化学溶液沉积法制备BiFeO_3薄膜的结构及性能研究

采用化学溶液沉积法在ITO玻璃基片上制备铁酸铋Bi Fe O3薄膜。薄膜呈纯钙钛矿结构,无杂相生成。此外,薄膜表面光滑致密、没有微裂痕。薄膜得到的晶粒尺寸较小,约为45 nm。在550℃1 h退火的薄膜有良好的电学特性,在1 k Hz频率下测得的相对介电常数、损耗因子分别约为198、3%;此外,在760 k V/cm电场驱动下,薄膜得到的剩余极化(2Pr)约为25μC/cm2,矫顽电场(2Ec)约为650 k V/cm。BFO薄膜在550℃退后,通过吸收光谱分析得到BFO薄膜的光学带隙为2.7 e V。这些结果表明,退火温度550℃制备的Bi Fe O3固溶体薄膜具有较好的性能,有望成为光电器件的候选材料。     

超声震荡与电场对冰升华法制备NaNO2纳米粒子的影响

将常规冰升华产物NaNO₂纳米粒子在乙醇分散剂中超声震荡, 使小晶粒重新组合, 形成更稳定的方形聚集体, 并在冰升华过程中, 施加一个0.5 kV/cm的垂直电场. 结果表明, 电场导致一部分NaNO₂纳米晶超过6 nm, 表现为相互分离的状态. 这是由于电场使NaNO₂纳米晶粒沿电场方向被极化, 而同向极化使相邻晶粒间存在一个斥力, 从而导致离散的NaNO₂纳米晶粒形成.      

High-cycle fatigue crack initiation and propagation in laser melting deposited TC18 titanium alloy

This article examines fatigue crack nucleation and propagation in laser deposited TC18 titanium alloy. The Widmanst?tten structure was obtained by double-annealing treatment. High-cycle fatigue (HCF) tests were conducted at room temperature with the stress ratio of 0.1 and the notch concentration factor K_t = 1. Fatigue cracks initiated preferentially at micropores, which had great effect on the HCF properties. The effect decreased with the decrease of pore size and the increase of distance from the pore location to the specimen surface. The crack initiation region was characterized by the cleavage facets of α lamella and the tearing of β matrix. The soft α precipitated-free zone formed along grain boundaries accelerated the crack propagation. Subsurface observation indicated that the crack preferred to propagate along the grain boundary α or border of α lamella or vertical to α lamella.     

气体绝缘363 kV快速真空断路器电场分析

具有快速开断能力的真空断路器能够在极短时间内开断短路电流,有利于减小短路电流对电网设备的冲击,但目前单断口的真空断路器难以直接应用于高电压等级电网。提出了一种全新的SF6气体绝缘的363kV真空断路器,采用40.5kV真空灭弧室的串并联结构,采用基于涡流驱动原理的操动机构实现短路电流的快速开断。对于高电压等级真空断路器,需要重点研究断路器内部的电场分布问题。基于总体设计结构的对称性对断路器单个单元和端部单元进行了简化,然后建立了对应的断路器三维多重介质有限元计算模型,分析了导电杆、灭弧室、接线端子等关键部件的电场强度。计算结果表明:电场严重集中于上下接线端子、转接法兰的圆角处。雷电冲击电压下,接线端子圆角和转接法兰圆角最大值分别为28.5kV/mm和22.9kV/mm,导电杆的表面最大电场为13.4kV/mm,真空灭弧室内外及其他部件均处于控制范围内。对接线端子的圆角半径进行了优化设计,确定其圆角半径为12mm,为样机的生产提供了参考。     

A simulation study of ionization depletion in the auroral ionosphericF-region caused by strong convection electric field

THe effects of strong convection electric field on the electron density in the auroral ionosphericF-region have been simulated numerically by means of a physical model. It is found that an enhancement of electric field directed west-northward in post-noon or west-southward in pre-noon results in an ionization depletion with its maximum at altitudes 40–50 km higher than that of theF ₂ peak. When the enhanced electric field lasts for 45 min and has a maximum about 32 mV/m, the resulted ionization depletions reach their maximum at the time just ∼10 min behind the time when the convection electric field and ion temperature enhancements reach their maximum. This is consistent well with EISCAT observations. The magnitudes of the percentage ionization depletions and their recovery time are dependent not only on the intensity of the electric field, but also on the diurnal variation phase of the background electron density. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (49674241, 40074039) and the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education in China Biography: Cai Hong-tao (1976-), male, Ph. D. candidate, research direction: polar ionospheric modeling.     

Dielectric properties of low dielectric constant Ba0.60Sr0.40Mg0.15Ti0.85O3-Mg2TiO4 composite thin films for tunable applications

Ba0.60Sr0.40Mg0.15Ti0.85O3-xmol%Mg2TiO4 （x = 0-40 mol%） （BSTM-MT） composite thin films were fabricated by sol-gel method. The precursor solution of these composite thin films was prepared through mixing the Ba0.80Sr0.40Mg0.15Ti0.85O3 and Mg2TiO4 solution. The microstructures and dielectric tunability of composite thin films were investigated. The dielectric constant of composite thin films can be tailored from 155 to 55 by changing the concentration of Mg2TiO4. The dielectric loss of these composite thin films were still kept below 0.01 and the tunability was above 20% at a dc-applied electric field of 500 kV/cm. Suitable dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, and high tunability of this kind of composite thin films can be useful for potential microwave tunable applications.     

Effect of the free surface on the earthquake energy: A case study of reverse faulting

Based on the representation theorem of seismic energy radiation, in this study, we have quantitatively investigated the effect of free surface on the radiation energy distribution due to a coupling interaction between free surface and near surface finite fault for the reverse earthquake faulting. Corresponding to the finite faulting, a 2-D pseudostatic-reverse-fault-dislocation solution has been used in the calculation of the work done by the seismic response against free surface. The results indicate that, due to a strong coupling interaction between the free surface and near surface fault, the total radiated seismic energy ER is much larger than that radiated only from the fault itself （EF）, especially for the shallow reverse faulting. In convention, EF is commonly used in the estimation of earthquake energy radiation. However, when the fault depth H, the distance between the free surface and top of fault location, increases, the effect of the coupling interaction between the fault and free surface decreases gradually. Therefore, the total radiated energy ER approaches to the EF when the depth H is about 2 times the fault length L The current study could provide us a partial explanation of the apparent stress discrepancy observed at the far field and near field in the recent large earthquake. Moreover, the current study also has a significant implication of how to quantitatively describe the near fault strong ground motion and associated seismic hazard from the earthquake source energy point of view.     

燃煤电厂电除尘PM10和PM2.5的排放控制IV:采用二维PIV 除尘

 利用粒子成像测速法(PIV)和电子低压冲击仪(ELPI),研究实验室规模的电除尘器(ESP)内电场强度、电晕放电功率和气流场等因素对PM₁₀(粒径小于10 μm 的颗粒物)分级收尘效率.电除尘器为线-板式电极结构,其中板-板间距为200 mm,高电压电极为单根或双根.实验颗粒物采用艾灸烟作为示踪粒子,气体流量85 m³/h,颗粒物初始质量浓度33 mg/m³左右.实验结果表明,随着电场强度或电晕放电功率的增加,在高压电晕极线周围气流场从有规律的单个涡旋发展为相互作用的多个涡旋,优化电晕放电离子风分布是提高PM₁₀收集效率和降低电耗的关键.从颗粒物个数浓度、外加电场或电晕放电功率看,可将电除尘器性能以电场强度为3 kV/cm 为界分为2 个区域.当电场强度低于3 kV/cm 时,分级除尘效率随着电场强度或电除尘指数的增加而增加.然而,当电场强度远大于3 kV/cm 时,收尘效率基本不变或降低.     

准同型相界钛酸铋钠基铁电固溶体的电卡效应研究

利用铁电材料的电卡效应实现致冷成为当前国内外的研究热点之一.基于Maxwell关系,围绕着准同型相界组分的Bi0.5Na0.5Ti O3基无铅铁电固溶体,研究了其电卡效应,结果表明:该体系在5 k V/mm的外电场下,显示出优异的致冷特性,温度的变化量可达到1.15 K,相应的致冷强度可达0.23 K·mm/k V,在全新的固态致冷器件中显示出应用前景.     

Magnetic storm effects in the auroral ionosphere observed with EISCAT radar—Two case studies

Storm-time changes of main plasma parameters in the auroral ionosphere are analyzed for two intense storms occurring on May 15, 1997 and Sept. 25, 1998, with emphasis on their relationship to the solar wind dynamic pressure and the IMFB _z component. Strong hard particle precipitation occurred in the initial phase for both storms, associated with high solar wind dynamical pressure. During the recovery phase of the storms, some strong particle precipitation was neither concerned with high solar wind pressure nor southward IMFB _z. Severe negative storm effects depicted by electron density depletion appeared in theF-region during the main and recovery phase of both storms, caused by intensive electric field-related strong Joule/frictional heating when IMF was largely southward. The ion temperature behaved similarly inE-andF-region, but the electron temperature did quite different, with a strong increase in the lowerE-region relating to plasma instability excited by strong electric field and a slight decrease in theF-region probably concerning with a cooling process. The field-aligned ion velocity was high and apparently anticorrelated with the northward component of the ion convection velocity. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (49674241) and the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education Biography: LIU Hui-xin (1974-), female, Ph.D. candidate. Research direction: polar ionospheric behaviors during magnetic storms.     

脉冲电流下对AL6061合金进行熔孔止裂与愈合的仿真研究

Al6061铝合金常应用于航空航天领域蒙皮制造,因其中等硬度与低强度的弱点,在承受复杂载荷时容易出现微裂纹,进而影响服役安全可靠性。脉冲电流是一种极速、非平衡的金属材料微小裂纹修复工艺,可以克服该材料不易焊接修复的短板。本文在既有的实验基础上建立单边预制裂纹缺口模型,采用有限元仿真手段,进行了热-电-力三场耦合数值模拟,计算不同参数下裂纹区域的电场、温度场和应力场分布。使用“生死单元”法模拟止裂熔孔的产生,并获得了不同几何、物理参数下止裂熔孔尺寸变化的规律。结果表明：焦耳热形成的止裂熔孔降低裂尖的集中应力,抑制裂纹扩展,裂纹区域高温区与基体常温区形成温度梯度相互约束产生巨大的热压应力促使裂纹宽度减小,进而直至愈合;初始熔孔尺寸与裂纹长度成正比、与板厚成反比,最佳尺寸直径为0.1mm以内;电流值和电流加载时间均能控制熔孔生长,电流值一定时,当时间达到0.12s形成的熔孔尺寸超出最佳止裂尺寸范围。研究成果为特定金属材料的裂纹止裂与愈合提供了机理参考和仿真方法。     

基于NMR和声发射的砂岩疲劳损伤试验研究

为科学地评价工程岩体的长期稳定性和安全性,在实验室条件下对饱水砂岩开展循环加卸载试验,结合声发射技术与核磁共振分析技术两种手段探究其宏细观变形及疲劳损伤演化规律.研究结果表明:在循环荷载作用下,砂岩的声发射能量分布规律与轴向累积残余变形发展规律、应力-应变曲线滞回环变化规律一致,均能反映岩石在重复应力的作用下逐渐劣化至发生破坏;岩石疲劳损伤过程中的声发射能量幂律特征具有时间序列上的尺度不变性,循环中期幂指数可有效表征全过程能量分布;根据T₂谱结果,定义系数K₂为细碎裂隙与较大裂隙体积之比,循环过程中K₂一直处于增加的状态,当K₂值急剧下降时,砂岩有破坏的前兆;试件的AE特征与NMR特征均能体现岩石内部孔裂隙变化,其结果具有一致性,反映出岩石破坏是局部变形累积引起的整体疲劳损伤.      

单负材料填充包层的矩形波导模式特性

【目的】通过求解矩形波导模式特征方程,计算矩形波导横向场分布,研究电磁波在单负材料矩形波导中的传播特性以及该波导参数对其导模Exmn的影响规律。【方法】基于电磁场的波动理论和马卡梯里假设,利用图解法对波导有效折射率及横向电场分布进行求解,并分析波导模式的频率色散关系。【结果】该矩形波导的传播模式Ex0n和Ex1n为x方向衰减的表面模,仅当m1时,波导的传播模式才是振荡导模;固定波导芯子层厚度不变,当导波频率增大时,高阶模向高频方向移动的速度比低阶的快;保持m1,当m或n增大时,Exmn模式的截止点均向波导孔径增大的方向移动,且相邻模式的截止间距相等。【结论】单负材料包层的矩形波导既支持存在低阶表面模的条件,也支持存在高阶振荡导模的条件,波导孔径大小对导波模有很好的调制效果,可实现宽孔径多模传输和小孔径单模传输的功能。     

ZrO2层状复合陶瓷压痕开裂力学分析

在ZrO2层状复合陶瓷中,压痕裂纹的形成除了因塑性区体积变化产生的残余应力外,还与相变应力有关.此外,界面压应力对表面裂纹具有较大的抑制作用.传统的压痕法公式忽略了压痕底下相变应力和界面压应力对压痕开裂和试样断裂的贡献,得到的数据偏小,不能真实反映ZrO2层状复合陶瓷断裂韧性大小.用Indentation-fracture 法测ZrO2层状复合陶瓷的断裂韧性更接近真实值.     

Cu doping effect on Mn sites of La2/3Ca1/3 MnO3 system

The temperature dependence of resistance and magnetoresistance at 77 K for Cu-doped La 2/3Ca 1/3Mn 1-xCu xO-3 have been investigated. Besides the transition similar to the Cu-free sample at ～260 K, a new transition at lower temperature appears for Cu-doped samples. The new transition moves toward low temperature with increasing of Cu content. A new conductive proceeding related to Cu ion may exist. Magnetoresistance at liquid nitrogen shows that MR increased three orders when x is changed from 0 to 0 15. Moreover, the main variation of magnetoresistance is below the field of 1 T.     

基于比例边界有限元法的Lamb波在板中传播的模拟分析

基于比例边界有限元法对Lamb波在板中遇到多裂纹、内置竖向和横向裂纹以及凹陷时的传播行为进行模拟,在入射波模态为S_0和A_0这2种情况下,改变内置裂纹的开裂角与深度、凹陷的弧度,对反射波的模态振幅进行分析。研究表明,在同一薄板上,不同的裂纹形态对于波形的增幅有所不同。反射波的模态振幅随着裂纹深度与开裂角的增大基本呈增大趋势,Lamb波的激发模态为A_0时,随着板中内置裂纹开裂角的增大,反射波模态振幅的增大效果与激发模态为S_0时相比更为明显。当激发的入射波模态为S_0时,反射波中的模态振幅随着板上凹陷的减缓,减小幅度更大。     

旅大6-2油田断裂特征及其对油气富集的控制作用

旅大6-2油田油气平面分布区域和垂向分布层位差异明显, 平面上,油气富集程度南区大于北区;垂向上,东二下段大于馆陶组和东三段。研究区勘探实践证实断裂不仅严格控制着油气组合的空间展布和圈闭形成,而且对油气聚集活动以及油藏的形成分布有着重要影响。为此,从断裂特征入手对旅大6-2油田油气差异富集规律进行研究,主要分析了油源断裂密度、断层活动速率和边界断裂产状三个主控因素,研究结果表明：油源断裂分布特征和晚期活动断裂的分布位置控制了平面上南北区油气差异富集;陡坡带边界断裂的坡坪式形态决定了不同层位有效圈闭的大小;边界断裂的坡坪式形态和断层活动速率最终控制了垂向上不同层位油气富集程度。     

Electron dynamics in collisionless magnetic reconnection with a PIC simulation

Two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation is used to investigate electron dynamics in collisionless magnetic reconnection, and the proton/electron mass ratio is taken to be m _i /m _e = 256. The results show that the presence of a strong initial guide field will change the direction of the electron flow. The electron density cavities and the parallel electric field can be found in the electron inflow region along the separatrix, and the electron inflow and density cavities only appear in the second and fourth quadrants. What is different from the results with a smaller mass ratio is that new structures appear in the diffusion region near the X line: (1) Narrow regions of density enhancement and density cavities can be found synchronously in this region; and (2) corresponding to the electron density changes near the X line, the strong parallel electric fields are found to occur in the first and third quadrants. These electric fields perhaps play a more important role in acceleration and heating electrons than those fields located in the density cavities. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40725013) and Open Research Program Foundation of State Key Laboratory for Space Weather, Chinese Academy Sciences     

Effects of applied potential on the stress corrosion cracking behavior of 7003 aluminum alloy in acid and alkaline chloride solutions

Potentiodynamic polarization tests and slow strain rate test (SSRT) in combination with fracture morphology observations were conducted to investigate the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of 7003 aluminum alloy (AA7003) in acid and alkaline chloride solutions under various applied potentials (E_a). The results show that AA7003 is to a certain extent susceptible to SCC via anodic dissolution (AD) at open-circuit potential (OCP) and is highly susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) at high negative E_a in the solutions with pH levels of 4 and 11. The susceptibility increases with negative shift in the potential when E_a is less than -1000 mV vs. SCE. However, the susceptibility distinctly decreases because of the inhibition of AD when E_a is equal to -1000 mV vs. SCE. In addition, the SCC susceptibility of AA7003 in the acid chloride solution is higher than that in the alkaline solution at each potential. Moreover, the effect of hydrogen on SCC increases with increasing hydrogen ion concentration.     

防止重掺砷CZ单晶硅组分过冷的探讨

在探讨组分过冷数学模型的基础上,针对重掺砷CZ单晶硅的生长,理论计算了防止组分过冷时固液界面处晶体温度梯度G_S的临界值为51.32~33.10 K/cm.以此为依据,设计了具有较大温度梯度的18寸(60 cm)晶体生长热场,以数值模拟的方法,给出了固液界面处晶体的温度梯度G_S的模拟值为54.68~38.14 K/cm.在晶体等径生长的各个阶段,固液界面处晶体的温度梯度G_S的模拟值均在防止组分过冷的临界值之上,可以有效避免晶体生长过程中组分过冷的发生,并利用实际晶体生长试验的结果验证了以上分析的有效性.