碳纳米管负载Mo-Co-S基HDS/H DN催化剂的制备及其表征研究

用自行制备的多壁碳纳米管(简写为CNTs)作为载体制备负载型Mo-Co-S催化剂,记为:m%MoiCoj/CNTs(m%为质量百分数),用噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)和吡咯加氢脱氮(HDN)作为探针反应,XRD、XPS和H2-TPD作为表征手段,考察Co/Mo摩尔比、MoiCoj负载量及Co和Mo的浸渍顺序对所制备催化剂的结构和催化性能的影响.研究结果表明,对于本文自行制备CNTs负载的Mo-Co-S催化剂,最佳的Co/Mo摩尔比为1:3,最适宜的Mo3Co1负载量为～7.2%(质量百分数),Co和Mo的浸溃顺序以"先浸渍Co、经干燥焙烧后浸渍Mo"为佳.与AC负载的参比体系相比,CNTs负载催化剂较易于被还原,工作态催化剂表面具有催化活性的Mo物种(Mo4 )在总负载Mo量中所占份额较高;在另一方面,在HDS/HDN反应条件下,作为载体的CNTs的表面存在着数量更加可观的吸附氢物种,这些活泼氢物种通过"溢流"容易传输至Mo-Co-S催化活性位,于是有助于提高表面加氢反应的速率.以上两方面因素对CNTs负载Mo-Co-S催化剂上高的HDS/HDN反应活性都有重要贡献.     

碳纳米管负载合成气制低碳醇Co-Mo-K硫化物基催化剂

用自行制备的多壁碳纳米管(CNTs)作为载体,制备一类负载型CNTs促进Co-Mo-K硫化物基催化剂,x%CoiMojKk/CNTs(x%为质量百分数).实验发现,在2.0 MPa、593 K、V(CO):V(H2):V(N2)=45:45:10、GHSV=2 400mLSTP.h-1.g-cat.-1的反应条件下,在11.6%Co1Mo1K0.6/CNTs催化剂上,所观测低碳醇合成的比反应速率达到0.77μmol-CO.s-1.(mmol-Mo)-1,是AC和-γAl2O3分别负载各自最佳Co-Mo-K摩尔组成及相应负载量催化剂(50.3%Co1Mo1K0.8/AC和26.1%Co1Mo1K0.8/γ-Al2O3)上这个值(分别为0.23和0.27μmol-CO.s-1.(mmol-Mo)-1)的3.35和2.85倍.对比研究显示,用CNTs代替常规载体AC和-γAl2O3并不引起所负载Co1Mo1K0.6硫化物催化剂上低碳醇合成反应的表观活化能发生明显变化.与AC或-γAl2O3负载的参比体系相比,CNTs负载的催化剂更易于在较低温度下还原活化,并促使工作态催化剂表面催化活性Mo物种(Mo4+)在总Mo量中所占份额明显提高;在另一方面,CNTs负载的催化剂展现出对H2更强的吸附活化能力,有助于在工作态催化剂表面营造较高稳态浓度吸附氢的表面氛围,于是提高了表面加氢反应的速率;这些因素对低碳醇合成反应活性的提高都有重要贡献.     

炭负载Co-Mo催化剂的二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫性能研究

利用X射线衍射及程序升温还原技术 ,对等体积浸渍法制备的Co Mo/AC催化剂进行了表征。采用高压微反装置、以二苯并噻吩为模型化合物 ,在一定的温度和空速下对催化剂进行了加氢脱硫活性评价。X射线衍射表征结果表明 ,柱状活性炭具有良好的担载催化剂活性组分的能力 ,活性组分在载体表面能很好地分散 ,因而只检测到部分活性组分很弱的衍射峰。在 12 0℃和 2 6 0℃条件下处理的催化剂表面物种主要是MoO3 ,没有发现含Co的物种和CoMoO复合氧化物的衍射峰 ;5 0 0℃焙烧处理的催化剂的表面物种主要是MoO2 。程序升温还原表征结果表明 ,Co Mo/AC催化剂表面物种的还原温度低于Co Mo/γ Al2 O3 催化剂。加氢脱硫活性评价结果表明 ,催化剂的还原特性和加氢脱硫活性有一定的对应关系。在Co Mo/AC体系中 ,Co与Mo原子比为 0 .7的催化剂的加氢脱硫活性高于γ Al2 O3 负载的Co Mo催化剂 ;而Co与Mo原子比为 0 .2 ,0 .35和 0 .5的Co Mo/AC催化剂的加氢脱硫活性却低于Co Mo/γ Al2 O3 催化剂     

不同载体负载的钴基费-托合成催化剂性能研究

考察了碳纳米管与传统氧化物作为载体负载的钴基催化剂用于费-托合成反应的性能.采用等体积浸渍法制备了钴基催化剂,并对催化剂进行了TPR、TEM、H2-化学吸附等表征分析.结果表明,Co/SiO2和Co/CNTs催化剂具有较低的还原温度且Co/SiO2催化剂还原峰较狭窄.TEM的结果显示Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂和Co/CNTs催化剂中的钴颗粒粒径分布范围较宽,而Co/SiO2催化剂的钴颗粒粒径分布较为均匀,这是导致其还原峰温范围不同的原因之一.费-托合成反应结果显示Co/CNTs催化剂和Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂具有比Co/SiO2催化剂更高的一氧化碳转化率,而Co/γ-Al2O3和Co/SiO2催化剂具有比Co/CNTs催化剂更高的C5＋选择性和较高的α值.     

混合法制备Co-Mo/MgO-Al2O3变换催化剂的XRD和TPR表征

用混合煅烧法制备的Co Mo/MgO Al2O3一氧化碳变换催化剂,在2.0MPa及多种汽气比条件下与同类型催化剂进行活性评价比较,达到德国催化剂K8 11的活性水平.对催化剂及参比样MoO3/Al2O3、MoO3/MgO Al2O3和MgO Al2O3等进行XRD或TPR表征,结果显示Co Mo/MgO Al2O3催化剂存在MoO3、CoMoO4、MgMoO4和MgAl2O4等物种,单纯的Mo在MgO Al2O3载体上分散度比在γ Al2O3载体上低,MoO3的结晶度较高,其还原温度提高;添加Co后,MoO3的分散度得到提高.在Co Mo/MgO Al2O3催化剂的TPR谱中出现属于MoO3(624℃)和CoMoO4(805℃)的两个还原峰,该催化剂对CO变换活性的提高与CoMoO4相的生成密切相关.     

碳纳米管负载/促进Cu-Cr催化剂上甲醇分解制氢

用自行制备的碳纳米管(CNTs)作为载体,研制出一类高活性CNTs负载/促进甲醇分解制氢Cu Cr/CNTs催化剂.实验结果显示,在0.1MPa,503K,n(CH3OH) n(Ar)=2 1,GHSV=3600h-1的反应条件下,27%Cu10Cr1/CNTs催化剂上H2的时空产率达133mmol H2h-1(g catal.)-1,是AC、SiO2和γ Al2O3负载相应参比催化剂(分别为:111、73.5、60.9mmol H2h-1(g catal.)-1)的1.20、1.81和2.18倍.实验表征研究揭示,碳纳米管载体促使催化剂活性Cu表面积大为增加,并诱使Cu Cr催化活性位上甲醇分子解离下来的吸附H物种向碳纳米管载体"溢流"、疏散、随后偶联成H2(a)脱附,于是降低了副产物甲醛、甲酸甲酯的生成机率,有利于提高甲醇深度脱氢、生成H2和CO的选择性.     

多壁碳纳米管促进的甲苯加氢脱芳高效Pt基催化剂

开发了一类以CNTs-γ-Al2O3复合材料为载体的高效催化甲苯加氢脱芳的Pt基催化剂.实验结果表明,适量添加少量的CNTs能显著提高Pt基催化剂催化甲苯加氢脱芳的活性.经组分优化的1.0%(质量分数)Pt/8%CNTs-γ-Al2O3催化剂上,在2.0MPa、363K、V(C7H8)∶V(H2)=1∶6.7、1 035L/(h·g)的反应条件下,甲苯转化率可达85.9%,时空收率为501.7g/(h·g),分别是相同条件下γ-Al2O3、CNTs、γ-Al2O3(商品)和SiO2负载催化剂上相应值(458.9、445.1、435.8和406.3g/(h·g))的1.09、1.13、1.15和1.24倍.进一步,联合多种谱学表征技术对催化剂进行表征,探讨CNTs对促进催化剂催化芳烃加氢的作用本质.研究结果表明,以CNTs-γ-Al2O3为载体的工作态Pt基催化剂上甲苯加氢脱芳的表观活化能与系列常规载体负载的参比体系上的相应值基本一致,表明少量CNTs的添加并不改变催化反应途径,但却提升了工作态催化剂表面具有催化活性的Pt0物种在表面总Pt量中所占比例;与γ-Al2O3负载的参比体系相比,CNTs-γ-Al2O3负载的Pt基催化剂增强的催化加氢活性可能源于CNTs对氢的适度吸附、活化及溢流性能.     

不同载体和前驱体对钴基催化剂浆相费托合成性能的影响

以SiO2和γ Al2O3为载体,以硝酸钴、醋酸钴和氯化钴为前驱体,利用浸渍法制备出钴基细粒子催化剂。用X射线衍射、程序升温还原、比表面测试等技术考察了钴基催化剂的结构和还原性能,分析了不同载体和前驱体对浆相费托反应性能的影响。结果表明,SiO2载体上钴物种的分散度和还原度均高于γ Al2O3载体,因而Co/γ Al2O3催化剂的活性最差,CO转化率远低于Co/SiO2催化剂。不同钴前驱体所制备的Co/SiO2催化剂钴物种的分散度和还原度有很大的差别,其相应的Co/SiO2催化剂的浆相费托活性顺序由大到小依次为:Co(NO3)2,Co(NO3)2+Co(CH3CO2)2,Co(CH3CO2)2,CoCl2。     

负载Ni-B非晶态合金催化剂在氯代硝基苯加氢反应中的催化性能研究

目的制备氯和研究了氯代硝基苯液相加氢选择性催化剂。方法分别以纳米碳管(CNTs),γ-Al2O3为载体,Ni-B为活性组分,用浸渍-化学还原法制备CNTs负载非晶态合金Ni-B/CNTs催化剂和Ni-B/γ-Al2O3催化剂,用电感耦合等离子体光谱、X-射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、差示扫描量热等手段研究催化剂的非晶性质、Ni的担载量及催化剂的热稳定性,并讨论了CNTs和Ni-B非晶态合金之间的相互作用与催化剂的催化性能的关系。结果与其他催化剂相比,3种氯代硝基苯的转化率均高于99.8%,脱氯率小于3%。结论该催化剂具有较好加氢性能和较高的抑制脱氯性能,优于其他催化剂。     

Ni-Mo-P/Al2O3-ZrO2催化剂的制备及加氢脱硫脱氮活性

采用程序升温还原法制备Ni-Mo-P/Al2O3-ZrO2催化剂。运用XRD和IR技术对催化剂和载体进行表征。考察Ni-Mo-P/Al2O3-ZrO2催化剂对噻吩加氢脱硫、吡啶加氢脱氮的催化性能。结果表明,在Al2O3表面引入少量ZrO2,可以减弱P和Al2O3的强相互作用,抑制AlPO4的生成。添加适量的助剂Mo,催化剂噻吩加氢脱硫、吡啶加氢活性均有不同程度的提高。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-