运行中渗碳的Incoloy 800H裂解管的研究

研究运行中渗碳的Ｉｎｃｏｌｏｙ ８００Ｈ裂解管的显微组织及合金元素的分布， 采用了电子探针定性定量分析微区成分。结果表明，裂解管渗碳后显微组织 发生显著变化，其内壁最高含碳量为３％，内壁基体最低含铬量为４％；渗碳 层厚度超过２ｍｍ，管内壁基体和碳化物中Ｆｅ，Ｃｒ，Ｎｉ含量不随渗碳层厚度 变化；基体Ｃｒ含量下降大于６％，合金由抗磁性的变为铁磁性的；Ｍ２３Ｃ６型碳 化物转变为Ｍ７Ｃ３型碳化物时的合金碳含量约为１．５％．     

超高速钢的热处理工艺研究

通过对铸态超高速钢的热处理工艺试验，得出了最佳等温退火软化工艺参数．在进行了淬火和高温回火最终热处理试验后，借助于定量金相和电子显微分析，认为在淬火回火过程中，主要是Ｍ６Ｃ型碳化物的溶解和沉淀析出，而ＭＣ型碳化物的影响较小。     

2.25Cr—1Mo钢蠕变焊接接头中的Mo2C

利用Ｈ－８００透射电子显微镜详细研究了２．２５Ｃｒ－１Ｍｏ钢焊接接头中重要强化组Ｍ２Ｃ碳化物在蠕变过程中的变化，结果表明，材料原始组织中的Ｍｏ２Ｃ以针状形态分布于整个接头显微组织中，其在焊缝中的尺寸比母材中的最小，随着蠕变时间的延长，母材和焊缝中Ｍｏ２Ｃ的平均尺寸都不同程度地长大，并伴随着片状Ｍｏ２Ｃ的析出，部分针状Ｍｏ２Ｃ的断裂溶解，促进了Ｍ６Ｃ碳化物的析出长大。     

激光熔化处理提高42CrMo钢缺口疲劳强度的研究

研究了淬火＋中温回火和淬火＋高温回火及其激光表面熔化处理的４２ＣｒＭｏ钢的显微组织和旋转弯曲疲劳强度．结果表明，４２ＣｒＭｏ钢经淬火＋中温回火和淬火＋高温回火后分别获得回火托氏体和回火索氏体．再经激光熔化处理后，表层为熔凝层，其组织为树枝（Ｍ＋Ａ′）＋树枝间（Ｍ＋Ａ′＋Ｍ３Ｃ），Ａ′的体积百分数为１９．６％；次表层为固态相变层，其组织为Ｍ＋Ａ′，在近熔凝层处Ａ′的体积百分数高达３５．４％．淬火＋中温回火４２ＣｒＭｏ钢的疲劳强度σ－１、σ－１ｎ均高于淬火＋高温回火４２ＣｒＭｏ钢．对缺口进行激光熔化处理可以提高σ－１ｎ和降低缺口敏感度ｑ，疲劳裂纹源移至次表面     

高温时效对9CrlMoNbV钢焊接接头的影响

研究了焊后和高温时效后９ＣｒｌＭｏＮｂＶ钢焊接接头的微观组织、显微硬度和拉伸性能．在６５０℃以下时效，焊缝、ＨＡＺ和母材微观组织中的马氏体板条形貌保持稳定；在６５０℃以下时效１００～１６０ｈ，由于９ＣｒｌＭｏＮｂＶ钢焊接接头的微观组织的稳定性，使焊接接头显微硬度和拉伸机械性能没有明显变化，焊接接头具有良好的高温时效性能。     

含铬碳化物的氧化稳定性

通过电解法从Ｆｅ－Ｃ－Ｃｒ合金中萃取出Ｍ３Ｃ，Ｍ７Ｃ３和Ｍ２３Ｃ６３种类型碳化物，在９５０℃大气气氛中分别经０．５ｈ，１ｈ及２ｈ氧化，测定了其剩余含碳量，观察了表面形貌，用Ｘ射线衍射进行物相分析，结果表明：（１）三种类型碳化物在９５０℃高温氧化气氛下均未发生晶型转变，只是由铁铬复合碳物氧化成为铁铬复合氧化物；（２）Ｍ７Ｃ３型碳化物的氧化稳定性最佳，Ｍ２３Ｃ６型次之，Ｍ３Ｃ型最差。     

渗碳硬化层性态的综合分析

通过对２０ＣｒＭｎＭｏ钢渗碳硬化层的组织结构，层内残余应力和硬度的分布以及渗碳硬化试棒的扭转性能进行系统的分析研究，经综合分析总结出２０ＣｒＭｎＭｏ钢的渗碳硬化层具有下列几个特点，即：（１）渗碳层中基本组织的主体是枣核马氏体，枣核马氏体基体由表及里一直可延伸到含碳量为０．５％的层深部位（即有效层深，ＨＶ５５０处）。（２）表面碳势为１．１％Ｃ的渗碳梗化层内，临近外表面部位的枣核马氏体中会出理显微裂纹     

铬钼钢蠕变过程中M23C6及M6C的生长形貌

利用Ｈ－８００透射电子显微镜，对铬钼钢５６５℃蠕变过程中出现的Ｍ２３Ｃ６及Ｍ６Ｃ碳化物的形貌变化进行了详细的研究，研究结果表明，蠕变过程中Ｍ２３Ｃ６及Ｍ６Ｃ碳化物主要以片状，棒状及块状形态存在；其中片状和棒状存在于晶内，块状在晶内和晶界都存在，从基体中析出Ｍ２３Ｃ６及Ｍ６Ｃ起始呈片状，随蠕变时间的延长期形貌变化为棒状，不规则棒状，块状；而分别由Ｆｅ３Ｃ和Ｍ２３Ｃ６原位转变形成的Ｍ２３Ｃ６和Ｍ６Ｃ，     

广州地区早孕妇女HCMV感染及其垂直传播

用聚合酶链反应技术检测１１０例早孕妇女尿液及其胚胎绒毛的ＨＣＭＶＤＮＡ。结果孕母尿液与胚胎绒毛的ＨＣＭＶＤＮＡ阳性率分别为１５．５％和７．３％，宫内感染率为４１．２％，孕母尿液与胚胎绒毛的ＨＣＭＶ阳性数密切相关，提示孕母尿路排毒系全身性活动性感染；孕母尿液ＨＣＭＶ阳性与阴性者其胚胎绒毛ＨＣＭＶ阳性数具显著差异，表明孕母尿液阳性者较阴性者处于垂感染胚胎的高危状态，建立采用ＰＣＲ法普查早孕妇女尿液ＨＣ     

不同介质PCVD涂层对结构钢耐磨性的影响

旨在探索不同介质的ＰＣＶＤ涂层对结构钢表面硬度及耐磨性的影响。实验采用两种不同的金属有机溶液（（Ｃ３Ｈ７Ｏ）４Ｔｉ；（ＣＨ３）６ＳｉＮ）对４２ＣｒＭｏ钢进行表面处理。通过测量显微硬度及耐磨试验，得出以下结果：钛酸丙脂处理，其表面硬度及耐磨性均较好；而氮－硅烷处理，虽表面硬度较高，但耐磨性较差。这两种介质的表面处理都优于常规的离子渗氮     

Microstructural evolution of a heat-treated H23 tool steel

The microstructure and the stability of carbides after heat treatments in an H23 tool steel were investigated. The heat treatments consisted of austenization at two different austenizing temperatures (1100℃ and 1250℃), followed by water quenching and double-aging at 650℃, 750℃, and 800℃ with air cooling between the first and second aging treatments. Martensite did not form in the as-quenched microstructures, which consisted of a ferrite matrix, M₆C, M₇C₃, and MC carbides. The double-aged microstructures consisted of a ferrite matrix and MC, M₆C, M₇C₃, and M₂₃C₆ carbides. Secondary hardening as a consequence of secondary precipitation of fine M₂C carbides did not occur. There was disagreement between the experimental microstructure and the results of thermodynamic calculations. The highest double-aged hardness of the H23 tool steel was 448 HV after austenization at 1250℃ and double-aging at 650℃, which suggested that this tool steel should be used at temperatures below 650℃.     

Tempering stability of Fe-Cr-Mo-W-V hot forging die steels

The tempering stability of three Fe-Cr-Mo-W-V hot forging die steels (DM, H21, and H13) was investigated through hardness measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. Both dilatometer tests and TEM observations revealed that DM steel has a higher tempering stability than H21 and H13 steels because of its substantial amount of M₂C (M represents metallic element) carbide precipitations. The activation energies of the M₂C carbide precipitation processes in DM, H21, and H13 steels are 236.4, 212.0, and 228.9 kJ/mol, respectively. Furthermore, the results indicated that vanadium atoms both increase the activation energy and affect the evolution of M₂C carbides, resulting in gradual dissolution rather than over-aging during tempering.     

钒含量对高碳高钒高速钢组织与性能的影响

对高碳高钒高速钢的显微组织、硬度及热处理工艺进行了试验研究 ,结果表明 ,其显微组织中存在有MC、M6C和M2 C型三种类型的合金碳化物 ,其中MC型碳化物起主要作用。随着含钒量的增加 ,钢中MC型碳化物数量增加 ,其形态由不连续网状向颗粒状转变。     

Precipitation analysis of as-cast HK40 steel after isothermal aging

As-cast HK40 steel was aged at 700, 800, or 900℃ for times as long as 2000 h. Microstructural characterization showed that the primary M₇C₃ carbide network contained a substantial content of manganese, in agreement with the microsegregation of manganese calculated by Thermo-Calc using the Scheil-Gulliver module. The dissolution of primary carbides caused the solute supersaturation of austenite and subsequent precipitation of fine M₂₃C₆ carbides in the austenite matrix for aged specimens. During prolonged aging, the carbide size increased with increasing time because of the coarsening process. A time-temperature-precipitation diagram for M₂₃C₆ carbides was calculated using the Thermo-Calc PRISMA software; this diagram showed good agreement with the experimental growth kinetics of precipitation. The fine carbide precipitation caused an increase in hardness; however, the coarsening process of carbides promoted a decrease in hardness. Nanoindentation tests of the austenite matrix indicated an increase in ductility with increasing aging time.     

Al对淬回火H11钢力学性能和碳化物的影响

研究了Al质量分数为0.77％及不含Al的H11钢在不同淬回火处理工艺下的硬度和冲击功的变化规律,并对两种钢原始退火态、1060℃淬火、1060℃淬火+510℃回火、1060℃淬火+560℃回火和1060℃淬火+600℃回火处理后的试样进行碳化物萃取,同时借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了Al对H11钢中碳化物形态及类型的影响.结果表明:(1)Al能提高H11钢的冲击韧性和回火硬度,但会使淬火硬度有所降低.(2)Al可以促进H11钢淬火过程中碳化物的溶解和元素的均匀分布.(3)Al会阻碍H11钢回火过程中碳化物的析出和聚集,这种作用在560℃以下回火时更加显著.(4)Al可以使H11钢回火时的(Fe,Cr)2C、MoC、Cr7C3类碳化物更加稳定,抑制(Fe,Cr)3C、Mo2C和Cr23C6类碳化物的析出,这是因为Al可以阻碍H11钢中碳及合金元素在回火过程中的聚集.     

Study on stable and meta-stable carbides in a high speed steel for rollers during tempering processes

A high speed steel (HSS) was studied for rollers in this work. The steel was quenched at 1150℃ and tempered at 520℃. The phase structures of the steel were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the hardness of specimens was measured. The volume fraction of carbides was counted by Image-Pro Plus software. The typical microstructures were observed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Stable and meta-stable carbides were deduced by removing the existing phases one by one in the Fe-C equilibrium calculation. It is found that the precipitated carbides are bulk-like MC, long stripe-like M₂C, fishbone-like M₆C, and daisy-like M₇C₃ during the tempering process. The stable carbides are MC and M₆C, but the meta-stable ones are M₂C, M₇C₃, and M₃C.     

电渣重熔过程冷却强度对含镁H13钢中碳化物的影响

研究电渣重熔过程冷却强度对含镁H13钢凝固组织和碳化物偏析的影响.采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪等分析凝固组织及碳化物的特征.研究发现,钢锭的凝固组织均为马氏体组织、残余奥氏体及一次碳化物.H13钢电渣锭中主要析出的一次碳化物为V8C7、MC、M23 C6及M6C.随着冷却强度增加,电渣锭边部碳化物的尺寸减小且分布更加均匀,但是碳化物的类型不发生变化.电渣重熔过程中冷却强度增加促进钢中镁对夹杂物的变性能力,经过镁变性后生成的MgO· Al2O3为TiN的析出提供形核质点,MgO· Al2 O3和TiN的复合夹杂物能够促进一次碳化物异质形核,从而细化一次碳化物.     

低活化铁素体/马氏体钢的增强机理研究进展

This review summarizes the strengthening mechanisms of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels. High-angle grain boundaries, subgrain boundaries, nano-sized M₂₃C₆, and MX carbide precipitates effectively hinder dislocation motion and increase high-temperature strength. M₂₃C₆ carbides are easily coarsened under high temperatures, thereby weakening their ability to block dislocations. Creep properties are improved through the reduction of M₂₃C₆ carbides. Thus, the loss of strength must be compensated by other strengthening mechanisms. This review also outlines the recent progress in the development of RAFM steels. Oxide dispersion-strengthened steels prevent M₂₃C₆ precipitation by reducing C content to increase creep life and introduce a high density of nano-sized oxide precipitates to offset the reduced strength. Severe plastic deformation methods can substantially refine subgrains and MX carbides in the steel. The thermal deformation strengthening of RAFM steels mainly relies on thermo-mechanical treatment to increase the MX carbide and subgrain boundaries. This procedure increases the creep life of TMT(thermo-mechanical treatment) 9Cr–1W–0.06Ta steel by ~20 times compared with those of F82H and Eurofer 97 steels under 550°C/260 MPa.     

Characterization and <Emphasis Type="Italic">in-situ</Emphasis> formation mechanism of tungsten carbide reinforced Fe-based alloy coating by plasma cladding

The precursor carbonization method was first applied to prepare W-C compound powder to perform the in-situ synthesis of the WC phase in a Fe-based alloy coating. The in-situ formation mechanism during the cladding process is discussed in detail. The results reveal that fine and obtuse WC particles were successfully generated and distributed in Fe-based alloy coating via Fe/W-C compound powders. The WC particles were either surrounded by or were semi-enclosed in blocky M₇C₃ carbides. Moreover, net-like structures were confirmed as mixtures of M₂₃C₆ and α-Fe; these structures were transformed from M₇C₃. The coarse herringbone M₃C carbides did not only derive from the decomposition of M₇C₃ but also partly originated from the chemical reaction at the α-Fe/M₂₃C₆ interface. During the cladding process, the phase evolution of the precipitated carbides was WC → M₇C₃ → M₂₃C₆+M₃C.     

高铬铸铁型自保护药芯焊丝堆焊组织与性能分析

研制了一种自保护高铬铸铁型药芯焊丝,对其堆焊金属组织与性能进行了分析,结果表明:堆焊金属表面硬度达到HRC60以上,堆焊金属显微组织主要为马氏体+残余奥氏体+M1C3,型碳化物;初生碳化物主要沿堆焊层向母材方向生长,其表面硬度为HVl783,侧面为HVll27:共晶碳化物围绕在初生碳化物周围生长,其显微硬度为HV830:在相同磨损条件下磨损1h后,堆焊金属相对耐磨性为Q235钢的14倍左右,在药芯中加入适量的稀土氧化物能提高堆焊金属的耐磨性.