Subcellular distribution and compartmentalization of arsenic in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pteris vittata</Emphasis> L.

The subcellular distribution of arsenic （As） in Pteris vittata L., an As-hyperaccumniator, was studied to determine As compartmentalization and to explore the mechanisms that confer As tolerance. When the plant was grown in a nutrient solution without additional As, most of the accumulated As was isolated to the cell wall. However, in plants growing in a nutrient solution containing 0.1 or 0.2 mmol/L As, approximately 78% of the total As accumulated within the pinna. The proportions of As accumulation in the cyto- plasmic supernatant fraction were 78 % of that in the pinna and 61% of that in the plant. In either treatment group （0.1 or 0.2 mmol/L As）, the fraction containing the lowest level of As was the organelle fraction. These results suggest that As accumulates in the pinna where it is primarily distributed in the cytoplasmic supernatant fraction. The role of As compartmentalization may be intricately linked with As detoxification in P. vittata L.     

Effect of phosphorus on arsenic accumulation in As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. and its implication

Pot experiment was conducted to understand the effect of phosphorus on arsenic accumulation in As-hyperaccumulator Chinese brake (Pteris vittata L.). It is shown that arsenic concentrations in the fronds and rhizoids, the arsenic bioaccumulation factor, and the total arsenic in the fronds were not influenced significantly under low levels of phosphorus (≤400 mg/kg) and increased sharply under high levels of phosphorus (>400 mg/ kg). The discovery implies that the efficiency of arsenic removal in phytoremediation using the hyperaccumulating plant can be greatly elevated by the phosphorus addition at high rates. The interaction between the accumulation of phosphorus and that of arsenic in plant was stimulated mutually. The result represents that Chinese brake is a good material for plant physiologist to conduct comparative and mechanism studies on the uptake behaviors of phosphorus and arsenic, and phosphorus is also a potential accelerator for phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.     

不同生态型蜈蚣草对砷富集的差异及其机理

 土壤砷污染是全球尤其是东南亚和中国非常突出且亟需解决的环境问题。自砷超富集植物--蜈蚣草（Pteris vittata L.）发现以来,一直是国内外学者研究的一个热点。深入理解蜈蚣草体内砷代谢和富集机制是有效利用植物修复技术治理砷污染土壤的关键。在长期的自然进化过程中,蜈蚣草逐渐分化出不同生态型。已有研究结果显示：不同生态型蜈蚣草在砷富集和砷耐性等方面均存在明显差异。本文在系统分析蜈蚣草砷富集特征、机理的基础上,重点阐述了生态型差异对蜈蚣草砷富集的影响方面的最新研究进展。研究结果显示：非污染生态型与污染生态型蜈蚣草相比砷富集能力更为高效,说明通过选择性的利用合适的蜈蚣草生态型将明显改善植物修复的效率。不同生态型蜈蚣草砷富集与砷耐性差异的分子机理尚不清楚,相关关键功能基因及其过程尚需深入研究。     

Cellular distribution of arsenic and other elements in hyperaccumulator<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pteris nervosa</Emphasis> and their relations to arsenic accumulation

Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SRXRF) was used to study the cellular distributions of arsenic and other elements in root, petiole, pinna of a newly discovered arsenic hyperaccumulator, Pteris nervosa. It was shown that there was a trend in P nervosa to transport arsenic from cortex tissue to vascular tissue in root, and keep arsenic in vascular during transportation in petiole, and transport arsenic from vascular tissue to adaxial cortex tissues in midrib of pinnae. More arsenic was accumulated in mesophyll than in epidermis in pinnae. The distributions of some elements, such as K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, in petiole, midrib and pinna were similar to that of arsenic, indicating that those cations might cooperate with arsenic in those transportation processes; whereas the distributions of CI and Br in pinna were the reverse of that of arsenic, indicating that those anions might compete with arsenic in pinna of P. nervosa.     

Effect of phosphorus on arsenic accumulation in As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. and its implication

Pot experiment was conducted to understand the effect of phosphorus on arsenic accumulation in As-hyperaccumulator Chinese brake (Pteris vittata L.). It is shown that arsenic concentrations in the fronds and rhizoids, the arsenic bioaccumulation factor, and the total arsenic in the fronds were not influenced significantly under low levels of phosphorus (≤400 mg/kg) and increased sharply under high levels of phosphorus (＞400 mg/ kg). The discovery implies that the efficiency of arsenic removal in phytoremediation using the hyperaccumulating plant can be greatly elevated by the phosphorus addition at high rates. The interaction between the accumulation of phosphorus and that of arsenic in plant was stimulated mutually. The result represents that Chinese brake is a good material for plant physiologist to conduct comparative and mechanism studies on the uptake behaviors of phosphorus and arsenic, and phosphorus is also a potential accelerator for phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.     

蚯蚓体液中砷的测定

采用分光光度法测定蚯蚓体液中砷的质量浓度,以溴酸钾为氧化剂,甲基橙为显色剂,溴酸钾首先氧化体系中的As(III),剩余溴酸钾再氧化KBr,生成的单质溴将消耗体系中的甲基橙,甲基橙的褪色程度与As(III)含量呈线性关系;实验结果表明:该方法简单、快速、灵敏度高、准确度好,用于测定蚯蚓体液中微量的砷时结果满意。     

Estimate of arsenic emission amount from the coal power stations in china

Arsenicisoneofthemostpopularandharmele-mentsintheenvironment[13].ThearsenicpollutionintheatmosphereisveryheavyinFushun,Shenyang,Lanzhou,Guiyang,ChengduandChongqing,etc.IntheSouthwestChinathereare3000eventsofarsenictoxicosisbecauseofhigharseniccoalscombustionandabout10000peopleareeffected[4,5].Therefore,thesourcesofarsenicintheenvironmentanditstreatmentarepaidmoreattentionto.CoalisthebasicpowersourceinChinaandabout1000milliontonsperyearisconsumeddirectlyasfuel[6,7].Steamcoalburntinpowerstat…     

上海市区地表灰尘对降雨径流中汞砷污染的影响

以上海市区地表灰尘和降雨径流中汞砷为研究对象,探讨其环境效应.研究地表灰尘中汞砷粒径效应.结果表明:3个不同类型采样点中,汞砷高值都集中在小于125μm范围内,基本显示出粒径效应.对屋面和交通干道降雨径流中的汞砷含量进行分析,除交通干道径流的汞之外,屋面径流和交通干道径流汞砷浓度都随着降雨历时有衰减的趋势,并且地表灰尘...     

Significance of native arsenic in the Baogutu gold deposit, western Junggar, Xinjiang, NW China

Native arsenic together with comb quartz and stibnite is found in the Baogutu gold deposit, western Junggar (Xinjiang), NW China. It is anhedral with various grain size (<0.001 to 2 mm), and contains 98 wt% to 98.7 wt% As. Micro-granular electrum, the main auriferous mineral in the Baogutu gold deposit, is commonly enclosed in or closely accompanied by native arsenic. Three ore-forming paragenetic stages could be identified. Native arsenic mainly formed at stage II which is also the major stage for gold deposition. Mineral assemblage formed at this stage is native arsenic-stibnite-electrum-arseno- pyrite-miargyrite-freibergite-pyrrhotite-pyrite. Based on native arsenic and its coexisting minerals, the temperature (230 to 170℃), oxygen fugacity (logfO₂ = −42―−56.5) and sulfur fugacity (logf S₂ = −13.3― −16.6) of stage II are estimated. From stage I to stage II, the temperature, sulfur fugacity and S²⁻ con-centration of hydrothermal fluid decrease obviously, whereas the As concentration increases. Coexis-tence with native arsenic of electrum and its contents of 0.5 wt%―1.3 wt% As suggest that As is im-portant to transport Au when S²⁻ concentration decrease in hydrothermal fluid. Crystallization of native arsenic induced the deposition of electrum and consequently the formation of the Baogutu gold deposit.     

土壤加砷对大豆叶绿素、脯氨酸和过氧化氢酶活性的影响

为了认识土壤砷污染对大豆生理指标的影响,设置土壤加砷0、5、10、30、50和100mg kg-1共6个水平的盆栽大豆试验,测定大豆生长期间叶片的叶绿素、脯氨酸含量和过氧化氢酶活性等生理指标.结果表明,土壤砷污染影响大豆的叶绿素、脯氨酸、过氧化氢酶等生理指标.土壤加砷对大豆叶绿素的影响随生长期而不同,在结荚期,土壤加砷对叶绿素含量的影响不显著,但是高砷水平降低了叶绿素a与b的比值;在鼓粒期,高砷水平增加了大豆的叶绿素含量,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和叶绿素总量的最大增加率分别达119.8%、111.0%、105.6%和117.2%.在大豆结荚期,土壤加砷30～100mg kg-1使大豆脯氨酸的含量降低了23.4%～31.4%,而所有加砷处理的过氧化氢酶活性都显著低于对照,土壤加砷使大豆过氧化氢酶活性降低了10.7%～46.6%.总之,土壤砷污染会通过影响叶绿素的构成和含量改变大豆光合作用、降低大豆抗逆性和破坏大豆抗氧化系统来妨碍大豆的生长.     

Hydroxyl in continental deep subduction zone: Evidence from UHP eclogites of the Dabie Mountains

Infrared spectra in the region of 3 000 to 4 000 cm⁻¹ have been measured by an FTIR spectrometer on minerals in UHP eclogites from the Bixiling and Shuanghe areas, the Dabie Mountains. It is shown that omphacite is the most important hydrous mineral (100–200 μg/g) in UHP eclogites. Garnet and quartz contain virtually no H₂O or OH. Accessory mineral rutile contains a significant amount of OH (>1 000 μg/g). Coesite gives no indication of the presence of OH but apparent H₂O bands. The results have considerable implications for existing forms and contents of hydroxyl in the continental deep subduction zone, the eastern Dabie Mountains.     

温度和光照对克氏原螯虾生物钟基因PcClk与PcCry1表达的影响

生物钟基因clock(Clk)和cryptochrome(Cry)参与生物内在节律调控。克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarbii)是我国重要的水产养殖经济虾类,为探究温度、光照对克氏原螯虾生长及其生物钟基因PcClk与PcCry1节律振荡表达的影响,采用实时定量PCR技术探讨克氏原螯虾PcClk和PcCry1基因在脑、眼柄和肝胰腺组织中的mRNA表达模式,并探讨PcClk和PcCry1基因在温度和光照周期适应过程中是否发生适应性进化。荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,克氏原螯虾的PcClk基因和PcCry1基因在脑、眼柄和肝胰腺中均有表达。在不同光照周期培养下,PcClk基因和PcCry1基因在脑、眼柄中的mRNA表达有一定的振荡节律,在25℃、12 LD的培养模式下,脑中PcClk基因和PcCry1基因mRNA表达的节律性会更明显。选择压力分析显示,经PAML和Datamonkey共同筛选出的PcCLK正选择位点为71与213,PcCRY1正选择位点为63。以上结果表明,克氏原螯虾生物钟基因PcClk和PcCry1受到了选择压力,克氏原螯虾PcClk基因和PcCry1基因是内源性的节律基因。     

Efficient transformation and expression of gfp gene in the edible mushroom Pleurotus nebrodensis

An efficient transformation method mediated by PEG-protoplasts was developed for the newly commercial edible mushroom Pleurotus nebrodensis. Two plasmids were used to co-transform protoplasts of P. nebrodensis. One plasmid is pAN7-1 containing a positive selectable marker gene hph conferring hygromycin B resistance. Another plasmid is pBlue-GFP containing a reporter gene gfp conferring green fluorescent protein. PCR and Southern blot analysis showed that hph gene or/and gfp gene were integrated into the genome of P. nebrodensis transformants. The transformation efficiency of the positive selectable marker gene hph was 3 transformants per microgram of plasmid pAN7-1 DNA, which was about 30 times higher than that previously reported in thoroughly studied Pleurotus species such as Pleurotus ostreatus. The transformation efficiency of the reporter gene gfp was 9 transformants per microgram of plasmid pBlu-GFP DNA. The co-transformation efficiency was 23.68%. This is the first report that a ＂reporter＂ gene, green fluorescent protein gene can be successfully stably exoressed in this Pleurotus species.     

水稻白叶枯病菌1个毒性相关基因的鉴定

我们曾报道了来自水稻白叶枯病菌真基文库的重级质粒ｐＧＸＮ３０００中含有一个能互补甘蓝黑腐病菌ｒｐｆＧ致病因子调控基因突变全的基因，并通过转座子诱变获得子转座子插在ｐＧＸＮ３０００中的这一基因的转座子插重组质粒，本研究利用这些转座子插入重组质粒，通过标记置换方法构建了不稻白叶枯病菌这一基因的突变菌株，植株试验结果表明，突变株虽然在水稻中仍能正常生长繁殖，但毒性严重降低，说明水稻白叶枯病菌的这一基因在     

基于SSR的广西同色兜兰和带叶兜兰遗传多样性分析

评估四季开花型同色兜兰（Paphiopedilum concolor）和春季开花型带叶兜兰（P.hirsutissimum）的遗传多样性和种群结构,探究不同开花习性兜兰属物种间的遗传分化,为兜兰的可持续利用和野生资源保护提供理论依据。本研究利用10个多态性EST-SSR位点对12个同色兜兰和带叶兜兰种群的231个个体分型,开展遗传多样性、瓶颈效应、系统发育、遗传结构、遗传分化、距离隔离和环境隔离分析。结果表明,同色兜兰种群的大多数遗传多样性指标都显著（P<0.05）低于带叶兜兰;分子方差分析（AMOVA）结果显示,两者来自种群间的变异都较少,且带叶兜兰来自个体内的遗传变异高于同色兜兰。在同色兜兰的两个种群中检测到显著（P<0.05）瓶颈效应,而在带叶兜兰全部种群中均未检测到。群体水平的非加权平均（UPGMA）树和个体水平的邻接（NJ）树均显示同色兜兰和带叶兜兰间系统发育关系相对较近,并各自聚为一支。主坐标分析（PCoA）和Structure分析结果均支持系统发育分析结果。此外,遗传分化系数（F_ST）证实两个物种间的种群分化已达到较高水平。狭窄的自然分布和过去的种群瓶颈可能导致了同色兜兰的部分遗传多样性丧失。地理隔离是驱动同色兜兰和带叶兜兰种群遗传分化的主要因素,而环境隔离的作用较小。     

绿色木霉葡聚糖内切酶cDNA基因的克隆及其在酿酒酵母中的表达

用L-山梨糖诱导绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)AS3.3711纤维素酶基因的转录,提取其总RNA反转录获得cDNA。PCR扩增葡聚糖内切酶(EG)和葡聚糖内切酶(EG)的cDNA基因,将其克隆到酵母载体中,构建产生纤维素酶的酿酒酵母工程菌。重组菌株能够识别EG和EG自身携带的信号肽而将表达产物分泌到胞外,故可采用刚果红平板染色法筛选具有羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)活性的重组转化子。重组菌株表达的EG酶活在诱导70h时达到最高(为0.08U/ml),表达的EG酶活在诱导60h时达到最高(为0.03U/ml)。     

5种药剂对银杏叶枯病菌的室内抑菌试验

在实验室中,用含药培养基法,抑菌圈法和孢子萌发法观测杀菌剂加瑞农,甲基托布津,多菌灵,可杀得,扑海因对银杏叶枯病的3种主要病原菌：细交链孢菌（Alternaria tenuis Ness),盘毛毛菌（Pestalotia ginkgo Hori),炭疽菌[Collelotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz)Sacc]的抑菌作用,结果表明,扑海因对细交链孢菌和盘多毛孢菌的菌落生长和孢子萌都有较强的抑制效果,对炭疽菌也有一定的抑制作用,甲基托布津和多菌灵对炭疽菌的抑制效果最好。     

Identification of a novel tillering dwarf mutant and fine mapping of the TDDL（T） gene in rice （Oryza sativa L.）

Rice plant architecture is an important agronomic trait that affects the grain yield. To understand the molecular mechanism that controls plant architecture, a tillering dwarf mutant with darker-green leaves derived from an indica cultivar IR64 treated with EMS is characterized. The mutant, designated as tddl（t）, is nonallelic to the known tiilering dwarf mutants. It is controlled by one recessive nuclear gene, TDDL（T）, and grouped into the dn-type dwarfism according to Takeda＇s definition. The dwarfism of the mutant is independent of gibberellic acid based on the analyses of two GA-mediated processes. The independence of brassinosteroid （BR） and naphthal-3-acetic acid （NAA） of the tddl（t） mutant, together with the decreased size of parenchyma cells in the vascular bundle, indicates that the TDDL（7） gene might participate in another hormone pathway. TDDL（T） is fine mapped within an 85.51 kb region on the long arm of rice chromosome 4, where 20 ORFs are predicted by RiceGAAS （http：//ricegaas.dna.affrc. go.jp/rgadb/）. Further cloning of TDDL（T） will benefit both marker assisted selection （MAS） of plant architecture and dissection of the molecular mechanism underlying tillering dwarf in rice.     

广西存在安布闭壳龟的初步查考

作者于１９９１年在１９９２年两次带着安布闭壳龟的活动标本，深入上思县思阳镇，钦州市大直镇等地进行了野外调查和访问，获得安布闭壳龟的幼体背甲标本２个，一背甲标本１个。在调查中虽没获得活体标本，但两次调查所得资料表明广西的十万大山很可能生存有安布闭壳龟。