谈化学反应的转化率

本文讨论了化学反应转化率的正确定义,并纠正了某些教材中的不正确说法。     

Induction and effector functions of T(H)17 cells

T helper (T(H)) cells constitute an important arm of the adaptive immune system because they coordinate defence against specific pathogens, and their unique cytokines and effector functions mediate different types of tissue inflammation. The recently discovered T(H)17 cells, the third subset of effector T helper cells, have been the subject of intense research aimed at understanding their role in immunity and disease. Here we review emerging data suggesting that T(H)17 cells have an important role in host defence against specific pathogens and are potent inducers of autoimmunity and tissue inflammation. In addition, the differentiation factors responsible for their generation have revealed an interesting reciprocal relationship with regulatory T (T(reg)) cells, which prevent tissue inflammation and mediate self-tolerance.     

Memory CD4 T cells emerge from effector T-cell progenitors

A hallmark of adaptive immunity is the generation of memory T cells that confer long-lived, antigen-specific protection against repeat challenges by pathogens. Understanding the mechanisms by which memory T cells arise is important for rational vaccination strategies and improved therapeutic interventions for chronic infections and autoimmune disorders. The large clonal expansion of CD8 T cells in response to some infections has made the development of CD8 T-cell memory more amenable to study, giving rise to a model of memory cell differentiation in which a fraction of fully competent effector T cells transition into long-lived memory T cells. Delineation of CD4 T-cell memory development has proved more difficult as a result of limitations on tracking the smaller populations of CD4 effector T cells generated during a pathogenic challenge, complicating efforts to determine whether CD4 memory T cells are direct descendants of effector T cells or whether they develop by alternative pathways. Here, using two complementary cytokine reporter mouse models to identify interferon (IFN)-gamma-positive effector T cells and track their fate, we show that the lineage relationship between effector and memory CD4 T cells resembles that for CD8 T cells responding to the same pathogen. We find that, in parallel with effector CD8 T cells, IFN-gamma-positive effector CD4 T cells give rise to long-lived memory T cells capable of anamnestic responses to antigenic rechallenge.     

Common effector processing mediates cell-specific responses to stimuli

The fundamental components of many signalling pathways are common to all cells. However, stimulating or perturbing the intracellular network often causes distinct phenotypes that are specific to a given cell type. This 'cell specificity' presents a challenge in understanding how intracellular networks regulate cell behaviour and an obstacle to developing drugs that treat signalling dysfunctions. Here we apply a systems-modelling approach to investigate how cell-specific signalling events are integrated through effector proteins to cause cell-specific outcomes. We focus on the synergy between tumour necrosis factor and an adenoviral vector as a therapeutically relevant stimulus that induces cell-specific responses. By constructing models that estimate how kinase-signalling events are processed into phenotypes through effector substrates, we find that accurate predictions of cell specificity are possible when different cell types share a common 'effector-processing' mechanism. Partial-least-squares regression models based on common effector processing accurately predict cell-specific apoptosis, chemokine release, gene induction, and drug sensitivity across divergent epithelial cell lines. We conclude that cell specificity originates from the differential activation of kinases and other upstream transducers, which together enable different cell types to use common effectors to generate diverse outcomes. The common processing of network signals by downstream effectors points towards an important cell biological principle, which can be applied to the understanding of cell-specific responses to targeted drug therapies.     

Peptidergic transmitters in synaptic boutons of sympathetic ganglia

In sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog, a slow synaptic potential lasting for minutes--the late slow excitatory postsynaptic potential (e.p.s.p.)--was discovered. This slow response, unlike other previously known synaptic potentials in the autonomic nervous system, is not mediated by acetylcholine or monoamines. Similar non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic slow synaptic potentials have since been found in several other vertebrate autonomic ganglia. We found that the late slow e.p.s.p. is probably mediated by a peptide that is identical to, or closely resembles, mammalian luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), because (1) when applied directly to sympathetic neurones, LHRH and its agonists elicit a slow depolarization, associated with similar changes in membrane conductance and excitability as those occurring during the late slow e.p.s.p. Furthermore, both peptide-induced and nerve-evoked responses are blocked by antagonists of LHRH; and (2) radioimmunoassays indicate that a chain of sympathetic ganglia contains 100-800 pg of a LHRH-like peptide. Its distribution among spinal nerves, the great reduction of this substance following denervation, and its release from ganglia following isotonic KCl treatment or nerve stimulation suggest that the LHRH-like material is contained in preganglionic nerve fibres. Here we report that immunohistochemical staining of sympathetic ganglia shows that LHRH-like immunoreactivity is indeed present in synaptic boutons. We also show that the two types of ganglion cells (B cells and C cells) receive strikingly different patterns of peptidergic innervation.     

基于SIB/PCA的通信辐射源个体识别

提出了一种新的同类通信辐射源个体识别方法.该方法选择矩形积分双谱(SIB)作为个体识别的主体特征参数.然后采用主元分析(PCA)方法从大量训练样本特征参数集中挑选低维、低复杂度的特征矢量,并在识别特征矢量中融合对分类具有显著贡献的辐射源调制特征参量,最后采用基于核函数的支撑矢量机(SVM)实现对辐射源个体识别.实验表明该方法在较低信噪比条件下具有较高的正确识别率(90%),并能够较好地解决同型号、同批次通信辐射源的个体识别问题.     

烧结矿应用于化学链燃烧的反应特性

本文通过热重实验研究了烧结矿作为载氧体的H2还原反应特性,将其与通过溶解法制备的Fe2 O3/Al2 O3载氧体进行了氧化还原反应性比较,在500~1250℃范围内研究了温度对于烧结矿还原反应过程的影响,在950℃下进行了30次循环反应实验,采用四种模型进行了反应动力学分析.结果表明,烧结矿的H2还原转化率大于80%,可以完全再氧化,并具有良好的循环反应性能.在500~950℃范围内,随温度升高还原反应速率及最终转化率都显著增加;而当温度高于1100℃时,在反应后期还原反应速率和最终转化率有下降的趋势.在500~950℃范围内,对烧结矿的还原过程第一反应阶段( Fe2 O3-Fe3 O4/FeO,还原转化率<25%)可采用二阶反应模型( M2)拟合,得到表观活化能为E=36.018 kJ·mol-1,指前因子为A0=1.053×10-2 s-1;第二反应阶段(Fe3O4/FeO-Fe,还原转化率>25%)采用收缩核模型(M4)拟合,得到的表观活化能为E=51.176 kJ·mol-1,指前因子为A0=1.066×10-2 s-1.     

Inhibition of pathogenic effect of effector T cells by specific suppressor T cells during influenza virus infection in mice

Mice infected with an aerosol of influenza type A virus, or immunized with purified UV-inactivated whole virus or with viral subunits, develop a transient delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) which peaks 5-7 days after immunization. The intensity of DTH is greatly enhanced and sustained when mice are pretreated with cyclophosphamide. The reaction is maximal 24 h after elicitation, has classical tuberculin-type histology and is transferable by immune H-21 region restricted Lyt-1+2- T cells (Td) but not by immune serum. These Td cells not only fail to protect mice against influenza virus infection, but increase the mortality rate due to influenzal pneumonia following challenge with homologous lethal virus. On the other hand, antigen-specific suppressor T (Ts) cells which inhibit DTH are readily generated during influenza virus infection, and are detectable for at least 40 days thereafter. The ease with which they are induced and maintained during the infection may be of evolutionary advantage. In support of this, we now report that these Ts cells can reverse the pathogenic effect of Td cells thereby demonstrating a beneficial influence of Ts cells in a viral disease.     

反应矩阵在化学反应上的应用（二）——配平定理

建立第1类型反应矩阵的2个配平定理,同时获得配平化学反应的矩阵法.     

Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells

On activation, T cells undergo distinct developmental pathways, attaining specialized properties and effector functions. T-helper (T(H)) cells are traditionally thought to differentiate into T(H)1 and T(H)2 cell subsets. T(H)1 cells are necessary to clear intracellular pathogens and T(H)2 cells are important for clearing extracellular organisms. Recently, a subset of interleukin (IL)-17-producing T (T(H)17) cells distinct from T(H)1 or T(H)2 cells has been described and shown to have a crucial role in the induction of autoimmune tissue injury. In contrast, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (T(reg)) cells inhibit autoimmunity and protect against tissue injury. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a critical differentiation factor for the generation of T(reg) cells. Here we show, using mice with a reporter introduced into the endogenous Foxp3 locus, that IL-6, an acute phase protein induced during inflammation, completely inhibits the generation of Foxp3+ T(reg) cells induced by TGF-beta. We also demonstrate that IL-23 is not the differentiation factor for the generation of T(H)17 cells. Instead, IL-6 and TGF-beta together induce the differentiation of pathogenic T(H)17 cells from naive T cells. Our data demonstrate a dichotomy in the generation of pathogenic (T(H)17) T cells that induce autoimmunity and regulatory (Foxp3+) T cells that inhibit autoimmune tissue injury.     

氧化还原反应的趋势及反应速度

以若干反应实例说明,在判断氧化还原反应时,除了要考虑反应进行的方向和程度以外,还应考虑反应的速度问题。     

甘油氢氯化制备二氯丙醇的反应特性

以成本低廉的有机酸为催化剂,以甘油、氯化氢为原料,在温和的条件下,对制备二氯丙醇的反应特性进行了研究。在大量实验数据的基础上,建立了不同催化剂条件下的反应动力学方程,考察了不同反应温度、催化剂质量分数对甘油氢氯化反应的影响,并同时进行了浓度和温度效应的分析,提出了最优操作温度曲线方程。     

A novel epitope of the LFA-1 antigen which can distinguish killer effector and suppressor cells in human CD8 cells

The CD4 subset of cells displays helper/inducer activity and recognizes class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), while the CD8 subset recognizes class I MHC antigens and exhibits cytotoxic or suppressor function. Considerable functional as well as corresponding phenotypic heterogeneity exists within the two major T cell subsets. Although the CD8+ population contains pre-cytotoxic, cytotoxic, pre-suppressor and suppressor effector T cells, these distinctions still rest largely on the use of functional assays. Attempts have been made to define the CD8+ precursor of the killer cell with new monoclonal antibodies. But more precise phenotypic distinctions between the functional subpopulations within CD8+ cells will be needed. We have now developed a monoclonal antibody, anti-S6F1 which can distinguish killer effector and suppressor effector cells in CD8 lymphocyte populations. The cell-surface structure defined by this antibody comprises two glycoproteins with relative molecular mass (Mr) 180K and 95K respectively. Also sequential immunoprecipitation studies and two dimensional gel electrophoresis indicate that anti-S6F1 recognizes a novel epitope on the LFA-1 antigen.     

MATLAB用于振荡反应模拟

解刚性常微分方程组已成为研究复杂化学反应的重要手段．作者讨论了使用MATLAB对振荡反应进行数值模拟的方法,应用该方法对硫化学反应非线性动力学行为进行了模拟．     

反向滴定化学共沉淀法制备Bi_0.75 Dy_0.25 O_1.5 纳米粉体的反应机理

以分析纯Bi2O3、Dy2O3为原料,采用反向滴定化学共沉淀法合成前躯体.经热重-质谱分析(TG-MS),前驱体主要是由BiOOH、Dy(OH)3组成,但含有微量BiONO3、Bi2O2CO3.前驱体经过500℃煅烧3h后,X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析结果表明,得到的是单一的β-Bi0.75Dy0.25O1.5粉体,经谢乐公式计算,平均晶粒尺寸在16.02nm左右.X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)分析结果表明,Bi/Dy摩尔比接近理论计量比.投射电子显微镜(TEM)分析结果表明,粉体颗粒尺寸小于20nm,分散性良好.通过热力学计算对沉淀反应的机理进行了探讨.     

二溴羧基偶氮氯膦用于微量铂系元素测定的研究及应用

二溴羧基偶氮氯膦与金属钯可发生显色反应,而与其他铂系元素在高碘酸钾、溴酸钾等氧化剂的存在下发生催化褪色反应,从而建立了用光度法测定钯和用催化光度法测定钌、铑、锇、铱、铂的微量分析新方法。本文考察了该系列反应的最佳条件及方法应用。此类方法可直接在水相中进行,简便快速,灵敏度高,已用于贵金属精矿、贵金属催化剂等样品中微量铂系元素的测定。     

CDKF方法在外辐射源单站无源目标跟踪中的应用

针对外辐射源单站无源目标跟踪精度问题,将一种基于Sterling内插公式的新的非线性滤波算法—中心差分卡尔曼滤波算法(central difference Kalman filter,CDKF)应用到系统中。仿真结果表明,与传统的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法(extended Kalman filter,EKF)相比,CDKF具有更高的定位精度,且不需要计算Jacobian矩阵,更易实现;而与无迹卡尔曼滤波算法(unscented Kalman filter,UKF)相比,CDKF只有一个待优化的比例参数,参数的选择更加方便,且定位精度更高,所需运算时间更少。