铁基多元催化剂组分对V型火焰法生长碳纳米管的影响

为了实现火焰法批量制备碳纳米管,采用自行研发的V型火焰燃烧器,深入研究催化剂组分对碳纳米管的影响,并开发新型催化剂。利用扫描电镜、能谱仪和拉曼光谱仪分析不同催化剂所得产物的形态、质量和结晶度;通过分析程序升温还原曲线和X射线光电子能谱,研究不同催化剂活性组分及助催化组分对催化剂性质的影响。结果表明:通过选择活性组分和配合组分,能够控制碳纳米管的形态和质量,开发了能够生长高密度簇状碳纳米管的三元催化剂;本实验条件下,铁作为活性组分要优于镍,少量的镍以游离态NiO存在,激活催化剂催化活性;铬不适合作为活性组分,在催化剂中起到分散剂的作用,使活性组分分散,促进簇状碳纳米管的形成;Fe~(2+)/Fe~(3+)的比例影响催化剂催化活性,Fe~(2+)/Fe~(3+)比例减小能够提高催化剂的还原性及催化活性。可见,通过深入研究不同组分的作用,进而研制新型催化剂,能够改善V型火焰法生长碳纳米管的形态及产量,为批量生产特定形态的碳纳米管提供低成本、简单易操作的有效方法。     

基板焙烧温度与合成时间对V型火焰法于不锈钢基板直接生长碳纳米管的影响

为了实现于锅炉中直接制备附着碳纳米管的各类构件,采用自主研发的V型火焰法,在不锈钢基板上直接快速生长碳纳米管。通过SEM、XRD谱和Raman光谱分析了基板预处理温度和合成时间对碳纳米管生长过程,并对不同条件下产物的形态、结晶度进行了分析;通过EDS分析了附着碳纳米管的基板元素含量变化。结果表明：通过调整基板的焙烧温度,能够控制基板上碳管的密度和质量,焙烧温度为500~600oC时产物的产量和质量最优;本实验条件下,铁是促进碳纳米管生长的活性位点;碳纳米管的生长经过碳的溶解、扩散和析出的过程,本实验条件下,2min后碳管开始生长,7min得到的碳管均匀覆盖于基板表面,管壁笔直,杂质少。可见,V型火焰法能够直接在经过焙烧的不锈钢板上生长碳管,且合成时间短,预处理过程简单,为批量生产附着碳纳米管构件提供了简单有效的途径。     

电弧法获得的几种奇异碳纳米管的研究

用电弧法制备碳纳管时,在阴极沉积物中,伴随大量正常的离散碳纳米管的产生,发现了孪生碳纳米管、菱形碳纳米管、“Y”形短管和碳纳米纤维等几种奇异的碳纳米形态。给出了这些奇异碳纳米管的透射电镜（TEM）照片,对它们的生长、闭合过程进行了研究,认为碳原子流、电场等因素的影响是奇异碳纳米管形成的关键,借助碳纳米管以内层为模板的开口生长模型,可以定性地理解它们的形成过程及生长机理。     

Single-crystal gallium nitride nanotubes

Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes in 1991 (ref. 1), there have been significant research efforts to synthesize nanometre-scale tubular forms of various solids. The formation of tubular nanostructure generally requires a layered or anisotropic crystal structure. There are reports of nanotubes made from silica, alumina, silicon and metals that do not have a layered crystal structure; they are synthesized by using carbon nanotubes and porous membranes as templates, or by thin-film rolling. These nanotubes, however, are either amorphous, polycrystalline or exist only in ultrahigh vacuum. The growth of single-crystal semiconductor hollow nanotubes would be advantageous in potential nanoscale electronics, optoelectronics and biochemical-sensing applications. Here we report an 'epitaxial casting' approach for the synthesis of single-crystal GaN nanotubes with inner diameters of 30-200 nm and wall thicknesses of 5-50 nm. Hexagonal ZnO nanowires were used as templates for the epitaxial overgrowth of thin GaN layers in a chemical vapour deposition system. The ZnO nanowire templates were subsequently removed by thermal reduction and evaporation, resulting in ordered arrays of GaN nanotubes on the substrates. This templating process should be applicable to many other semiconductor systems.     

多羟基超支化聚(胺-酯)修饰多壁碳纳米管

通过原位酯交换聚合反应,在多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)表面接枝多羟基超支化聚胺-脂取得成功.分步产物的结构用FTIR进行了表征,TGA确定了修饰类型为共价接枝,SEM观察到MWNTs改性前后的形貌变化,并首次采用化学滴定方法确定了接枝在碳纳米管上的超支化聚合物的平均代数.接枝修饰后的MWNTs在水、乙酸乙酯等常见溶剂中的分散能力明显提高.     

Effects of specific surface area of metallic nickel particles on carbon deposition kinetics

Carbon deposition on nickel powders in methane involves three stages in different reaction temperature ranges. Temperature programing oxidation test and Raman spectrum results indicated the formation of complex and ordered carbon structures at high deposition temperatures. The values of I(D)/I(G) of the deposited carbon reached 1.86, 1.30, and 1.22 in the first, second, and third stages, respectively. The structure of carbon in the second stage was similar to that in the third stage. Carbon deposited in the first stage rarely contained homogeneous pyrolytic deposit layers. A kinetic model was developed to analyze the carbon deposition behavior in the first stage. The rate-determining step of the first stage is supposed to be interfacial reaction. Based on the investigation of carbon deposition kinetics on nickel powders from different resources, carbon deposition rate is suggested to have a linear relation with the square of specific surface area of nickel particles.     

用AFM研究杜仲抗真菌蛋白的晶体生长

随着后基因组时代的到来以及蛋白质组学研究的深入开展,研究蛋白质晶体生长成为生物化学和结构生物学领域一个广泛关注的课题.通过使用原子力显微镜(Atomic Force Microscope,简称AFM)对杜仲抗真菌蛋白(eucommia antifungal protein,简称EAFP)的晶体在有母液存在下原位实时动态地进行了晶面生长观察.研究结果表明:不同过饱和度对EAFP晶体生长形貌的影响较大,较高的过饱和度下生长很快,生长台阶密度高,较高的过饱和度下主要进行各向异性二维台阶的发生、发展,较低的过饱和度下主要采用螺旋位错的生长方式,当过饱和度极低时生长缓慢,且晶体表面有很多小孔存在,晶面生长很不完整;还对不同过饱和度下晶体生长速率进行了定量的测量,也反映了过饱和度对EAFP晶体生长的影响;同时对在AFM观察过程中由探针的扫描速度和方向对表面形貌的影响进行了讨论.     

碳纳米管应用研究的现状和未来

综述了碳纳米管的潜在应用前景，并提出随着碳纳米管合成技术的成熟，有关碳纳米管的研究重点应转向大批量生产碳纳米管及其应用领域的开拓上。     

One-pot synthesis of PVP-coated Ni<Subscript>0.6</Subscript>Fe<Subscript>2.4</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> nanocrystals

Novel poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP)-coated nickel ferrite nanocrystals were prepared by simultaneously pyrolyzing nickel(II) acetylacetonate (Ni(acac)₂) and iron(III) acetylacetonate (Fe(acac)₃) in N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP). The PVP coating was formed in situ through polymerization of NVP. The crystalline structure of the resultant nickel ferrite was analyzed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction patterns, and powder X-ray diffraction. In addition, the valence state of Ni and the metal contents of Ni and Fe in different valence states were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic absorption and the phenanthroline method. The surface coating layer of PVP and its binding states were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in combination with XPS. Colloidal stability experiments revealed that the nanocrystals could be dispersed well in both phosphate-buffered saline and Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium.     

催化裂解法制备大孔径碳纳米管

Ni-Cu-Al催化剂中加入少量碳酸钠,催化裂解甲烷制备了大孔径碳纳米管,碳纳米管的产量为2.4g/g.cat。用这种方法制备的碳纳米管的内径约为20 nm~60 nm,外径约为40 nm~80nm。用扫描电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)研究了碳纳米管的形貌和微结构。分析结果表明:用这种方法制备的碳纳米管不仅内径较大而且石墨化程度较高。碳酸钠的加入引起了甲烷转化率和碳产率的轻微下降。实验结果表明:碳酸钠是一种温和的毒物,它能影响Ni-Cu-Al催化剂的催化活性,导致大孔径碳纳米管的生成。文中还讨论了大孔径碳纳米管的生长机理。     

Chemically Synthesised Pt Particles on Surface Oxidized Carbon Nanotubes as an Effective Catalyst for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

1 Results The synthesis, physical characterization and electrochemical analysis of Pt particles prepared using the surface oxidized carbon nanotubes prepared by chemically anchoring Pt onto the surface of the CNTs with 2.0 mol/L HNO3 by refluxing for 10 h to introduce surface functional groups.The particles of Pt are synthesized by reduction with sodium borohydride of H2PtCl6. The electro-oxidation of liquid methanol of this catalyst as a thin layer on glassy carbon electrode is investigated at room te...     

Reversible electromechanical characteristics of carbon nanotubes under local-probe manipulation

The effects of mechanical deformation on the electrical properties of carbon nanotubes are of interest given the practical potential of nanotubes in electromechanical devices, and they have been studied using both theoretical and experimental approaches. One recent experiment used the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM) to manipulate multi-walled nanotubes, revealing that changes in the sample resistance were small unless the nanotubes fractured or the metal-tube contacts were perturbed. But it remains unclear how mechanical deformation affects the intrinsic electrical properties of nanotubes. Here we report an experimental and theoretical elucidation of the electromechanical characteristics of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) under local-probe manipulation. We use AFM tips to deflect suspended SWNTs reversibly, without changing the contact resistance; in situ electrical measurements reveal that the conductance of an SWNT sample can be reduced by two orders of magnitude when deformed by an AFM tip. Our tight-binding simulations indicate that this effect is owing to the formation of local sp3 bonds caused by the mechanical pushing action of the tip.     

碳纳米管负载Ni催化剂制备碳纳米管的研究

将硝酸回流预处理过的碳纳米管载体直接浸入镀Ni溶液中,通过化学镀在其表面上沉积出Ni纳米颗粒,并将所制备的Ni/CNTs催化剂用于制备新的高纯度碳纳米管.实验结果表明,碳纳米管载体的酸预处理时间对Ni/CNTs催化剂在碳纳米管制备过程中的催化性能有很大的影响,从而影响所制备的碳纳米管的形态.当碳纳米管载体在稀硝酸中回流预处理0.5 h后,所对应的Ni/CNTs催化剂催化制备的碳纳米管存在严重的缺陷,其主要结构为竹节状和鱼骨型,同时部分碳纳米管在生长过程中分叉,成Y形结构;当碳纳米管载体经稀硝酸回流预处理6 h后,其对应的Ni/CNTs催化剂催化生长的碳纳米管粉体中,碳纳米管的形态均匀,中空,无任何隔膜,因此碳纳米管载体较长时间的酸回流预处理对催化剂的性能有明显的改善.而且相比纯的纳米Ni,Co以及Ni/SiQ2催化剂,Ni/CNTs催化剂在碳纳米管的制备过程中,具有更高的催化活性.     

不同负载方法制备镍金属有序介孔氧化铝催化剂的结构及性能

采用原位合成技术制备出负载镍金属介孔氧化铝催化剂,同时采用过量浸渍法在已合成的有序介孔氧化铝和普通氧化铝上负载镍金属。采用BET、TEM、XRD、XPS、TPR、ICP-OES多种测试技术对3种催化剂结构特征、镍金属与载体的相互作用进行了表征,同时采用甲烷化反应验证3种催化剂的催化性能。实验结果表明, 两种方法制备的负载镍金属介孔氧化铝催化剂相对于普通氧化铝结构稳定、孔径分布窄。原位合成的负载镍金属催化剂负载量大,镍金属与载体的相互作用力强。但金属的价态为难还原的偏铝酸镍,对甲烷化反应催化性能不高。过量浸渍法制备有序介孔氧化铝催化剂孔结构稳定,镍分散性好,价态以易还原的氧化镍为主,其催化性能要高于普通氧化铝,表明合成的有序介孔氧化铝在催化领域将具有重要的应用价值。     

镍粒子在单壁碳纳米管生成中的催化机制

用CVD法制备单壁碳纳米管，一般加入镍金属颗粒作为催化剂，由于镍金属颗粒不同晶体表面对碳原子的吸附具有不同的活性，在制备单壁碳纳米管时，导致镍颗粒（液态）吸附的碳原子在其表面由活性小的晶面活性大的晶面扩散并沉积，结果围绕镍金属颗粒形成空腔，单壁碳纳米管得以生成，在单壁碳纳米管生长过程中，镍原子作为替位式原子，总是处在碳纳米管六角网络的最外端，起着缺陷稳定剂的并促进其生成，笔者阐述了镍金属颗粒催化剂的催化机制，并对单壁碳纳米管产物的形貌作了合理解释。     

Chemically robust carbon nanotube – PTFE superhydrophobic thin films with enhanced ability of wear resistance

A chemically robust superhydrophobic nanocomposite thin film with enhanced wear resistance is prepared from a composite comprising polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) and carbon nanotubes.The superhydrophobic thin films with hierarchical structure are fabricated by spraying an environmentally friendly aqueous dispersion containing carbon nanotubes and PTFE resin on silicon wafer.Thin films with a contact angle of 154.1°± 2° and a sliding angle less than 2° remain superhydrophobic after abrading over 500 times under a pressure of 50 g/cm~2.The thin film is also extremely stable even under much stress conditions.To further the understanding of the enhancement of wear resistance,we investigated the formation of microsized structure and their effects.The growth of microbumps is caused by attracting solution droplet to the hydrophilic islands on hydrophobic surface.     

N/C对碳氮膜修饰的多壁碳纳米管细胞相容性的影响

为改善碳纳米管的细胞相容性,通过离子束辅助沉积方法在由化学气相沉淀法制备的多壁碳纳米管表面沉积纳米厚度的碳氮膜以进行表面修饰.通过观察L929小鼠肺部成纤维细胞、EAHY926人内皮细胞和兔血红细胞在修饰前后的碳纳米管表面的黏附和生长状态可知,沉积CNx膜的多壁碳纳米管的细胞相容性优于沉积前,表现出良好的生命活性和增殖状态,同时,较高的N/C比有利于细胞在沉积CNx膜碳纳米管表面的增殖和生长以及细胞形态的伸展.     

多壁碳纳米管及其对H_2吸附体系的Raman光谱

利用原位和非原位紫外 Raman谱法 ,对以 CH4 为碳源 ,由催化法制备的多壁碳纳米管( MWCNTs) ,K -修饰的该类 MWCNTs,以及它们对 H2 的吸附体系进行了 Raman谱表征 ,观测到可分别归属于类石墨结构的基频模 D和 G以及它们的三阶组合频 ,表面 C-H3基和 C-H2 基等的特征Raman峰 ;H2 在这类碳纳米管上的吸附态包括解离吸附生成表面 C-H3和非解离吸附分子氢 H2 ( a) ;在相同实验条件下 ,K -修饰体系上这两类氢吸附物种的表面浓度都比未经 K -修饰的相应体系高 .     

Ordering and self-organization in nanocrystalline silicon

The spontaneous formation of organized nanocrystals in semiconductors has been observed during heteroepitaxial growth and chemical synthesis. The ability to fabricate size-controlled silicon nanocrystals encapsulated by insulating SiO2 would be of significant interest to the microelectronics industry. But reproducible manufacture of such crystals is hampered by the amorphous nature of SiO2 and the differing thermal expansion coefficients of the two materials. Previous attempts to fabricate Si nanocrystals failed to achieve control over their shape and crystallographic orientation, the latter property being important in systems such as Si quantum dots. Here we report the self-organization of Si nanocrystals larger than 80 A into brick-shaped crystallites oriented along the (111) crystallographic direction. The nanocrystals are formed by the solid-phase crystallization of nanometre-thick layers of amorphous Si confined between SiO2 layers. The shape and orientation of the crystallites results in relatively narrow photoluminescence, whereas isotropic particles produce qualitatively different, broad light emission. Our results should aid the development of maskless, reproducible Si nanofabrication techniques.     

定向生长碳纳米管的研究进展

由于碳纳米管具有独特的结构和性能，因而自从被发现以来一直受到人们的关注，近年来，已利用各种方法成合成出碳纳米管，特别是利用化学气相沉积（CVD）方法制备了高度准直的碳纳米管，实现了碳纳米管的定向生长，使得碳纳米管具有更加广泛的应用价值和研究价值。本文综述了近几年CVD定向生长碳纳米管的方法和生长机制，分析和讨论了不同制备方法对碳纳米管生长过程的影响，同时还着重分析了催化剂颗粒在碳纳米管的生长过程中对定向生长碳纳米管的作用。