Thermon gas as the thermal energy carrier in gas and metals

The thermon gas may be seen as the main thermal-energy carrier in heat conduction. Consider phonons, which are defined as the energy quanta for quantized lattice vibrationss, and the phonon gas, which consists of a large number of randomly moving phonons. In the same way, a thermon in gas and metal is defined as the equivalent mass of thermal energy of a gas molecule or an electron, respectively, and the thermon gas consists of a large number of randomly moving thermons. Like the phonon and the photon, the rest mass of a thermon is zero. Because the mass of a moving thermon changes continuously, the thermon may be regarded as a nonquantized quasiparticle. Thus, heat flux can be seen as the directional flow of the thermon gas due to a given temperature gradient. The thermon mass is m_h=E/c², where E is the thermal energy and c is the speed of light, and the thermon gas is actually a compressible gas flow with real mass. According to the principle of aerodynamics, the state equations of a thermon gas in either gas or metal are obtained by different statistical functions. Furthermore, Newtonian mechanics may be applied to obtain the momentum-conservation equation of a thermon gas, which is actually the general heat-conduction law, and which reduces to Fourier’s law when thermal inertia is negligible. The general heat-conduction law is a damped wave equation that can be used to quantitatively investigate thermal wave phenomena caused by heating of thin metal films by ultrafast laser pulses. The numerical solution of the general heat-conduction law is obtained using a finite-difference method with double precision, and the results show that the thermal wave increases as the spatial inertia of the thermon gas increases.     

热带岛礁型海洋牧场中珊瑚礁生境与资源的修复

我国南海的离岸岛礁以珊瑚礁生境为主。珊瑚礁在提升海洋生态资源和维护我国海洋国土权益上发挥了至关重要的作用。近年来,在全球气候变化以及人类活动的影响下,南海珊瑚礁生境和资源严重退化,威胁着渔业资源、海洋环境以及国土安全。现代化的海洋牧场被认为是实现南海资源可持续发展战略的新型海洋生物资源开发模式。珊瑚礁生境与资源的修复则是热带岛礁型海洋牧场建设的基础和关键。基于此,本文整理了珊瑚礁生境与资源修复的技术方法,详细介绍了珊瑚礁生境构建框架生物造礁石珊瑚的有性繁殖、断枝培育、底播移植等技术方法以及珊瑚礁其他特色生物资源人工放流技术,并提出了在珊瑚礁生境与资源修复中所面临的问题及相应对策。     

Coral reef ecosystems in the South China Sea as a source of atmospheric CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> in summer

Field measurements of air-sea CO2 exchange in three coral reef areas of the South China Sea (i.e. the Yongshu Reef atoll of the Nansha Islands, southern South China Sea (SCS); Yongxing Island of Xisha Islands, north-central SCS; and Luhuitou Fringing Reef in Sanya of Hainan Island, northern SCS) during the summers of 2008 and 2009 revealed that both air and surface seawater partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) showed regular diurnal cycles. Minimum values occurred in the evening and maximum values in the morning. Air pCO2 in each of the three study areas showed small diurnal variations, while large diurnal variations were ob-served in seawater pCO2. The diurnal variation amplitude of seawater pCO2 was ~70 μmol mol–1 at the Yongshu Reef lagoon, 420–619 μmol mol–1 on the Yongxing Island reef flat, and 264–579 μmol mol–1 on the reef flat of the Luhuitou Fringing Reef, and 324–492 μmol mol–1 in an adjacent area just outside of this fringing reef. With respect to spatial relations, there were large differences in air-sea CO2 flux across the South China Sea (e.g. ~0.4 mmol CO2 m–2 d–1 at Yongshu Reef, ~4.7 mmol CO2 m–2 d–1 at Yongxing Island, and ~9.8 mmol CO2 m–2 d–1 at Luhuitou Fringing Reef). However, these positive values suggest that coral reef ecosystems of the SCS may be a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere. Additional analyses indicated that diurnal variations of surface seawater pCO2 in the shallow water reef flat are controlled mainly by biological metabolic processes, while those of deeper water lagoons and outer reef areas are regulated by both biological metabolism and hydrodynamic factors. Unlike the open ocean, inorganic metabolism plays a significant role in influencing seawater pCO2 variations in coral reef ecosystems.     

粒子滤波在单载波频域均衡系统中的应用

为了提高通信系统性能,采用粒子滤波方法对单载波频域均衡系统（SC-FDE）进行信道估计.文中阐述了单载波频域均衡系统及粒子滤波原理.在此基础之上,将粒子滤波的方法应用到单载波频域均衡系统的信道估计中去,并且给出应用步骤.由于该方法不用添加训练序列,因此提高了传输效率,降低了系统开销.最后,将粒子滤波方法和已有信道估计方法进行仿真对比,验证提出算法的优越性.     

生物多样性与生态系统功能:内涵与外延

从不同层次探讨了生物多样性和生态系统功能的内涵与外延，在此基础上提出了进行生物多样性和生态系统功能研究的启示．     

能带结构与方势阱参数的关系

要了解无缺陷立方晶体材料能带结构的主要特征,可将电子在晶体中的运动简化成单电子在一维周期方势阱中的运动.依据能量本征方程,导出周期势场能带结构超越代数方程,编程求解能带方程,发现周期势场参数(势阱宽度和深度、势垒宽度)对周期方势阱中电子运动能带结构(允许能带总数、每个能带宽度)的影响.     

An analysis of the spatial and temporal changes in Chinese terrestrial ecosystem service functions

Since Westman(1977) and Ehrlich(1982) put forward the concepts of "the service of nature" and "ecosystem service functions",respectively,methods for conducting value accounting for them,and their practical application have become the subjects of intense study.Based on an overview of available research findings,we discuss three scientific hypotheses.First,the terrestrial ecosystem offers both positive and negative service functions.Second,changes in terrestrial ecosystem service functions lie not only in the number of ecosystem types and the coverage area of each type,but also in their quality.Third,the value of terrestrial ecosystem service functions should be assessed both in terms of the value stocked and the value added.We collected land use data from China during the period 1999-2008,and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data based on remote sensing images from the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies for the same period.We then calculated and analyzed spatial and temporal changes in China’s terrestrial ecosystem service values over the 10-year period.Considering temporal change,the total value(stocked) of China’s terrestrial ecosystem service functions decreased from 6.82 trillion Yuan RMB in 1999 to 6.57 trillion Yuan RMB in 2008.During that period,the positive value decreased by 240.17 billion Yuan RMB and the negative value increased by 8.85 billion Yuan RMB.The decrease in total value lies mainly in the humidity control,soil formation,and waste recycling functions.The total value(added) of China’s terrestrial ecosystem service functions increased by 4.31 billion Yuan RMB in 2000,but decreased by 0.13 billion Yuan RMB in 2008(based on the constant price of China in 1999).The value(added) was a negative figure.From the perspective of spatial change,we can see that the supply of China’s terrestrial ecosystem service functions fell slightly over the past 10 years,mainly in Northeast and Southern China.As a result of human activities on ecosystems,the loss of ecosystem service functions’ value was relatively prominent in Shanxi and Gansu provinces,compared with an increase in value in Shaanxi Province.Terrestrial ecosystem service functions’ value per unit area was relatively high in mid-and East China,showing a prominent spatial change over the 10-year period,but low in Western China.Some conclusions are drawn after an in-depth analysis of the factors causing the spatial and temporal changes in China’s terrestrial ecosystem service functions,in the hope that our suggestions will be helpful for the management of China’s terrestrial ecosystems.     

Vegetation Restoration Technique System and Its Ecological Functions of the Degraded Ecosystem in the Arid-Hot Valleys —— Taking the Example of Typical Mode in Small Watershed of Yuanmou

This paper concluded the vegetation restoration technique system in the arid-hot valleys and studied the anti-erosion function, environmental function and biological diversity effects of vegetation restoration on the ecosystem in the arid-hot valleys. The results showed that the soil erodibility decreased significantly after the vegetation restoration. The climate environment of the small watershed had a great improvement after the vegetation restoration, of which the temperature decreased, the humidity increased, the harsh environment of dry and hot in this region changed. The studies of the ecosystem biodiversity were mainly on the analysis of the relations between biodiversity and ecological function of the artificial ecological forest pattern and the natural enclosed treatment mode on the severely of degraded land. It could conclude that the natural enclosed treatment mode is helpful to the biodiversity of the ecosystem and the improvement and stability of the ecosystem, and Leucaena artificial forest restoration pattern reduced the species diversity but optimized the ecological function. Therefore, as to the severely and extremely severely degraded ecosystem in the arid-hot valleys, Leucaena pattern of gully control and natural enclosed treatment mode are the relatively optimal choices.     

烧结矿应用于化学链燃烧的反应特性

本文通过热重实验研究了烧结矿作为载氧体的H2还原反应特性,将其与通过溶解法制备的Fe2 O3/Al2 O3载氧体进行了氧化还原反应性比较,在500~1250℃范围内研究了温度对于烧结矿还原反应过程的影响,在950℃下进行了30次循环反应实验,采用四种模型进行了反应动力学分析.结果表明,烧结矿的H2还原转化率大于80%,可以完全再氧化,并具有良好的循环反应性能.在500~950℃范围内,随温度升高还原反应速率及最终转化率都显著增加;而当温度高于1100℃时,在反应后期还原反应速率和最终转化率有下降的趋势.在500~950℃范围内,对烧结矿的还原过程第一反应阶段( Fe2 O3-Fe3 O4/FeO,还原转化率<25%)可采用二阶反应模型( M2)拟合,得到表观活化能为E=36.018 kJ·mol-1,指前因子为A0=1.053×10-2 s-1;第二反应阶段(Fe3O4/FeO-Fe,还原转化率>25%)采用收缩核模型(M4)拟合,得到的表观活化能为E=51.176 kJ·mol-1,指前因子为A0=1.066×10-2 s-1.     

黔南石炭纪珊瑚礁与南海现代珊瑚礁的对比研究

根据沉积环境和珊瑚礁的特征,分别对两种礁体进行了沉积相带的划分和建造过程的对比研究.分析表明:扁平村珊瑚礁中充填了大量的蜓、海百合茎和腕足碎屑等附礁生物组分,而现在珊瑚礁中的充填物大都以珊瑚碎屑为主;两种礁体虽形成于不同的时代,但具有类似的沉积相带分布和礁体形成过程,这与礁群落的盛衰状况密不可分.与晚石炭世的四射珊瑚相比,现代六射珊瑚对环境的适应能力更强,现代珊瑚礁的形成过程也更加曲折.     

微电流对大鹏湾造礁石珊瑚种苗存活率及生长状况的影响

为研究造礁石珊瑚种苗在微电流作用下的存活和生长状况,以深圳市大鹏半岛大鹏湾霜鹿角珊瑚(Acropora pruinosa)、澄黄滨珊瑚(Porites lutea)、盾形陀螺珊瑚(Turbinaria peltata)、十字牡丹珊瑚(Pavona decussata)、膨胀蔷薇珊瑚(Montipora turgescens)为研究对象,在300 d的实验周期内,将电压为6、12、18 V的微电流分别作用于造礁石珊瑚种苗,分析比较不同电压微电流作用下各种造礁石珊瑚种苗的存活率及生长情况。在实验期间海水中pH值、溶解氧和营养盐的变化范围不大,微电流作用后,珊瑚脱落率由3.33%-6.67%降低到0.00%-5.00%,其中澄黄滨珊瑚6、12 V电压实验组的珊瑚脱落率降至0;珊瑚种苗存活率由91.67%-93.33%提升到93.33%-98.33%。不同种类的造礁石珊瑚生长率和生长速度受微电流促进效果不同,霜鹿角珊瑚的生长率最高,十字牡丹珊瑚的生长率最低;当电压为12 V时,微电流对霜鹿角珊瑚、十字牡丹珊瑚、澄黄滨珊瑚、膨胀蔷薇珊瑚、盾形陀螺珊瑚的存活状况和生长速度影响效果最佳。微电流通过促进造礁石珊瑚组织的延伸,降低了造礁石珊瑚种苗培育过程中的脱落率,并提高了造礁石珊瑚种苗的存活率和生长速度。     

LiH基态分子(X1∑+)的结构与势能函数

采用量子力学从头算方法,分别运用二次组态相互作用QC ISD(T)/6-311++G(3df,2pd)方法和电子相关单双耦合簇CCSD(T)/6-311++G**研究了氢化锂(L iH)分子基态的结构与势能函数,计算其光谱数据(ωe、ωeeχ、Be、αe、De),结果与实验光谱数据吻合较好。表明L iH分子基态的势能函数可用经修正的Murrell-Sorb ie+c6函数来表示。     

厌氧陶粒附着膜膨胀床启动及运行实验研究

采用载体吸附法的固定化方式培养了高活性的厌氧生物膜颗粒,并研究了反应器的启动运行、工艺特性及污泥特性等规律,探索用生物膜颗粒取代厌氧颗粒污泥的可行性,以缓解国内颗粒污泥供应不足的问题.实验装置采用厌氧附着膜膨胀床,投加人工配水,裸载体为陶粒(湿视密度1310kg·m-3,平均粒径0.32mm).实验分初次启动、二次启动及稳定运行两个阶段进行,反应器仅需24 d就可完成启动,COD容积负荷最高达到18kg·m-3·d-1,相应的COD去除率在70%～80%之间.     

Moist convection as an energy source for the large-scale motions in Jupiter's atmosphere. Galileo Imaging Team

Jupiter's dominant large-scale weather patterns (dimensions approximately 10,000 km) are zonal jets and long-lived ovals. The jets have been flowing east and west at constant speeds of up to 180 m s(-1) for over 100 years. These jets receive energy from small-scale eddies, which pump eastward momentum into the eastward jets and westward momentum into the westward jets. This momentum transfer was predicted by numerical models before it was observed on Jupiter. The large ovals roll between the jets in an anticyclonic direction-clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere--where they regularly assimilate small anticyclonic eddies. But from where the eddies receive their energy has been an open question. Here we argue that the eddies, which ultimately drive both the jets and the ovals, receive their energy from moist convection. This hypothesis is consistent with observations of jovian lightning, which is an indicator of moist convection. It also explains the anticyclonic rotation and poleward drift of the eddies, and suggests patterns of upwelling and downwelling that resemble the patterns of large-scale axisymmetric overturning in the Earth's atmosphere.     

Expression of an insulin-regulatable glucose carrier in muscle and fat endothelial cells

Insulin rapidly stimulates glucose use in the major target tissues, muscle and fat, by modulating a tissue-specific glucose transporter isoform. Access of glucose to the target tissue is restricted by endothelial cells which line the walls of nonfenestrated capillaries of fat and muscle. Thus, we examined whether the capillary endothelial cells are actively involved in the modulation of glucose availability by these tissues. We report here the abundant expression of the muscle/fat glucose transporter isoform in endothelial cells, using an immunocytochemical analysis with a monoclonal antibody specific for this isoform. This expression is restricted to endothelial cells from the major insulin target tissues, and it is not detected in brain and liver where insulin does not activate glucose transport. The expression of the muscle/fat transporter isoform in endothelial cells is significantly greater than in the neighbouring muscle and fat cells. Following administration of insulin to animals in vivo, there occurs a rapid increase in the number of muscle/fat transporters present in the lumenal plasma membrane of the capillary endothelial cells. These results document that insulin promotes the translocation of the muscle/fat glucose transporter in endothelial cells. It is therefore likely that endothelial cells play an important role in the regulation of glucose use by the major insulin target tissues in normal and diseased states.     

CH2(X3B1)和C2H(X2∑+g)分子的结构与解析势能函数

运用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法在6-311 G**水平上,对基态CH2、C2H分子的结构进行了优化计算,得到CH2分子的稳定结构为C2υ构型,电子态为X3B1,平衡核间距RCH＝0.1079 nm、离解能De＝8.037 eV;C2H分子的稳定结构为C∞υ构型,电子态为X2∑g ,平衡核间距RCH＝0.1059 nm、R∞＝0.1211 nm、离解能De＝12.05 eV,用多体项展式理论推导了基态CH2和C2分子的解析势能函数,其等值势能图准确再现了基态CH2和C2H分子的结构特征及其势阱深度与位置.     

苏丹港地区珊瑚礁回填料的加固效果检测分析

以苏丹港新集装箱码头后方堆场地基处理工程作为依托,设立了珊瑚礁回填料地基加固试验区,通过现场检测地基加固前后的物理力学指标,分析振冲碾压和强夯两种加固方法对珊瑚礁回填料的加固效果.从现场试验情况可以得出,珊瑚礁作为堆场回填料,在采用振冲碾压和强夯两种方法时都能够使地基回弹模量值大幅提高,加固后回弹模量、CBR值、SPT击数,500kJ强夯法加固效果均略优于振动碾压.     

能源强国背景下的一流能源学科建设

能源作为经济社会高质量发展和国家安全保障的基石,其开发利用需深度融合新一轮科学技术成果,以优势能源学科为纽带,赋能能源高效绿色开发与清洁高效利用。分析了能源生产消费结构、能源学科发展状况、学科发展面临的挑战,结合未来能源发展,提出创建一流能源学科构想。以"创新驱动发展"为遵循,从统筹发挥政府引导性作用、学科内涵式建设、联动市场资源配置作用方面提出了能源学科建设的对策建议。     

邛崃波尔山羊场牧业生态系统能流物流的研究

运用生态学的系统分析方法，以邓崃波尔山羊场牧业生态系统为研究对象，对其能流、物流以及能量和物质的转化效率和经济效益进行了研究．结果表明，该牧业生态系统以畜产品及畜体输出的能量和粗蛋白质分别占相应总输出的31．07％和31．77％，家畜能量和粗蛋白质的转化效率分别为16．560／o和17．81％，产值盈利率为36．42％，其中羊高达52．26％．该系统是一个值得推广的牧业生态系统．