大倾角下新型热管冷板传热性能的试验研究

针对在受限空间内工作的行波管阵列所面临的多热源、高热流密度、高散热功率冷却问题,研制了一种新型热管冷板.在自行设计建立的试验台上,对新型热管冷板在大倾角下(60°≤θ≤90°)工作时的传热性能进行了系统的试验研究.试验结果表明,在不同加热总功率P(1600—4000W)和不同冷却水流量Q(100—400L/h)下,热管冷板均能在3—15m in内正常起动.除了P=1600W、Q>300L/h情况下的冷板均温性不能符合行波管冷却要求外,其余试验工况下冷板壁面的最大温差ΔTmax<10℃,冷板壁面的最高温度ΔTmax<70℃,热管冷板的总热阻<0.01℃/W,表明新型热管冷板具有优异的均温高效传热性能.为了有效地发挥新型热管冷板的均温高效散热性能,必须保证其在匹配的冷凝段冷却条件和蒸发段加热条件下工作.在试验的倾角范围内,随着倾角的增大,热阻单调递增;冷却水流量增大或加热功率增加时,热管冷板的换热增强,热阻减小.     

热管地板辐射供暖的特性

在不同的供水温度和流量下对热管地板辐射供暖的特性进行了实验研究．实验结果表明：地板表面温度和散热量随供水温度的升高而明显增加，随流量的增加而略有增加；热管间距为300mm、供水温度为35-45℃、流量为0．1-0．3m^3／h的运行条件下，地板的散热量和表面温度基本可满足供暖房间的需要，供水温度比塑料管系统低4-6℃，管间距比塑料管系统大；地板的蓄热时间是预热时间的3倍左右，与塑料管系统相比具有升温快降温慢的优势；采用热管地板辐射供暖后室内空气竖向温度梯度较小．     

冷却水流量对蒸发段上移的三相闭式重力热管传热性能的影响

本文将流化床换热防垢节能技术与两相闭式重力热管相结合,设计并构建了蒸发段上移的铜/水-碳化硅三相闭式重力热管．分别采用水和碳化硅颗粒作为液相和固相工质,考察了冷却水流量(50～75 L/h)、充液率(15%～30%)和加热功率(100～300 W)等操作参数对闭式重力热管传热性能的影响．研究结果表明,碳化硅颗粒的加入可以明显地降低蒸发段上移的闭式重力热管的总热阻,强化传热．实验范围内,总热阻减少率最大为33.8%,相应的充液率为FR=20%,加热功率Q=200 W,冷却水流量W=100 L/h．在较低的冷却水流量下,两相和三相闭式重力热管的总热阻随着冷却水流量的增加明显减小,然而,随着冷却水流量的进一步增加,总热阻减小的幅度降低．加热功率较低时,三相闭式重力热管的总热阻随充液率的增加先减小,后增大;加热功率较高时,总热阻随充液率的增加呈现出波动的趋势．构建了操作参数对总热阻减小率影响的三维图．研究结果有助于促进三相闭式重力热管的工业应用．     

分离式热管蒸发段传热特性试验研究

通过对分离式热管水平及小倾角 ( 0°～ 5°)蒸发段传热特性的大比例尺模型的试验研究 ,获得了其壁温特性及换热规律 ,探讨了热流密度、工作温度、倾角及充液率等因素对传热特性的影响 .结果表明 ,与蒸发段垂直布置的分离式热管相比 ,水平及小倾角热管的换热系数较小 .特别是当热流密度大于 2 0kW /m2 时 ,蒸发管上下管壁温差增大 ,沿管长方向上管壁温度的波动较大 ,使上壁的换热系数降低 ,局部烧干热负荷过早出现 ,使热管的工作范围减小 .此外 ,还得出了水平蒸发管平均换热系数的无量纲准则关系式 .     

玻璃-水/ZGM热虹吸管传热性能研究

文章介绍了热管的工作原理与热管传热的基本特性,对影响热虹吸管的传热性能要素进行了分析,设计了一套热虹吸管传热研究的实验装置,确定了热虹吸管的最佳充液率。分别在热虹吸管内部的蒸发段、绝热段及冷凝段处各选取一点,测量3点的温度随时间的变化情况,绘制温度-时间曲线,比较玻璃-水热虹吸管与玻璃-ZGM热虹吸管的传热效果,实验结果较好地验证了理论分析。     

基于空调能量回收的平板热管传热性能

为了开发一种用于空调系统排风能量回收的热管式换热器,设计一种单面槽道板式脉动热管并对其传热性能进行实验研究,分析在空气强制对流冷却条件下冷热段比例、工质、充液率、倾角对其热性能的影响。研究结果表明:热管冷热段轴向长度比例为6:4时,导热性能最好;丙酮工质时的热管传热性能优于水工质的热管传热性能;倾角对其传热性能的影响不大;该热管采用丙酮工质、充液率为20%时具有最高的传热性能及最低的启动温度,适于空调系统排风的能量回收。     

热管刀具的设计及散热性能测试

为设计结构合理的热管刀具,研制了热管性能测试系统,模拟热管在车刀内的工作条件,通过正交试验优化热管使用参数.在此基础上,分别设计了嵌入式、侧压式和槽嵌式3种不同热管植入形式的热管刀具,并进行干车削45#钢实验,以量化评估这几种热管刀具的散热性能.对热管的传热测试结果表明:圆热管和扁热管在受热段长度18 mm、冷却段长度20mm、循环冷却水温度75℃、热管弯曲5°时的传热效果最优.对这几种热管刀具的切削量热实验表明:嵌入式热管刀具中的热管传热效率最高,槽嵌式的次之,侧压式的最弱.     

分离式热管蒸发段传热特性的试验研究

通过对分离式热管水平及小倾角蒸发段传热特性的大比例尺模型进行试验研究 ,获得了其壁温特性及换热规律 ,探讨了热流密度、工作温度、倾角及充液率等因素对传热特性的影响 .结果表明 ,与蒸发段垂直布置的分离式热管相比 ,水平及小倾角热管的换热系数较小 .当热流密度大于 2 0ｋＷ /ｍ2 时 ,蒸发管上下管壁的温差增大 ,沿管长方向上管壁温度的波动较大 ,使得上管壁的换热系数降低 ,局部烧干热负荷过早出现 ,使得热管的工作范围减小 .此外 ,还得出了水平蒸发管平均换热系数的无量纲准则关系式 .分离式热管蒸发段传热特性的试验研究@王建伟$西…     

平板热管用于笔记本电脑散热的研究

提出了一种笔记本电脑散热用新型平板热管,其具有散热效率高、力学强度高、重量轻、成本低、工艺简单等优点．在自然对流冷却条件下,对平板热管和相同尺寸的实心铝板的传热性能进行了实验研究．分析了平板热管的启动特性、均温特性以及加热功率、倾角对其传热性能的影响．实验结果表明,与实心铝板相比平板热管的传热性能更优．当加热功率为17w时,平板热管散热器的总热阻为1．72℃／w,冷凝面的最高温度达到49．7℃,而热源温度为55．3℃,可以满足目前上网笔记本电脑冷却的要求．     

热虹吸管相变传热行为CFD模拟

基于VOF模型和改进的相变模型对热虹吸管稳态相变传热过程进行CFD模拟,根据温度分布实验数据和可视化实验进行验证,并分析充液率对热管蒸发-冷凝传热行为的影响。研究结果表明:CFD模型能够较准确地描述热管工质的蒸发和冷凝过程,模拟得到热管各段均温的最大偏差为10.2 K,相对误差2.9%,采用改进的相变模型,温度分布模拟值与实验值一致性更好;模拟得到蒸发段工质流型转变过程与可视化实验定性相符;热管冷凝段以膜状冷凝传热为主,充液率的改变对其影响不大,充液率主要影响蒸发段的传热行为,进而影响热管的传热性能。该工作有助于对热管运行机理的理解,并为其CFD模拟提供指导。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the