Influence of Flux and Sulfur on YAG Laser Welding

1　IntroductionYAGlaserweldingprocesscanbeconductedbyarobotusinganopticalfibertotransferthelaserenergyontoaworkpieceduetoitssmallwavelength (1.0 6mm ) .ThustheweldingautomationlevelcanbehighlyincreasedcomparedwithCO2 laserwelding .Therefore ,recentlyyears ,YAGlaserweldingprocesshasbeenquicklydevelopedandappliedformanufac turingofautomobileandchemicalvesselsetc .Gener ally ,thepowerofaCWYAGlaserisnotsohigh (sofarupto 10kW )duetoitslowefficiencyofenergyconversion .Whenweldingwithamiddleorl…     

珠三角城市化对大气边界层特征影响的数值模拟

利用WRF/UCM模式对珠江三角洲2008年秋季一次大气污染过程的气象场特征进行模拟。在模式中针对下垫面类型数据和人为热通量来设置敏感性试验以探讨城市化对大气边界层特征的影响。研究结果表明:城市化发展(包括城市土地利用类型的改变以及人为热通量的加入和增加)均能增强城市热岛效应和干岛效应,使夜间地面逆温现象更加显著,地面污染物容易积累;地表粗糙度的增加使风速减小,城市化使热岛环流增强,污染物难以扩散,这也是造成空气污染事件的原因;同时城市的发展能抬升白天和夜晚的大气边界层高度。     

不锈钢A-TIG焊活性剂的焊接性研究

利用自行研制的 30 4不锈钢A TIG焊活性剂进行了焊缝外观形貌、熔深效果、接头微观组织、化学成分及接头力学性能分析的焊接工艺试验 .试验结果表明 ,使用活性剂可以使焊缝熔深比常规的TIG焊增加 1～ 2倍 ,对 8mm以下的不锈钢钢板对接无须开坡口 ,可一次焊接完成并且单面焊双面成型 ,焊缝表面成形良好 .使用活性剂后接头微观组织、焊缝的化学成分和接头力学性能均不受影响 .     

核用A-TIG焊活性剂配比及对焊缝性能影响

以碳钢P265GH和不锈钢321为试验对象,结果表明,在相同焊接工艺参数下,涂刷配制出的活性剂,可大大增加焊接焊缝熔深,对于板件厚度在8 mm以下时,可无需开坡口、不用填丝,一次完成焊接过程,单面焊双面成形.并对焊缝接头进行相关的物理、化学分析,得到的焊缝宏观成形良好、熔深明显较常规TIG大,微观金相组织、力学性能均满足核电安装的焊接要求.     

焊缝特征导波模态的分析与应用

为满足焊缝快速高效无损检测需要,并提高超声导波对焊缝缺陷的灵敏度,研究高频下的焊缝导波模态尤为重要。基于COMSOL软件建立了二维对接焊缝半解析有限元模型,通过数值模拟与分析发现,频率大于300 kHz时焊缝中SH_(w1)模态几乎无频散、泄露小,适合于长距离快速焊缝检测。通过试验验证了SH_(w1)模态导波在对接焊缝中的传播特性,确定了最佳激励频率范围为320~360 kHz;并对焊缝中直径为3 mm的预置孔洞缺陷实现了检测,定位精度高于2.5%。     

An integral heat flux sensor with high spatial and temporal resolutions

To measure heat flux on the sharp leading edge and other surface with very small curvature radius in the wind tunnel, Hong-Ru Yu proposed a novel design of inte- gral type heat flux sensor. Compared with the traditional heat flux sensor, the integral type heat flux sensor improved spatial resolution up to an order of magnitude, and the size of the sensing elements has been minimized to 0.1 mm successfully, which satisfied the heat flux measurement requirements at R0.5 mm pointed cone stagnation point. A constantan film was used as the contact layer of the integral heat flux sensor, which was prepared by electron beam coevaporation method. The influence of sensor structure on the accuracy of measurement was analyzed using numerical calculation. The measurement results in shock wave wind tunnel indicated that the response frequency was about 100 kHz and the repeatability error was less than 10 %.     

光纤激光氮化处理对TC4合金组织和性能的影响

采用高功率光纤激光器在氮气气氛中对TC4钛合金表面进行氮化,制备出渗氮层,并研究了光纤激光功率对TC4钛合金氮化层表面形貌、组织结构以及显微硬度的影响.结果表明:氮化层表面呈现粗糙和光滑两种形貌,氮化层组织为枝晶状组织,热影响区组织为针状组织,当扫描速度为10 mm/s、氮气流量10 L/min、喷嘴距离为3 mm、离焦量为0 mm时,渗氮层的熔深、熔宽均随着激光功率增大而呈现出增大趋势.此外,在距离氮化层表面相同深度的显微硬度随着激光功率增大也呈现出增大趋势.     

Reduced drag coefficient for high wind speeds in tropical cyclones

The transfer of momentum between the atmosphere and the ocean is described in terms of the variation of wind speed with height and a drag coefficient that increases with sea surface roughness and wind speed. But direct measurements have only been available for weak winds; momentum transfer under extreme wind conditions has therefore been extrapolated from these field measurements. Global Positioning System sondes have been used since 1997 to measure the profiles of the strong winds in the marine boundary layer associated with tropical cyclones. Here we present an analysis of these data, which show a logarithmic increase in mean wind speed with height in the lowest 200 m, maximum wind speed at 500 m and a gradual weakening up to a height of 3 km. By determining surface stress, roughness length and neutral stability drag coefficient, we find that surface momentum flux levels off as the wind speeds increase above hurricane force. This behaviour is contrary to surface flux parameterizations that are currently used in a variety of modelling applications, including hurricane risk assessment and prediction of storm motion, intensity, waves and storm surges.     

High heat loading performance of actively cooled W/Cu FGM-based components

A functionally graded material-based actively water-cooled tungsten-copper mockup with a dimension of 30 mm×30 mm×25 mm was designed and fabricated by infiltration-brazing method. The thicknesses of the pure W layer and W/Cu graded layer were 2 and 3 mm, respectively. High heat flux tests were performed on the mockup using an e-beam device. There is no damage occurring on the joint after heat loading at 5 MW/m2. The temperature on the pure W surface is less than 500℃ after irradiation for 100 s at 5 MW/m2, while the temperature on the brazing seam/copper surface is around 200℃.     

Surface grain refinement mechanism of SMA490BW steel cross joints by ultrasonic impact treatment

Ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) is a postweld technique for improving the fatigue strength of welded joints. This technique makes use of ultrasonic vibration to impact and plastically deform a weld toe and can achieve surface grain refinement of the weld toe, which is considered as the main reason for the improvement of fatigue strength. In this paper, the microstructure of the surface of a treated weld toe was observed by metallographic microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that UIT could produce severe plastic deformation on the surface layer of the weld toe and the maximum depth of plastic deformation extended to approximately 260 μm beneath the treated surface. Repeated processing could exacerbate the plastic deformation on the surface layer, resulting in finer grains. We can conclude that the surface grain refinement mechanism of SMA490BW welded joints is related to the high density of dislocation tangles and dislocation walls.     

地表热通量的变化对边界层热力对流卷的影响

以1995年8月14日在Florida观测(SCMS实验期间)的位温、水汽和风速等为初始化的大涡模拟结果,分析研究了边界层对流卷的发展及地表热通量对边界层热力对流卷的影响。分析了热力对流卷的位温、垂直速度及水汽混合比的关系。结果表明在边界层对流卷中,上升气流较暖湿,下沉气流较干冷。还研究了边界层对流卷的演变,结果表明当地表热通量增大时,对流会变得非常活跃,对流层发展的高度也会加深。而当地表热通量增大致超过对流卷维持的临界值时,已经无法观察出对流卷的线性特点。利用地表热通量对对流卷形成和消散的敏感性实验模拟结果,分析得出地表热通量改变时,对流卷的组织性和对流的强度发生的相应变化。减小地表热通量时,对流的强度明显减弱。对流卷的组织性较显著。增加地表热通量时,对流的强度增大,对流会变得很不规则,但当地表热通量太大时,已经看不到有组织的对流卷。研究结果表明对流卷的维持需要一定的地表热通量。     

超滤膜处理地表原水膜阻力特性研究

从实际应用角度考虑,把膜阻力分为构造阻力、滤饼层阻力和吸附阻力,并将后两种阻力与水力冲洗强度联系起来,具有实用性.在过滤地表水源且当水中有机物含量变化不大时,吸附膜比阻力与过滤时间呈线形性增加.原水浊度较高时,吸附膜比阻力较小,反之较高.在过滤初期,吸附膜比阻力与原水UV254相关,原水UV254较高时,初始吸附膜比阻力较高,反之较低.滤饼层阻力随过滤时间呈线性下降.浊度较高的原水,滤饼层膜比阻力较小,且下降速率减缓,亦即由滤饼层阻力转化为吸附阻力的部分减少.因此,原水浊度适当提高,可降低总的膜阻力,增加透水通量.     

SA335/P91钢管的焊接和热处理工艺性分析

为确定240T/HCFB锅炉制造中直径D=325mm,壁厚b=30mmSA335/P91钢管的焊接工艺,进行了焊接试验。工艺条件:采用U型坡口,ER90S-B9焊丝,E9015-B9焊条,手工氩弧焊打底,焊条电弧焊盖面,250~350℃预热,焊后在300~400℃后热,保温2h。焊后热处理加热温度(750±20)℃,保温3h。经检测,焊缝性能符合《蒸汽锅炉安全技术监察规程》。     

Structural variations of sand-bearing airflow over dune at southeastern fringe of Tengger Desert

From the analytical results of observed data onsand transport rates at different positions of dune surface atsoutheastern fringe of Tengger Desert, it has been found thatthe vertical distribution of blown sand flux exhibits a no-ticeable variation when sand grains move upslope anddownslope of dune surface under the action of wind force.Within the height of 20 cm above the sand surface, the verti-cal distribution of mass flux at different positions from toe todune crest of stoss slope of sand dunes coincides with a singleexponentially decaying law; while the vertical distribution ofmass flux over the lee slope occurs as two variable zones,with the height of 8--12 cm as the dividing line, the sandtransport rate below this height exponentially decreases withincreasing height, but above this height decreases in a powerfunction law. On the stoss slope, the relative sand transportrate in the upper layer of sand flow tends to decrease withthe increasing wind velocity and the total sand transport ratetowards the dune crest due to the shortened trajectory lengthof saltation sand grains moving upslope. On the lee slope, theincrease in lift-off height and trajectory length of saltationsand grains moving downslope leads to the increase in rela-tive sand transport rate in the upper layer of sand flow.     

低碳钢A-TIG焊活性剂的焊接性研究

利用自行研制的低碳钢A TIG焊活性剂进行了各种焊接工艺试验 .试验结果表明 ,使用本活性剂可使焊缝熔深比常规的TIG焊增加 3倍 ,对 12mm以下的低碳钢板对接无须开坡口 ,可一次焊接完成并能单面焊双面成型 .焊缝表面成型良好 ,接头微观组织、焊缝的化学成分和接头力学性能均不受影响 .焊接电流、弧长、焊接速度、涂层厚度和气体种类等均对焊接熔深的增加产生影响     

低碳钢高效TIG焊的活性剂研制

针对低碳钢研制了由卤化物，ＳｉＯ２ 和 Ｃｒ２Ｏ３等组成的高效 ＴＩＧ 焊活性剂，分析了各单一活性剂对焊接熔深的影响规律，并利用正交试验法对多组元配方进行了研究，得出了各组元的质量分数变化对焊接溶深的影响规律．所得到的配方可使焊接溶深增加３倍，并可以将１２ ｍｍ厚的低碳钢钢板对接一次焊透。     

喷雾冷却沸腾传热强化试验

随喷雾流量及过热度增加,热流密度增大,但热表面中心干涸区变大、液膜覆盖区减小,表面利用率降低,传热性能有提升空间。基于此,通过改变单喷嘴高度、设计微孔阵列喷嘴两种途径,探讨热表面液膜均匀性和喷雾冲击强度对传热的影响规律。结果表明单喷嘴高度存在最佳值(4 mm),此时热表面无干涸区,喷雾冷却沸腾传热性能最强;与喷嘴高度6 mm相比,在喷雾流量为50 mL/min、过热度为20 K时,热流密度提高了13%;微孔阵列喷嘴形成的液膜分布更均匀,使得表面温度也较均匀,当过热度大于10 K,微孔阵列喷雾传热性能更优,比上述工况下单喷嘴的热流密度提高16%。强烈冲击的均匀薄液膜是决定喷雾冷却沸腾传热的关键,为进一步强化喷雾冷却沸腾传热提供了可行的方向。     

焊缝层数对特厚度管板焊接残余应力与变形影响的有限元分析

基于ABAQUS软件,建立了顺序耦合的焊接残余应力与变形有限元计算程序,对大型环氧乙烷（EO）反应器国产化中采用的390 mm厚20MnMoNb特厚板拼焊反应器管板的焊接过程进行了残余应力与变形计算,并讨论采用不同焊缝层数对管板焊后残余应力与变形的影响.焊接采用双U形坡口,通过翻转管板进行两面坡口的交替焊接,为防止管板发生过度变形,焊接时始终在管板两端压有重量为4.5 MN配重.计算结果表明：焊后管板发生了一端翘起的角变形,在靠近表层的焊缝及热影响区存在较大残余拉应力,在焊缝内部为较大的残余压应力;由于配重对变形的限制导致先焊面的应力大于后焊面;增加焊缝层数,使变形增加,残余应力降低,但并不显著.对如此大型特厚板约束焊,增加焊缝层数不是降低其焊接残余应力的有效手段.     

城市及乡村大气边界层结构的数值模拟

建立了一个研究城乡非均匀下垫面陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用的模式。模拟了城市及郊区、乡村下垫面的地面热量通量、地表温度、混合层高度及大气边界层结构等特征。对城乡之间的差别进行了对比。模式主要依赖于以下参数和物理量：地面反照率、下垫面粗糙度、土壤的可含水量、下垫面的热容量和热扩散系数、云量等参数。结果表明,本模式能合理地模拟不同地表热量平衡、地表气温、混合层高度、湍流交换系数、湍流动能、位温廓线等,以及它们的日变化。该模式所取参数主要针对北京市,时间为九月初,对于其他城市,参数应作相应的调整。本模式还可以用于其他均匀或非均匀下垫面的模拟。     

X80钢曲面对接焊缝残余应力尺寸效应

以试验测得的X80钢高温性能参数为基础建立了曲面对焊结构仿真模型,并进行了试验验证,研究了曲面外径、曲面壁厚和焊缝宽度等尺寸效应对曲面对接焊缝残余应力分布的影响规律。结果表明：曲面外径、曲面壁厚和焊缝宽度的变化均会对曲面对接焊缝残余应力的分布规律产生影响;随着曲面径向截面面积的增大,焊趾处径向残余拉应力逐渐增大,残余压应力峰值逐渐减小;曲面径向截面面积和焊缝宽度的增加,均会引起焊趾处残余拉应力峰值的增大并导致曲面对焊结构中焊接残余应力水平的升高,降低结构整体的耐腐蚀性能和疲劳性能;在选用曲面壁厚小于4 mm的曲面结构进行工程设计时,焊接残余应力分布对壁厚的变化十分敏感,极易导致结构内部残余拉应力的增大并产生应力集中区域。