超滤浓缩担子菌发酵液聚合物的研究

利用中空纤维超滤器对灵芝发酵液中聚合物的浓缩进行了较系统的研究,并推导出该超滤器放大的适宜计算公式．结果表明：截留分子量１００００ｄ的聚砜不对称膜是适于超滤浓缩灵芝发酵液的超滤膜．适宜的超滤条件为操作压力０．２ＭＰａ,料液温度２０～３０℃,循环速度０．２２ｍ／ｓ;在此条件下超滤２００ｍｉｎ,通量及截留率分别稳定在９．１Ｌ／（ｍ２ｈ）和９６％左右,发酵液聚合物浓缩５倍以上,其收率达９２．６％．     

The giant electromechanical response in ferroelectric relaxors as a critical phenomenon

The direct conversion of electrical energy to mechanical work by a material is relevant to a number of applications. This is illustrated by ferroelectric 'relaxors' such as Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-PbTiO(3) (PMN-PT; refs 5, 6): these materials exhibit a giant electromechanical (piezoelectric) response that is finding use in ultrasonic and medical applications, as well as in telecommunications. The origins of this effect are, however, still unclear. Here we show that the giant electromechanical response in PMN-PT (and potentially other ferroelectric relaxors) is the manifestation of critical points that define a line in the phase diagram of this system. Specifically, in the electric-field-temperature-composition phase diagram of PMN-PT (the composition being varied by changing the PT concentration), a first-order paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition terminates in a line of critical points where the piezoelectric coefficient is maximum. Above this line, supercritical evolution is observed. On approaching the critical point, both the energy cost and the electric field necessary to induce ferroelectric polarization rotations decrease significantly, thus explaining the giant electromechanical response of these relaxors.     

混凝土防渗渠道措施探讨

本文总结了渠道混凝土防渗衬砌形式,对混凝土防渗渠道特点进行了分析,根据工程实际运用情况,说明渠道防渗由单一材料向复合材料、单一结构向复合结构发展的趋势。     

湿氧化改性多孔炭对低浓度苯和丁酮蒸汽的吸附

空气中挥发性有机化合物 (VOC)严重危害人体的身体健康 ,因而研究 VOC的去除具有重要意义。该文研究了椰壳活性炭 (AC)和粘胶基活性炭纤维 (ACF)湿氧化处理后对低浓度 VOC苯和丁酮的吸附。 AC和 ACF分别用质量分数为 30 %和 5 0 %的 H2 O2 、浓 HNO3进行湿氧化处理。采用 X射线光电子能谱 (XPS)和氮气容量法研究了 ACF,采用扫描电镜 (SEM)研究了 AC处理前后性质的变化。并利用热重分析仪 (TGA)研究了对挥发性有机化合物丁酮和苯的吸附。实验结果表明 :ACF经 H2 O2 处理后具有活化作用 ,比表面积和微孔容积都增加了 ,特别是用质量分数为 30 %的 H2 O2 处理后更有利于低浓度苯和丁酮的吸附 ;AC经湿氧化处理后 ,扫描电镜下呈现不同的微观形貌特征 ,质量分数为 30 %的 H2 O2 处理后 ,增强了对苯的吸附 ,减弱了对丁酮的吸附。     

The abundance threshold for plague as a critical percolation phenomenon

Percolation theory is most commonly associated with the slow flow of liquid through a porous medium, with applications to the physical sciences. Epidemiological applications have been anticipated for disease systems where the host is a plant or volume of soil, and hence is fixed in space. However, no natural examples have been reported. The central question of interest in percolation theory, the possibility of an infinite connected cluster, corresponds in infectious disease to a positive probability of an epidemic. Archived records of plague (infection with Yersinia pestis) in populations of great gerbils (Rhombomys opimus) in Kazakhstan have been used to show that epizootics only occur when more than about 0.33 of the burrow systems built by the host are occupied by family groups. The underlying mechanism for this abundance threshold is unknown. Here we present evidence that it is a percolation threshold, which arises from the difference in scale between the movements that transport infectious fleas between family groups and the vast size of contiguous landscapes colonized by gerbils. Conventional theory predicts that abundance thresholds for the spread of infectious disease arise when transmission between hosts is density dependent such that the basic reproduction number (R(0)) increases with abundance, attaining 1 at the threshold. Percolation thresholds, however, are separate, spatially explicit thresholds that indicate long-range connectivity in a system and do not coincide with R(0) = 1. Abundance thresholds are the theoretical basis for attempts to manage infectious disease by reducing the abundance of susceptibles, including vaccination and the culling of wildlife. This first natural example of a percolation threshold in a disease system invites a re-appraisal of other invasion thresholds, such as those for epidemic viral infections in African lions (Panthera leo), and of other disease systems such as bovine tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium bovis) in badgers (Meles meles).     

自激作用下洛伦兹振子的簇发现象及其分岔机制

在表现为稳定极限环的自激振子作用下的洛伦兹系统,在不同时间尺度下具有特殊的非线性现象．通过快子系统的平衡点及其特性分析,给出了快子系统随激励强度变化的分岔条件,分析了系统随激励强度变化的动力学演化过程,指出当激励强度增长到一定程度并满足快子系统产生fold分岔条件时,系统会产生fold／fold簇发,其中沉寂态表现为快子系统的平衡态,激发态为围绕快子系统焦点的振荡．讨论了其相应的簇发机制,并进一步揭示了簇发现象随参数发生变化的过程,随着激励强度的继续增加,虽然簇发定性保持不变,但在两对称的激发态的接近旋转中心处,系统会沿着快子系统的平衡态来回运动,其长度近似等于fold分岔点与激励项幅值之间的距离．     

大环增敏示波极谱法测定烟草中的镉铅

用作者合成的新型大环化合物作为增敏剂，示波极谱法测定镉和铅。镉和铅分别在－０．４７Ｖ和－０．６３Ｖ产生灵敏的示波导数极谱峰，检出限分别为２．０×１０－８ｍｏｌ·ｄｍ－３和７．８×１０－９ｍｏｌ·ｄｍ－３。选择最佳实验条件，探讨了大环化合物的增敏机理。方法用于测定８种不同烟草样品中的镉和铅，结果满意     

正构烷烃吸附平衡的动态法研究

本文采用动态法研究了单溶质和双溶质正构烷烃的正戊烷溶液在5A 分子筛上的吸附平衡关系;提出了一种新的表示吸附穿透曲线的方法;编写开发了一组软件包,用数值计算方法计算平衡吸附量.     

日历中一种周期现象的解析

指出日历中的国庆日与中秋节重合这种现象发生的周期性.从公历和农历的历法依据——回归年和朔望月出发,利用辗转相除法以及连分数等数学方法对农历的置闰月规律加以推演,进而得出两种历法运行的会合周期.同时对其会合周期的差异性加以分析.     

Adsorption of Cd(II) from acidic aqueous solutions by tourmaline as a novel material

Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the behavior and mechanisms for the adsorption of Cd(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions by tourmaline under acidic conditions. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cd(Ⅱ) significantly depend on the adsorption time, temperature, and the initial concentration of the metal ion. Furthermore, tourmaline had a very good adsorption capacity for Cd(Ⅱ) in acidic, neutral and alkaline aqueous solutions. This good adsorption capacity is attributed to the observation that tourmaline can automatically adjust the pH values of acidic (except pH 2.0 and 3.0), neutral or alkaline aqueous solutions to 6.4. Specifically, the removal capacity for Cd(Ⅱ) was higher at strongly acidic pH values (in contrast to industrial wastewater pH values) compared to that obtained for other types of adsorbents. Furthermore, the results obtained in this study showed good fits to the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. However, the Langmuir model fit better than the Freundlich model. The maximum uptake of Cd(Ⅱ) by tourmaline was 31.77, 33.11 and 40.16 mg/g at pH 4.0 at 15, 25 and 35°C, respectively. Therefore, tourmaline is an effective adsorbent for the removal of Cd(Ⅱ) from acidic aqueous solutions. In addition, the kinetics for the Cd(Ⅱ) adsorption by tourmaline closely followed the pseudo-second-order model. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that adsorption was feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic. Furthermore, the pH variation after adsorption, ζ-potential, metal ions desorbed and released, and FT-IR analysis indicated that the physisorption and chemisorption mechanisms of tourmaline for heavy metals. These mechanisms included water that was automatically polarized by tourmaline, the ion exchange process, and electropolar adsorption. Among the mechanisms, the automatic polarization of water caused by tourmaline is a unique adsorption mechanism for tourmaline.     

超滤法处理糖蜜酒精废液的研究

研究了用于超波技术处理糖蜜精废液的方法，给出了超滤时间，超波压力差与透过通量的关系，以及酒精废液超滤脱色，有机物去除量的规律，并探讨了超滤法处理糖蜜酒废液过程的内在机理。     

Identification of talin as a major cytoplasmic protein implicated in platelet activation

During platelet activation there is a major reorganization in the platelet cytoskeleton that accompanies a rapid change in platelet shape. Many of the events associated with activation are attributed to a rise in calcium concentration within the platelet cytoplasm. One direct consequence of the elevated calcium is the activation of a calcium-dependent protease that cleaves a major platelet protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) approximately 235,000 (235K) to 200K. This protein, P235, has been purified and reported to interact with actin, but the significance of the proteolytic cleavage is unknown. Talin, a cytoskeletal protein in smooth muscle and fibroblasts, binds vinculin and, together with vinculin, is localized in fibroblasts at sites of actin-membrane attachment. Talin and P235 have similar purification procedures, sedimentation coefficients and Stokes' radii (ref. 6 and Molony et al., unpublished observations). Of particular significance, talin is readily cleaved by proteases from approximately 215K to a fragment of approximately 190K. Given these similarities we have investigated the possible relationship between these proteins. Here we demonstrate that platelet P235 is recognized by anti-talin antibody and that it binds vinculin. Both proteins are cleaved in vitro by the calcium-activated protease to yield similar fragments. We conclude that P235 corresponds to the platelet form of talin.     

Identification of ALK as a major familial neuroblastoma predisposition gene

Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer that can be inherited, but the genetic aetiology is largely unknown. Here we show that germline mutations in the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene explain most hereditary neuroblastomas, and that activating mutations can also be somatically acquired. We first identified a significant linkage signal at chromosome bands 2p23-24 using a whole-genome scan in neuroblastoma pedigrees. Resequencing of regional candidate genes identified three separate germline missense mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of ALK that segregated with the disease in eight separate families. Resequencing in 194 high-risk neuroblastoma samples showed somatically acquired mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain in 12.4% of samples. Nine of the ten mutations map to critical regions of the kinase domain and were predicted, with high probability, to be oncogenic drivers. Mutations resulted in constitutive phosphorylation, and targeted knockdown of ALK messenger RNA resulted in profound inhibition of growth in all cell lines harbouring mutant or amplified ALK, as well as in two out of six wild-type cell lines for ALK. Our results demonstrate that heritable mutations of ALK are the main cause of familial neuroblastoma, and that germline or acquired activation of this cell-surface kinase is a tractable therapeutic target for this lethal paediatric malignancy.     

Fibrinogen Adsorption on Biomaterials as Characterized by Transmission FTIR Spectroscopy

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大豆蛋白废水对聚砜超滤膜性能影响的研究

从溶液相因素出发，以聚砜超滤膜为研究对象，采用大豆粕溶液为废水液，实验研究溶液相在膜过程中对超滤膜性能的影响．结果表明，膜的污染随着时间的增长越来越严重，不同浓度下在230min时其污染达到平衡，不同pH值在210min时其污染达到平衡，在酸性条件下污染相对严重．     

纳米ZnO改性PVDF超滤膜的性能

 为改善聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜的亲水性,增强其在水处理中的应用能力,采用相转化法制备了纳米ZnO 改性PVDF超滤膜。分析了纳米ZnO 的添加量对膜结构及性能的影响。通过孔隙率测定、接触角测量、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、材料试验、超滤实验分别对膜的孔隙率、亲水性、微观结构、机械强度、纯水通量、蛋白截留率及水通量恢复率进行表征。结果表明,纳米ZnO 的质量分数为0.2%时,膜的接触角从改性前的76.3°降至63.4°,亲水性得到明显改善;孔隙率由53.4%升至54.1%;拉伸强度由2.09 MPa 升至2.82 MPa;纯水通量、蛋白截留率及水通量恢复率均有一定程度的提高;膜的断面结构规整,指状孔的尺寸较大,膜表面较光滑。