缝洞型油藏单井注氮气提高采收率技术政策研究

缝洞型油藏地质条件复杂,储层非均质性极强,虽然单井注氮气提高采收率矿场试验获得成功,但由于单井地质特征各不相同,使得注气效果差异大,注采参数需要进一步优化。为此,提出建立针对此类油藏的“一井一策”注气提高采收率技术政策,并以TA1井为例,在储层识别和预测基础上,构建储集体发育模式,采用“分类建模、分类数模”的方法再现油藏开发历程,表征剩余油分布特征,基于实体油藏模型优化转注时机、注气方式及注采参数。结果表明,TA1井洞顶存在5.28×10⁴ t剩余油,注入氮气能够形成次生气顶动用洞顶阁楼油,进一步提高油藏采出程度,基于模型确定最优转注时机为含水率93%时,注气方式为气水混注,周期注气量为60×10⁴ m³,注气速度15×10⁴ m³/d,焖井时间10 d,采液强度40 m³/d,预测增油2 496.0 t,该技术政策为注气方案编制和矿场实施提供了参考,实施后增油效果显著,推广到不同岩溶背景注气井均取得较好应用效果。     

玛湖致密砾岩油藏注烃类气混相驱油藏数值模拟

玛湖凹陷地区衰竭式开发直井初产高、递减快,常规注水开发不适应,通过注烃类气转换开发方式,可以大幅提高采收率。利用细管法测定注气试验区最小混相压力为41.71 MPa,玛湖地区目前地层压力条件下普遍可以实现混相驱;根据玛湖地区储层特征及地质力学参数,同时将天然裂缝及人工描述参与模拟,优化裂缝展布形态,建立了三维压裂缝网模型;基于压后缝网模型开展布井方式、注气速度及气驱油藏动用规律研究。结果表明,水力压裂平均缝网长轴173.90 m,最长846.90 m,短轴6.44 m;采油井部署井轨迹距顶2/3厚位置,气体波及范围更大;以维持混相为目标优化注气量,设计前10 a水平井单井日注气5.5×10⁴ m³,后10 a日注气4.0×10⁴ m³,试验区采收率可达22.5%;注入烃类会优先沿着采油井压后长压裂缝驱替,优先动用该区域原油,造成注气波及范围不均匀;随着烃类气体的注入,沿驱替前沿原油黏度大幅降低,同时,由于注入烃类气体与原油发生混相,通过蒸发气驱作用,注气5 a后采油井SRV范围内剩余原油黏度明显增大。此研究可以有效指导玛湖注烃类气体提高采收率试验现场开发技术政策制定。     

苏北盆地溱潼凹陷页岩油SD1井万吨级CO2压吞矿场试验及效果评价

通过调研页岩油CO₂压吞提高采收率机理,结合SD1井地质背景和室内岩心CO₂吞吐实验,利用数模分析确定CO₂压吞最佳参数组合,最终成功进行万吨级CO₂压吞矿场试验,研究结果表明：SD1井脆性矿物含量较高,压裂后形成的密集缝网体系有利于进行大规模CO₂压吞试验,数模结果的注CO₂最小混相压力为45.14 MPa;随着驱替吞吐次数增加,页岩油动用程度逐渐增大,但增幅逐渐放缓;应选择的最优压吞参数组合为自喷后期的注入时机,1.7×10⁴ t的注入量,550～600 t/d的注气速度,50 d的焖井时间或实际井口单日压降小于0.1 MPa时开井放喷;注入CO₂推进方向基本不发生变化,近似向四周均匀推进,覆盖范围大,有利于提高动用程度;停注后3 d,平面波及面积为81 671.04 m²,较停注时增加8.82%,波及体积为4 316 273.73 m³,较停注时仅增加0.1%。矿...     

新场JS2致密砂岩气藏开发中后期加密界限研究

加密调整作为开发中后期气藏提高采收率的主要手段之一,但目前加密调整界限模糊,调整效果不尽理想。以典型致密砂岩气藏新场JS₂气藏为例,以经济评价为依据,利用动态分析及数值模拟技术,研究不同储量区加密调整经济技术界限,提出针对性的技术对策。研究结果表明:1)Ⅰ类储量区加密调整界限:地层压力大于原始地层压力的59%,直井和水平井均可;当储量丰度大于4.96×10⁸ m³/km²,水平井更优;地层压力仅为原始地层压力的47%～59%只适用于直井。2)Ⅱ类储量区:地层压力大于原始地层压力的67%且储量丰度大于2.03×10⁸ m³/km²直井及水平井均可,储量丰度小于2.20×10⁸ m³/km²适用于直井,储量丰度大于2.34×10⁸ m³/km²水平井更优;地层压力为原始地层压力的51%～67%,只适用于直井。...     

致密油注气吞吐优化

近年来,注气吞吐成为致密油体积压裂水平井衰竭式开采基础之上的一种提高采收率的有效方法。通过数值模拟国内某致密油藏典型井注气吞吐过程,对该过程机理进行分析,对相关参数进行优化。首先,建立体积压裂水平井的组分油藏数值模拟模型;其次,对不同的注气量、不同的注入时长、不同的注入气体以及不同闷井时间进行了数值模拟;最后,通过对累计产油量和油藏平均压力的分析,优选合适的注气方案。结果表明,保持油藏压力在地层破裂压力以下并尽可能增加每轮次注气量可提高采收率,注入时长对采收率影响不明显,注入气体组成对吞吐效果影响显著,闷井时长对采收率影响不明显。最终给出了该致密油藏优化的注气方案的建议。总之,数值模拟可以对致密油注气吞吐过程进行分析和优化,对生产实践具有一定的参考意义。     

致密油藏分段压裂水平井注二氧化碳蓄能吞吐方式

随着油田勘探开发程度不断加深,水平井初期产油量低且递减快、地层能量补充不足等问题严重的影响了油田的后续开发。本文通过油藏数值模拟技术,建立概念模型和实际模型,对致密油藏水平井注二氧化碳展开针对性研究,优化能量补充方式,选择合理的生产参数,明确致密油层水平井开发技术对策。结果表明,相同储层条件下,平注平采较直注平采的开发方式可以有效补充地层能量,而二氧化碳吞吐开发方式更合适在渗透率在0.2~0.3mD以下的储层。就研究区块而言,优选其开发方式适合于注二氧化碳吞吐,同时,相较于每吞吐轮次等量注入二氧化碳的方案,逐步提高每吞吐轮次的二氧化碳注入量的方案可以更为有效补充地层能量,使每个吞吐周期产出更多的油,随着吞吐周期的增加,开发效果愈加明显。     

陆相页岩油开发技术进展及规模效益开发对策思考

中国陆相页岩油资源丰富,2022年产量达到340×10⁴ t,初步实现页岩油工业开发的起步。与北美海相页岩油相比,中国陆相页岩油类型更多、埋藏更深、微纳米尺度孔隙更为发育、物性条件差、开发机制与规律更为复杂,人工改造难度更大、成本更高等,使其有效规模开发面临更大的挑战。通过较为系统地总结近年来中国不同类型陆相页岩油开发理论、主体技术方面取得的重要进展,阐述各类页岩油主要开采机制、初步形成的技术体系/开发方式和实践效果,深入分析规模有效开发特别是提高采收率方面存在的问题和挑战,提出大幅提高陆相页岩油开采规模与效益的思路对策。建议通过对中国页岩油资源的分类分级评价,明确各页岩油藏经人工改造所能形成的可采储量潜力规模、接替途径及可持续性;深入揭示不同类型页岩油储层结构、岩性特征、赋存状态和流动机制,攻关创建更高质量的“人造油藏”及规模开发关键技术,特别是研发和优化储层改造方式提高有效缝网波及体积、追求储量动用/可采程度最大化;加快平台/区块立体开发工业性试验,升级形成可规模推广的效益开采模式和配套技术体系,建立块间接替、整体优化动用的规模开发方式;加快早期补充地层能量攻...     

辽河稀油区注CO2提高采收率潜力实验评价

在油田开发过程中,注水开采以后,注气是提高采收率的一种重要方法。CO₂混相和非混相驱提高采收率的效果与地层原油的性质密切相关。通过PVT分析和混相压力的测定,研究地层原油性质和注气后地层流体性质变化情况可为注气决策提供基本依据。分别选取了不同采油厂有代表性的5个区块,进行地层原油相态特征和注CO₂后流体相态特征研究和对比分析,测定其中的两个区块地层原油的最小混相压力,评价辽河油田稀油区的地层流体性质和预测注CO₂提高采收率潜力。结果表明:辽河稀油区注CO₂吞吐提高采收率有一定的潜力,但难以到达CO₂混相驱效果。     

深层低渗透砂砾岩油藏注CO2吞吐提高采收率实验研究

深层低渗透砂砾岩油藏地层天然能量较低，压裂后产能递减较快，并且由于地层水敏性以及非均质性较强，采取注水开发的效果较差，采出程度较低。为进一步提高此类油藏的开发效率，开展了注CO₂吞吐提高采收率实验研究，分析了生产压力、焖井时间、吞吐周期以及岩心渗透率对吞吐采收率的影响，并结合核磁共振分析实验研究了CO₂吞吐微观孔隙动用特征。结果表明：生产压力越低、焖井时间越长，吞吐采收率越高；随着吞吐周期的增加，周期吞吐采收率和换油率均逐渐降低；岩心的渗透率越大，不同周期的吞吐采收率就越高；注CO₂吞吐的最佳生产压力为26 MPa,最佳焖井时间为8 h,最佳吞吐周期为5次。岩心的孔隙结构对CO₂吞吐过程中原油的微观动用特征影响较为明显，大孔隙发育较少、物性较差的岩心，吞吐初期主要动用大孔隙中的原油，而吞吐后期采收率的贡献主要来自小孔隙，此类岩心整体采出程度较低；而对于大孔隙发育较多、物性较好的岩心，大孔隙中原油的动用程度一直高于小孔隙，并且总体采出程度较高。S-1Y井实施注CO₂吞吐措施后，日...     

裂缝-孔洞型碳酸盐岩凝析气井出水特征及预测

随着开采时间的增加,塔中I号坡折带上奥陶统裂缝孔洞型碳酸盐岩凝析气藏产水井数目和产水量都有所增加,从而降低了凝析气井产量,影响凝析气藏开发的整体效果。在总结塔中地区裂缝孔洞型碳酸盐岩凝析气井生产特征的基础上,利用流动物质平衡法对试采井进行能量评价,对有较强地层能量补充的试采井,利用生产气油比和天然气烃类组分的变化规律进行出水预测研究。研究结果表明,碳酸盐岩凝析气井自喷生产期间,随着地层压力下降,气油比缓慢上升,随着地层能量的补充,气油比在一段时间内会相对稳定（约4 000 m³/t）,出水前生产气油比缓慢下降至2 000 m³/t,产水后气油比快速上升;同时,在产水前天然气烃类组分发生变化,轻质组分C₁+N₂含量降低约3%~6%,重质组分C₇₊含量较稳定生产时增加19倍以上。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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