单壁碳纳米管拉伸试验的分子动力学模拟

采用Brenner势函数描述碳纳米管中碳原子间的相互作用，通过分子动力学方法对几种单壁碳纳米管进行轴向拉伸试验研究，得出其Young模量为4．2TPa，强度极限为1．40～1．77TPa．在对碳管拉伸过程中，发现只要应变不达到断裂极限，卸载时的应力．应变沿加载曲线返回，表明在碳纳米管的拉伸过程中没有塑性应变；对碳纳米管的拉伸断裂过程进行了仿真，从能量和结构变化方面对碳纳米管断裂机理进行了分析．     

浮动催化碳纳米管石墨化后的储氢特性

研究了立式浮动催化法制备的碳纳米管在中压(10 MPa)和室温(25℃)条件下的储氢性能，从管径和形貌方面对碳纳米管的储氢量进行了初步评估. 根据储氢量的大小间接证明了氢分子在碳纳米管中不但发生了表面吸附和内腔吸附，同时也进行了层间吸附. 实验结果表明浮动催化碳纳米管在未来的车用储氢系统中有良好的应用前景.     

定向多壁碳纳米管-M140砂浆复合材料的力学性能

研究了M140砂浆、定向多壁碳纳米管．M140砂浆复合材料的制备及其压缩、弯曲性能和折断面显微结构．使用市售普通材料通过变速搅拌工艺在常温水浴养护下制得M140砂浆，该砂浆强度尺寸效应不明显、后期增长缓慢；对定向多壁碳纳米管（A-MWNTs）的羰基化分散体和水分散体两种分散体增强M140砂浆进行了对比研究．添加0．01％（质量分数）的A-MWNTs后，A-MWNTs羰基化分散体-M140砂浆复合材料的抗折强度、抗压强度分别比相同条件下制得的M140砂浆的增加了5-4％，8．4％．而A—MTWNTs水分散体．M140砂浆复合材料的抗折强度、抗压强度分别比相同条件下制得的M140砂浆的增加了20．7％，15．9％．对A-MWNTs水分散体-M140砂浆复合材料断面显微分析得出碳纳米管与砂浆基体间界面结合适中；增强机理主要是碳纳米管对M140砂浆空隙的显微填料效应和碳纳米管的拔出、脱粘．在本文的研究中碳纳米管的水分散体与砂浆相容性好．     

基于碳纳米管的超级电容器

通过不同工艺手制造备了碳纳米管的固体电极。以这种电极为基础的超级电容器的体积比电容达到了１０７Ｆ／ｃｍ＾３，证明这种电极是超级电容器的理想候选材料。在碳纳米管表面沉积ＲｕＯ２．ｘＨ２Ｏ，制备出碳纳米管和ＲｕＯ２．ｘＨ２Ｏ的复合电极。采用复合电极的电容器的比电容较之于纯碳纳米管电极显著提高。     

基于碳纳米管薄膜的吸附式气体传感器的研究

研究了低温低压化学气相沉积(LPCVD)法生长的多壁碳纳米管薄膜对气体的敏感性. 结果表明纯的多壁碳纳米管薄膜对气体没有明显的气敏特性, 而碳纳米管-二氧化硅复合薄膜表现出对甲烷、氢气和乙炔的敏感性. LPCVD法生长的多壁碳纳米管-二氧化硅复合薄膜由于Schottky结的形成而具有电容性, 被测气体在多壁碳纳米管表面发生化学吸附, 从而调节Schottky结处存在的空间放电区域而导致介电常数改变是其对气体敏感的主要原因.     

单晶硅基底上制备定向生长碳纳米管阵列的研究

采用热化学气相沉积技术在单晶硅基底上制备出了定向性好、与基底结合牢固的碳纳米管阵列, 研究了制备工艺对定向生长碳纳米管阵列薄膜的影响. 研究发现: 生长温度在750℃, 催化剂厚度在10 nm左右易于形成定向生长的碳纳米管薄膜. 在混合气中乙炔的浓度为27%(体积百分比)时, 可以获得管型准直、管壁较厚、与基体结合牢固的碳纳米管阵列. 另外, 对于碳纳米管的定向生长机制及提高其与基体之间的结合力的方法进行了初步探讨.     

Zn离子注入对多壁碳纳米管结构和场发射性能的影响

利用MEVVA离子源在多壁碳纳米管阵列中注入Zn元素,实现多壁碳纳米管阵列的Zn离子掺杂,分析Zn离子注入对多壁碳纳米管结构和场发射性能的影响.研究发现：Zn离子注入会使多壁碳纳米管顶端产生结构损伤,由多层石墨结构的碳纳米管转变为无定形碳纳米线,Zn与C形成C：Zn固溶复合结构.较低注入剂量下形成的C：Zn复合结构使有效功函数降低,场电子发射的开启电场和阈值电场分别由0.80和1.31V/μm降低到0.66和1.04V/μm,提高了多壁碳纳米管阵列的场发射性能.大注入剂量造成的严重结构损伤会降低场增强因子,使场发射性能下降.     

碳纳米管膜的制备及其研究进展

碳纳米管众多优良性质,并不仅仅体现在单根碳纳米管中,更多的是在大量的碳纳米管的集中体现,即碳纳米管膜的性质与应用。本文根据碳纳米管膜中碳纳米管的排列方式不同,详细介绍了无序碳纳米管膜、水平有序碳纳米管膜及垂直有序碳纳米管膜的制备方法、应用现状及其面临的挑战。     

一步法制备核壳结构的碳纳米管

采用微波辅助多元醇还原法一步制备了纳米镍和包覆镍的多壁碳纳米管.利用拉曼光谱仪、透射电子显微镜、X 射线衍射仪和振动样品磁强计等测试手段对产物的拉曼光谱、形貌、物相和磁性进行分析. 结果表明, 当有黑色悬浮物镍出现, 继续反应, 由于镍金属的微波涡流效应产生的电火花, 可合成碳纳米管. 研究发现, 所制备的碳纳米管是多壁的, 管径约为18~20 nm. 该镍/碳纳米管核壳结构的磁滞回线有别于单一的纳米镍.     

原位扫描电压法除去多壁碳纳米管的管壁

碳纳米管可以具有金属性或半导体性, 这依赖于它们的手性. IBM公司有选择性地除去了多壁碳纳米管的管壁, 将多壁碳纳米管转变为具有金属性或半导体性的导体. 他们是将碳纳米管置于空气中, 并将其两端施加恒定的偏压实现的. 这里报道一种方法, 即在真空中碳纳米管两端通过反复施加扫描偏压, 原位除去单根多壁碳纳米管的管壁. 碳纳米管最外层与电极的直接接触及其热导率的高度各向异性促进了管壁的一一除去.     

The underwater electro-olfactogram: A tool for the study of the sense of smell of marine fishes

Summary Recording the olfactory receptor activity of marine fishes presents problems due to the shunting of the electrical signals by the highly conductive sea water, which results in significant signal loss. By recording the large signal-to-noise ratio D. C. potentials using the underwater electro-olfactogram (EOG), we were able to study olfactory receptor properties of freshwater and marine fishes in a comparable manner.This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, Nos. NS-08814 and NS-05258.     

Cl<Superscript>–</Superscript> affects the function of the GABA cotransporter rGAT1 but preserves the mutal relationship between transient and transport currents

The effects of reducing external Cl- on the electrophysiological properties of the Na+/Cl(-)-dependent GABA transporter rGAT1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes were investigated. In agreement with a recently proposed kinetic scheme, the effects of Cl- are complex but preserve the mutual relationship that links the transport-associated current, I(tr), measured in saturating GABA concentration, and the transient current, I(pre), recorded in the absence of GABA following a voltage step from the holding potential Vh to V. In particular, I(tr) (V) - I(tr) (Vh) = r integral I(pre) (V) dt, where r is the relaxation rate of I(pre) at the same membrane potential and Cl- concentration. The model also predicts a relationship between charge relaxation rate and apparent affinity for GABA, which is also verified in the presence of lowered Na+ or Cl- concentrations. In these conditions, the binding rate of GABA to the transporter is increased. All these effects are consistent with the hypothesis that interaction of the organic substrate with rGAT1 induces a conversion from a capacitive to a conductive mode of operation without strongly altering either the amount or the rate of charge movement.     

Looking forward,not back: Supporting structuralism in the present

The view that the fundamental kind properties are intrinsic properties enjoys reflexive endorsement by most metaphysicians of science. But ontic structural realists deny that there are any fundamental intrinsic properties at all. Given that structuralists distrust intuition as a guide to truth, and given that we currently lack a fundamental physical theory that we could consult instead to order settle the issue, it might seem as if there is simply nowhere for this debate to go at present. However, I will argue that there exists an as-yet untapped resource for arguing for ontic structuralism – namely, the way that fundamentality is conceptualized in our most fundamental physical frameworks. By arguing that physical objects must be subject to the ‘Goldilock's principle’ if they are to count as fundamental at all, I argue that we can no longer view the majority of properties defining them as intrinsic. As such, ontic structural realism can be regarded as the most promising metaphysics for fundamental physics, and that this is so even though we do not yet claim to know precisely what that fundamental physics is.     

基于形式化测试的实时系统变更后安全性验证

变更后系统实现的安全性验证是安全攸关系统维护过程中必不可少的环节,也是其面临的主要挑战之一.软件模型检测和程序验证是目前常用的作用于代码层面的自动化安全性验证技术.本文站在系统行为角度,基于形式化方法,提出了一种将变更后系统实现的安全性验证问题归结为一致性测试的方法,尝试通过自动生成的一致性测试用例在系统行为级别上判定系统实现是否安全.为此,首先以时间输入输出自动机及其语义模型为基础,构建了该方法的证明体系,证明了该方法的正确性;其次,建立了变更后系统实现安全性验证的回归测试生成框架.相对于其它实时系统测试方法,这种测试方法不仅可以发现实时系统中常规的不一致性缺陷,而且为变更后系统实现在运行时是否满足指定的安全性属性提供了依据.最后,以轨道交通系统中的列车自动防护功能的变更情景为案例研究,说明了方法的具体应用.     

How many properties of spin does a particle have?

A common assumption in non-relativistic quantum mechanics is that self-adjoint operators mathematically represent properties of quantum systems. Focusing on spin, we argue that a natural view considers observables as determinable properties and their eigenvalues as their corresponding determinates. We provide a taxonomy of the different views that one can hold, once it is accepted that spin can be modelled with the determinable-determinate relation. In particular, we present the two main families of views, dubbed Spin Monism and Pluralism, and we show that the current literature does not take a stance between the two. Then we put forward two arguments in favour of the former. Finally, we present a new account of Spin Monism, that is absent in current literature; such a view is worth discussing, or so we contend, because several compelling considerations support it, and it opens new ways of thinking about the ontology of quantum mechanics.     

Le rein intervient-il dans l'homéostasie de la pression artérielle?

Summary Although vasoconstrictor properties have been clearly demonstrated in the venous renal blood after renal ischemia, we have not been able to detect such properties after hypotension in the carotid sinuses or after bleeding in the dog.     

Computing and modelling: Analog vs. Analogue

We examine the interrelationships between analog computational modelling and analogue (physical) modelling. To this end, we attempt a regimentation of the informal distinction between analog and digital, which turns on the consideration of computing in a broader context. We argue that in doing so, one comes to see that (scientific) computation is better conceptualised as an epistemic process relative to agents, wherein representations play a key role. We distinguish between two, conceptually distinct, kinds of representation that, we argue, are both involved in each case of computing. Based on the semantic and syntactic properties of each of these representations, we put forward a new account of the distinction between analog and digital computing. We discuss how the developed account is able to explain various properties of different models of computation, and we conceptually compare analog computational modelling to analogue (scale) modelling. It is concluded that, contrary to the standard view, the two practices are orthogonal, differing both in their foundations and in the epistemic functions they fulfil.     

聚苯胺-十二烷基苯磺酸/有机蒙脱土纳米复合材料的合成与表征

以十二烷基苯磺酸(DBSA)为掺杂剂和乳化剂,过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,采用乳液插层聚合(emulsion intercalated polymerization)方法合成了十二烷基苯磺酸掺杂聚苯胺/有机蒙脱土纳米复合材料(简称PANI-DBSA/organo-MMT).研究表明,在苯胺、DBSA、APS三者物质量比为1:1:1时,苯胺与有机蒙脱土(organo-MMT)质量比为1:3时,复合材料的电导率最高可达2.63 ×10-2 s/cm.用XRD、FT-IR、TGA和SEM对复合材料进行了表征,结果表明PANI-DBSA能够有效地插层到有机蒙脱土层间,并在蒙脱土表面形成包覆结构,形成连续的导电相,从而使复合材料具有良好的导电性.TGA试验结果表明复合材料的热性能较本体聚合物得到有效改善.     

Observability of States in Non-Linear Systems

In this paper we define two new properties—linear observability and L-observability—to aid the study of overspecification and unidentifiability in quasi-linear and non-linear state space time series. Various equivalence results are proved and illustrated and some general properties of observable and unobservable processes are derived. The results are often proved by using graphical methods (influence diagrams) for manipulating conditional independence statements embedded in the new definitions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Molecular basis of osteoarthritis: biomechanical aspects

The unique biomechanical properties of healthy cartilage ensure that articular cartilage is able to transmit force between the joints while maintaining almost friction-free limb movement. In osteoarthritis, the biomechanical properties are compromised, but we still do not understood whether this precedes the onset of the disease or is a result of it. This review focuses on the physical changes to cartilage with age, disease, and mechanical loading, with specific reference to the increased collagen cross-linking that occurs with age (nonenzymatic glycation), and the response of chondrocytes to physiological and pathological loads. In addition, the biomechanical properties and matrix biosynthesis of cartilage from various joint surfaces of the knee and ankle are compared to elucidate reasons why the ankle is less affected by progressive osteoarthritis than the knee.