Quantitative Remote Sensing Study on Regional Soil Erosion —— Bin County of Heilongjiang as an Example

Based on Chinese soil loss equation （CSLE） model, this paper utilized technical advantages of RS and geographic information system （GIS） on data access and erosion factors database building to study prediction methods of regional soil erosion. The spatial analysis module of ARCGIS platform was applied to study the spatial distribution of erosion and the inter-relations of the factors influencing regional soil erosion in the research area. As a result, the mean soil erosion modulus of Bin County is 3 555.42 t/（km^2.a）, which suggests moderate degree erosion. The mean soil erosion modulus of clayey meadow soil is higher than those of dark brown soil and black soil. Vegetation factor values are between 0.1-0.2. The mean slope gradient and slope length values are respectively 1.335 and 6.061 which shows slope length is a dominant factor. And soil type, vegetation coverage and topographic factors have remarkable relevance to each other. Therefore, RS, GIS and CSLE are applicable in regional scale to disclose spatial distribution characteristics of soil erosion and to analyze the characteristics of dominant soil erosion factor quantitatively.     

Land Use of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and the Effect on Its Landscape Pattern in the Recent 50 Years

The paper makes detailed analysis on the changing processes of the main types of land use in Three Gorges Reservoir Area through the techniques of RS （Remote Sense） and GIS （Geography Information System）. Based on the theory of landscape ecology, many types of landscape pattern indexes are calculated and made correlation analysis. The results indicate that： in 1995 the ecological environment of Three Gorges Reservoir Area was the most vulnerable in the recent 50 years, but resumed in 2002; the landscape pattern diversity index, fractal dimension index and fragmentation index has close correlation with the area of land use/cover change （LUCC）. The research also releases that the increase of the cultivated land, grassland and construction land deteriorates the landscape ecological pattern, while the increase of forest land area will help restore the landscape ecological pattern to its original state. The rapid change of grassland is an important index of the change of landscape pattern, because it has the most effect on change of landscape pattern index.     

Extracting change information of land use and soil erosion based on RS & GIS technologystration

Rapid landuse change has taken place in many arid regions of China such as Yulin prefecture over the last decade due to rehabilitation measures. Landuse change and soil erosion dynamics were investigated by the combined use of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). The objectives were to determine landuse transition rates and soil erosion change in Yulin prefecture over 15 years from 1986 to 2000. Significant changes in landuse and soil erosion occurred in the area over the study period. The results show the significant decrease in barren land mainly due to conversion to grassland. Agricultural land increased associated with conversions from grassland and barren land. The area of water erosion and wind erosion declined. The study demonstrates that the integration of satellite remote sensing and GIS is an effective approach for analyzing the direction, rate, and spatial pattern of landuse and soil erosion change.     

Impacts of Soil.Water Conservation in Jialing River on Sedimentation of the Three Gorges Reservoir

The Jialing River is one of the main tributaries of the Yangtze River. The average annual runoff accounts for 16 % and the sediment load 26% of the total at Yichang therefore it＇s one of the main contributors of sediment to the Three Gorges Reservoir. Ever since 1989, our country has implemented ＂Yangtze River soil and water conservation＂ project, Till the end of 1996, altogether 25.8 % of erosion area in Jialing River has been improved after large scale conservation has taken effect. The analysis and comparison between records taken before and after the implementation of soil and water conservation on runoff and sediment yield indicated that the sediment load soil erosion in Jialing river basin has been taken under control to some extent. Amount of annual runoff in main conservations have generally dropped by exponential function. Obvious result has been achieved in Jialing River, efficiency of sand reduction is about 10%-25%. Therefore, sediment to Three Gorges Reservoir is decreased accordingly, and it will be beneficial to take advantage of reser- voir＇s synthetic benefit.     

Landslides and Slope Aspect in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area Based on GIS and Information Value Model

Slope aspect is one of the indispensable internal factors besides lithology, relative elevation and slope degree. In this paper authors use information value model with Geo graphical Information System （GIS） technology to study how slope aspect contributes to landslide growth from Yunyang to Wushan segment in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, and the relationship between aspect and landslide growth is quantified. Through the research on 205 landslides examples, it is found that the slope contributes most whose aspect is towards south,southeast and southwest aspect contribute moderately, and other five aspects contribute little. The research result inosculates preferably with the fact. The result of this paper can provide potent gist to the construction of Three Gorges Reservoir area in future.     

Assessment of soil erosion risk on area alongside a typical section of road in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

Assessment of soil erosion risk on the area alongside a road not only provides important guidance to prevent and alleviate soil erosion, but also reflects a road built on soil erosion. The area alongside the road from Simao to Jinghong is chosen as the typical case; spatial analysis of GIS and BP neural network of artificial neural network are used as the methods; 5 factors of 3 aspects, such as topography, climate and land cover, are chosen to assess soil erosion risk on the area alongside a section of typical road. The results are that the area proportion of easier erosion land （the value of erosion risk is from 2.5 to 3.5） is relatively bigger; and the erosion risk of an area alongside the road in a certain distance is higher than an area far away from the road. It shows that the road has an effect on soil erosion of the area alongside it; the effect can be directly or indirectly caused by road construction; and the effect is reflected by the land cover change （including land use and vegetation status） caused by road construction.     

GIS-Based Spatial Analysis and Modeling for Landslide Hazard Assessment： A Case Study in Upper Minjiang River Basin

By analyzing the topographic features of past landslides since 1980s and the main land-cover types （including change information） in landslide-prone area, modeled spatial distribution of landslide hazard in upper Minjiang River Basin was studied based on spatial analysis of GIS in this paper. Results of GIS analysis showed that landslide occurrence in this region closely related to topographic feature. Most areas with high hazard probability were deep-sheared gorge. Most of them in investigation occurred assembly in areas with elevation lower than 3 000 m, due to fragile topographic conditions and intensive human disturbances. Land-cover type, including its change information, was likely an important environmental factor to trigger landslide. Destroy of vegetation driven by increase of population and its demands augmented the probability of landslide in steep slope.     

Application of GIS-Based Spatial Filtering Method for Neural Tube Defects Disease Mapping

This study is to assess the prevalence rates spatial pattern of neural tube defects with geographic information system and spatial filtering technique. A total of 80 infants who diagnosed from neural tube defects in the area being studied between 1998 and 2001 were analyzed. Firstly, the geographic information system （GIS） software ArcGIS was used to map the crude prevalence rates. Secondly, the data were smoothed by the method of spatial filtering. We evaluated that the effect of changes in spatial filtering radius size was assessed by creating maps based on various filtering radius sizes. The 3 miles or larger filtering radius gives better section variability than the 2 and 2.5 miles or smaller ones. The maps produced by the spatial filtering technique indicate that prevalence rates in the villages in the southeastern region are to produce higher prevalence than that in the other regions. The smoothed maps based on Heshun County display a more adequate data representation than the raw prevalence rate map.     

Relationship between the temporal-spatial distribution of archaeological sites and natural environment from the Paleolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area

The temporal-spatial distribution features including time distribution,horizontal and vertical spatial distribution of archaeological sites from the Paleolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area are analyzed based on GIS spatial analysis.The successive pollen record of deposited peat stratum since the Paleolithic Age in the Dajiuhu Basin of Shennongjia is used in combination with the research of the historical environmental evolution to reconstruct the Paleoenvironment in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area.Through the comparison of the temporal-spatial distribution of the archaeological sites and the natural environment,the relation between the distribution of the archaeological sites and the natural environment evolution and disaster changes from the Neolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties has been discussed.Study shows that 677 archaeological sites from the Paleolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Three Gorges Reservoir of Chongqing area increase gradually from west to east and from high land to low land.Most of the sites are distributed along the river and aggregated at the confluence.Obviously,the altitudes of archaeological sites in the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age are much higher than those of historical sites.The analysis suggests:(1)the human beings of every times would like to choose the first or the second river terrace as living sites which are nearer to the water source and are easier to with- stand flood.The pre-historical sites of earlier ages are often located at the higher altitude place because of the tectonic uplift and downcutting of rivers since Holocene.(2)Due to the rugged terrain in Chongqing area,most of the sites are located along the river sides,for example,the wide river valley and terrace,which could provide wider living space caused by the lateral erosion and deposition of the river course.(3)The early residents mainly relied on fishing,hunting and agriculture,and the rugged terrain of the mountaino     

Spatial analyzing system for urban land use management based on GIS and multi-criteria assessment modeling

Urban land management requires the integration of a wide range of data on ecological process, environmental process and process on urban planning and development. This paper combined land suitability modeling with remote sensing （RS）, landscape ecological analysis and geographic information system （GIS） to develop a spatial analyzing system for urban expansion land management. The spatial analyzing system incorporates the use of a multi-criteria mechanism in GIS for the suitability evaluation of urban expansion land. Grey relational analysis （GRA） was combined with analytic hierarchy process （AHP） to address the uncertainties during the process of evaluation. This approach was applied to explicitly identify constraints and opportunities for future land conservation and development in Changsha City, China. Validation of the methodology showed a high degree of coincidence with the previous independent studies as regards ecological suitability. The methodology can be useful in environmental protection, land management and regional planning.     

三峡库区水土流失的因素分析及其生态对策

三峡库区是我国水土流失最为严重的地区之一。本从生态学角度，分析了水土流失的影响因素，并提出了相应的生态对策措施。     

三峡库区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀研究：进展与方向

紫色土坡耕地是三峡库区粮食经济作物的主产载体,也是库区水土流失的主要源地和入库泥沙的主要来源。结合野外调查和相关报道,对三峡库区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀研究方法、侵蚀强度、泥沙颗粒形态以及侵蚀引起的养分流失等方面进行综述。结果表明,坡耕地土壤侵蚀研究方法主要包括径流小区法、人工模拟降雨法和侵蚀针法等直接观测方法和核素示踪、模型模拟和遥感监测等间接观测方法;库区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率达3464～9452t／km2,其中15°～25°坡度范围的土壤侵蚀最为严重,是今后坡耕地土壤流失防治的重点坡段;流失泥沙主要以〈0．02mm的团聚体和〈0．002mm的粘粒为主,其中粉粒（0．002~0．02mm）和粘粒（〈0．002mm）携带的养分流失较多;植物篱、垄作和坡改梯等措施理水效果明显,均对坡耕地侵蚀产沙具有较好的控制作用。今后应在模型方法、埂坎结构和功能、水土保持措施适宜性评价等方面拓展研究。     

三峡库区重庆段酸雨敏感性评价及空间分异特征

三峡库区重庆段具有重要的生态地理位置,酸雨是这一地区根本性的生态环境问题之一.以酸雨敏感性机理为基础,运用GIS于RS技术分析了这一特殊生态地理区域酸雨敏感性的高低分布规律及其空间分异特征.结果表明:研究区酸雨以高度敏感为主,其次是中度敏感;各区县中石柱、武隆、万州是酸雨最为敏感的地区,都市区及周边区县主要以轻度以下敏...     

应用RUSLE模型的长汀县水土流失风险空间分析

以修正的通用水土流失方程(RUSLE)为理论基础,以长汀县为研究区,利用地理信息系统(GIS)与遥感(RS)技术,在计算各影响因子的基础上估算水土流失,生成流失风险等级分布图.对水土流失的主要因素进行空间叠加分析,并将研究区水土流失风险综合评估结果与坡度、植被覆盖度及土地利用图层进行空间相关分析.结果表明:研究区水土流失中、高风险区分布仍较多,其中,河田、三洲、策武3乡镇形势最为严峻;水土流失风险呈现出一定的地域性特点,与植被覆盖度有严格的负相关关系,但与坡度并无严格的正相关关系.     

基于 ESDA-GIS 的独特地理单元经济空间分异研究--以三峡库区重庆段为例

基于ESDA与GIS技术,利用三峡库区重庆段各区县1998-2011年人均GDP数据,对该区域经济发展的空间格局及其时空演变进行了分析,结果表明:三峡库区重庆段经济空间分异明显且呈显著的空间正相关,在整体格局上呈现出一定的集聚态势;全局上看,三峡库区重庆段经济相对差异在缩小,从局部来看,空间集聚表现在重庆主城和渝东北库区,而库区中段的集聚态势表现不强烈;万州区在有关政策扶持下,经济发展加快,有望成为带动渝东北库区经济发展的增长极.     

基于三角模型的三峡库区（重庆段）土地利用系统健康评价

针对三峡库区蓄水前后土地利用结构紊乱、城市发展与生态保护矛盾突显的问题,提出通过土地利用系统健康评价来有效引导土地合理利用,提升土地资源长期效益;从土地利用系统健康基本内涵出发,构建基于三角模型的评价指标体系对库区重庆段进行实证分析;结果表明:2000—2017年三峡库区(重庆段)土地利用系统健康状态不断提高,整体变化过程为"不健康-亚健康-初级健康";系统健康状态的空间特征整体表现为渝西及渝东南高于渝东北;健康状态的变化趋势整体良好,主要以初级健康(T1、T3)的变化趋势为主;研究结果可反映本区域土地利用系统健康状态的发展态势,实现土地利用系统内部良性运行。     

香溪河库湾春季水华纵向分布对水层结构的响应

为研究三峡水库支流库湾春季水华暴发空间差异及成因,本研究于2010年4月18日对三峡水库干流和香溪河库湾的水动力、营养盐、浮游植物等因子进行了现场监测.结果显示：三峡水库支流春季水华浮游植物生物量及群落结构空间差异较大,库湾中上游暴发了严重的硅藻水华,而下游及三峡水库干流没有水华;库湾中复杂的分层异重流对水温结构产生显著影响,使其呈独特的垂向分层;水温分层纵向差异导致的光混比（Zeu/Zmix）纵向分布差异是引起水华情势和浮游植物群落结构纵向差异的主要原因.研究结果将为三峡水库支流水华机理和防控措施研究提供支撑.     

三峡库区重庆段汞污染现状分析

通过分析三峡库区上游重庆段的汞污染现状及特点,表明三峡库区水域特别是重庆主城区水域中汞的污染已经较为严重,三峡水域水质基本为Ⅲ类水状态,部分江段处于Ⅳ类水,个别断面的超标因子就是汞含量。探讨了造成库区重庆段汞污染的主要原因,其污染主要来源有面源、城区点源、汞矿开采和固体废物等。面源主要是水土流失、库区燃煤;点源主要是主城区、长寿以及涪陵等沿江两岸工业、生活废水排污口;汞矿主要是乌江以及武陵地区,固体废弃物主要是沿江堆积的工业废物和生活垃圾。提出了防治汞污染的一系列技术、法规、政策措施,从源头控制汞污染,采取有效的汞污染治理方法,建立水库水质监管体系,健全机制及制定相关法规,为三峡水库的水质安全与保护提供参考。