B2O3的质量分数在21%以上,活性可达89%左右,是"一步法"生产硼酸的优良原料.含硼铁精矿气基竖炉直接还原电炉熔分新工艺可以实现硼铁高效分离和清洁利用.     

磁铁矿球团煤基直接还原工艺中润磨的强化

以铁品位为69.21%(质量分数)的磁铁精矿为原料,采用预热球团"一步法"煤基直接还原工艺制取直接还原铁。为了降低该精矿成球时产生过多粉末,采用润磨工艺来预处理混合料,并在最优条件下进行了扩大型全流程试验。研究结果表明:在磁铁精矿配加1.0%复合粘结剂及润磨4 min的条件下,生球落下强度由未润磨时的3.8次/(0.5 m)提高到13.7次/(0.5 m);润磨后干球(<1 mm=粉末率由未润磨时的10.98%降低到2.98%;在预热温度为800℃和预热时间为10 min时,预热球团抗压强度由未润磨时的466 N/个提高到581 N/个。预热球团直接还原时,采用润磨预处理方案球团的金属化率与无润磨工艺球团的金属化率相差不大,但金属化球团抗压强度远远大于未润磨时的金属化球团抗压强度,且几乎不产生磁性粉末。通过链箅机-回转窑直接还原扩大试验,所得直接还原球团铁品位达93.43%,金属化率达95.88%,含硫量低于0.01%,磁性粉率为0.75%~0.96%,每吨直接还原铁所耗还原煤为808.5~859.3 kg。     

优化配矿强化西澳超细粒磁铁精矿球团焙烧研究

进行了西澳超细粒磁铁精矿分别配加国产磁铁精矿和巴西赤铁精矿制备氧化球团矿的实验研究.结果表明,以100%西澳超细磁铁精矿为原料制备氧化球团矿时,球团预热及焙烧性能较差,在预热温度为1050℃、预热时间20 min及焙烧温度1300℃、焙烧时间40 min的条件下,预热球团和焙烧球团矿抗压强度分别为每个502和2313 N.西澳超细粒磁铁精矿配加40%国产磁铁精矿或20%巴西赤铁精矿时,球团适宜预热温度由1050℃分别降低到950和975℃,适宜的焙烧温度由1300℃分别降低到1250和1280℃;而且焙烧球团矿的抗压强度分别提高到每个2746 N和每个2630 N.焙烧球团矿的微观结构研究表明:配加国产磁铁精矿后,焙烧球团矿中Fe2 O3晶粒发育优良,晶粒间互联程度提高,晶粒粗大,孔隙率低,固结更加紧密.配加20%巴西赤铁精矿时,焙烧球团矿中Fe2 O3晶粒基本连接成片,Fe2 O3晶体发育良好.优化配矿是改善西澳超细粒磁铁精矿球团矿预热及焙烧性能的有效途径.     

富铁镍渣煤基氢冶金等温还原动力学研究

采用煤基氢冶金工艺对富铁镍渣中的铁组元进行高效还原,研究了不同温度下镍渣球团等温还原过程金属化率变化规律,利用粒子模型和未反应核模型对镍渣球团的煤基氢还原动力学过程进行分析讨论,明确了各反应阶段的控制环节并建立了相应动力学方程.研究表明：以高挥发分煤为还原介质,掺煤镍渣球团在1 300℃还原焙烧20 min的金属化率可达90.2%;球团还原过程可分为反应初期、中期和后期3个阶段,其反应动力学分别受界面化学反应控制、反应-扩散混合控制和内扩散控制,反应表观活化能(E_a)分别为1 74.01、124.15、83.14 kJ/mol.     

富氧率对钒钛磁铁矿球团还原行为的影响

模拟研究了不同富氧率条件下钛磁铁矿氧化球团的还原过程.通过扫描电镜观察钒钛磁铁矿球团还原过程中的微观结构变化,结合能谱仪研究分析了还原过程中产物的分布变化.结果表明,富氧率的提高对还原度和还原速率提高有明显促进作用.还原过程中钛铁分离伴随着Al元素向高钛矿中迁移富集,最终Al与Ti原子数比为1∶3,Al很可能与钛铁氧化物固溶,形成某种复合化合物并导致球团矿还原难度增加.运用三种不同模型对球团矿还原过程对比分析,发现混合模型可以很好地表征球团矿不同阶段的还原过程.利用混合模型计算得出球团矿还原过程的动力学参数.结果表明,随着富氧率的升高,球团矿还原活化能逐渐降低,从不富氧到富氧79%条件下,活化能由26.5 k J/mol降低到19.68 k J/mol,活化能的降低增加了相同条件下活化分子的数量,提高了反应速率,有利于球团矿在较低还原温度条件下快速反应.     

含碳氧化锌球团还原的动力学

采用等温法研究了纯氧化锌配加石墨碳粉制成含碳氧化锌球团在1000－1150℃下还原的动力学，研究结果表明：还原温度对含碳纯氧化锌还原速度有显著影响，温度愈高，还原反应速度愈大；根据Arrhenius方程计算出在1000－1150℃下碳的气化反应、界面化学反应和气相扩散为限制环节的活化能分别为37.615kJ/mol、43.192kJ/mol和46.548-53.280kJ/mol；与其它氧化锌的还原方式相比，含碳纯氧化锌球团还原反应的活化能要小得多，其还原速度主要由气相扩散控制。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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