六种鱼巴亚科鱼类线粒体细胞色素b基因序列分析

测定了鱼巴亚科云南光唇鱼(Acrossocheilus yunnanensis)、宽头四须鱼巴(Barbodes laticeps)、抚仙金线鱼巴(Sinocyclocheilus tingi)和滇池金线鱼巴(Sinocyclocheilus grahami)4种鱼类线粒体细胞色素b基因DNA序列402bp,结合已知的云南倒刺鱼巴(Spinibarb denticulatus yunnanensis)和细尾长臀鱼巴(Mystacoleucus lepturus)的同源序列,组成1个6种代表鱼巴亚科5属鱼类的数据集.选用已知的云南鲴(Xenocypris yunnanensis)作为外群,采用邻接法、最大简约法和最大似然法构建了分子系统树.结果显示:倒刺鱼巴属(Spinibarbus)和光唇鱼属(Acrossocheilus)有较近的亲缘关系,四须鱼巴属(Barbodes)和长臀鱼巴属(Mystacoleucus)有较近的亲缘关系,而金线鱼巴属(Sinocyclocheilus)和它们的关系不能确定.上述结果与它们的地理分布基本吻合.       

基于12S rDNA和16S rDNA部分序列对澜沧江流域景洪段5种鲃亚科(Barbinae)鱼类的进化地位研究

通过PCR扩增了澜沧江流域景洪段鲃亚科(Barbinae)短吻鱼(Sikukia gudgeri)、黄尾短吻鱼(S.flavicaudata)、中国结鱼(Tor sinensis)、云南四须鲃(Barbodes huangchuchieni)和长臀鲃(Mystacoleucus marginatus)共5种鱼的线粒体12S rDNA和16S rDNA部分片段,并进行了序列测定,基于12S rDNA和16S rDNA重建NJ系统发育树,结果表明:中国结鱼与野鲮亚科(Labeoninae)亲缘关系较近;云南四须鲃与短吻鱼和黄尾短吻鱼有较近的亲缘关系,长臀鲃次之.基于12S rDNA和16S rDNA序列的遗传学特征佐证了鲃亚科不是一个单系群,四须鲃属(Barbodes)为鲃亚科鱼类进化最原始的属这一观点有待商榷.     

云南鲤科鱼类二新种记述

 描记采于云南东部的鲤科鱼类二新种,命名为罗平金线鱼巴Sinocyclocheilus luopingensis Li et Tao,sp.nov.和长鳍直口鲮Rectoris longifinus Li Mao et Lu,sp.nov.,前者头的背面下凹,但不呈鸭嘴形,鼻孔也开始前移到吻端,侧线鳞51,体鳞大,胸鳍长,后伸接近腹鳍起点等综合特征区别于该属所有已知种;后者各鳍较长,背鳍最长鳍条大于头长,后压达臀鳍基中部上方,胸鳍后伸达腹鳍,腹鳍后伸达臀鳍起点,臀鳍后伸达尾鳍基,体侧无一条黑色带伸达尾鳍基,可明显区别于直口鲮Rectoris posehensis Lin.     

柴达木盆地渐新世鲃亚科化石新发现

该研究在柴达木盆地西北缘渐新世新发现了一件保存较完整的鲤科鲃亚科鱼类化石,化石体长194 mm,出露部分长211 mm,体延长,稍侧扁,咽骨细长,呈镰状弯曲;咽齿3行,圆柱状,末端尖且稍弯曲。新材料的体型、咽骨形态及咽齿齿式与光唇鱼属、圆唇鱼属和四须鲃属3属特征相近,仅在体长与头长的比值上有一定区别。通过特征比较发现,柴达木盆地西北缘渐新世新发现的鲃亚科鱼类与光唇鱼属、圆唇鱼属和四须鲃属有一定的亲缘关系。鲃亚科化石在研究区属首次发现,且是青藏高原地区首次发现的较为完整的渐新世鲃亚科化石。根据现生鲃亚科的栖息环境推测,研究区当时应为淡水湖泊环境,海拔高度在1 250~2 500 m。     

银杏叶提取物微生物转化的研究 Ⅰ.转化菌株鉴定及转化特性的初步研究

 从银杏(Ginkgo biloba)叶提取物的微生物转化试验中,获得1株能够转化银杏叶提取物组分,编号为YM34161的微生物菌株．通过对该菌的形态特征观察及ITS(internal transcribed spacer)序列分析,确定该菌株为小刺青霉的1个新变种,命名为小刺青霉云南变种(Penicillium spinulosum var．yunnanensis n．var．Xing etCben)．同时对菌株YM34161转化银杏叶提取物组分前后变化进行了TLC对比．     

中国金线(鱼巴)属鱼类二新种记述

描记采于云南省乌蒙山主峰地区的寻甸三起三落龙潭、沾益县德泽乡、宣威县西泽乡,以及云南省石林县圭山乡的金线(鱼巴)属鱼类2新种,依照采集地山脉名称分别命名为乌蒙山金线(鱼巴)Sinocyclocheilus wumengshanensis Li Mao et Lu Sp.nov和圭山金线Sinocyclocheilus guishanensis Li sp nov.新种前者与分布在贵州惠水的多斑金线(鱼巴)S.multipunctalus(Pellegrin)(1931)相近,但新种口须特别长,颌须后伸超过鳃盖后缘达胸鳍基,背鳍刺强硬,后缘有锯凿可区别,2种间分子遗传距离为(12.6～13.4)%,表明是2个亲缘关系较远的独立种;新种后者与相邻分布于泸西阿庐古洞的狭孔金线(鱼巴)S.angustiporus Zheng et Xie(1985)相近,但新种体鳞排列规则,口须长可区别,2种的分子遗传距离为4.4%,超过公认的同属鱼种间分子遗传距离的低限1.4%,亦表明是2个独立种.     

广东石豆兰及其易混伪品的营养成分分析与评价

为探究广东石豆兰(Bulbophyllum kwangtungense)、密花石豆兰(B.odoratissimum)和云南石仙桃(Pholidota yunnanensis)的营养成分差异,为植物资源的开发利用提供理论依据,本研究以3种兰科植物的全株为材料,按照国家标准中的检测方法对其主要营养成分、活性物质及矿物质元素进行测定,并通过氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)对其氨基酸营养价值进行评价。结果表明,广东石豆兰中粗蛋白、灰分、总糖、硒、钙的含量与密花石豆兰及云南石仙桃无显著差异(P＞0.05),而维生素E、钾含量显著高于密花石豆兰及云南石仙桃(P＜0.05)。广东石豆兰和密花石豆兰中茶多酚、镁含量显著高于云南石仙桃(P＜0.05);广东石豆兰和云南石仙桃中氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸、药效氨基酸和总黄酮含量显著高于密花石豆兰,而粗脂肪含量显著低于密花石豆兰(P＜0.05)。密花石豆兰和云南石仙桃作为广东石豆兰的易混伪品,在预防高血压和心血管疾病以及抗肿瘤活性、抗宫颈癌、延缓衰老、增强活力等营养保健功效上,密花石豆兰及云南石仙桃都不能完全替代广东石豆兰。     

贵州洞穴金线鱼巴一新种及其性状的适应性

描记采于贵州省荔波县一洞穴的金线鱼巴属一新种，以其口须特别长而粗命名巨须金线Sinocyclocheilus hugeibarbus Li,Ran et Chen sp.nov.该种头后急剧隆起，外形与广西东兰的高肩金线鱼巴S.altishouderus Li et Lan(1992)相似，但新种侧线鳞多（66(28～31)/(14～16-V)71∶54(14～17)/(9～11-V)58）；口须粗长，颌须后伸达胸鳍基，体如鲂形，体长为体高的2.58～2.72（2.64）倍.可明显区别于高肩金线鱼巴S.altishouderus Li et Lan(1992).     

16SrRNA基因序列变异和中国野鲮亚科鱼类单系性研究

形态和分子系统学的研究结果均表明,鲤科中的鲃系是一个单系类群,由鲃亚科、鲤亚科、裂腹鱼亚科和野鲮亚科组成,但它们各自的单系性及相互关系还没有系统发育证据.采用PCR方法获得了27种鱼类的16S rRNA基因序列,其中包括18种野鲮亚科鱼类,代表了中国野鲮亚科13个属.应用邻接法、最大简约法、最大似然法和Bayesian法分别构建其分支系统图.结果表明,野鲮亚科鱼类形成了一个单系类群,并且包括两个主要分支类群:其中一支包含鲮属、缨鱼属和墨头鱼属;另一个支系包括野鲮属、拟缨鱼属、异华鲮属、卷口鱼属、唇鲮鱼属、泉水鱼属、直口鲮属、盘鮈属、纹唇鱼属和华鲮属.分子系统学的研究表明,传统分类学中使用的一些形态特征,如口唇及其相关结构等,可能是趋同进化的结果,并不完全与其系统发育进化相一致.     

云南西部地区的捕食线虫真菌

 用诱饵平板法从云南西部海拔740～4200m地区的707份土样中共检测到捕食线虫真菌4个属,42种,其中未描述种1个(中甸隔指孢Dactylella zhongdianensis),新记录种2个:异形梗虫霉(Stylopage anomala)、原生单顶孢(Monacrosporium inquisitor).对土样的地理位置、海拔、生境类型的分析结果表明:少孢节丛孢(Arthrobotrys oligospora)是云南西部地区的优势种;在海拔1600～2500m的低山地带和亚热带低山长绿阔叶林中的捕食线虫真菌最为丰富.     

陕西鲃亚科鱼类咽骨咽齿的研究

本文根据历年来所收集的鲃亚科鱼类标本共3属3种,将其咽骨咽齿的形态作了详细的比较和描述,阐明其异同,可供研究鲤科鱼类分类和系统发育作参考。     

浙江鲤科鱼类咽骨咽齿的研究I

本文根据历年来所收集的鲃亚科鱼类标本,研究其咽骨咽齿的形态,阐明其异同,可供研究鲤科鱼类分类的参考.     

Molecular identification and phylosenetic position of Cuora yunnanensis

The Yunnan box turtle （Cuora yunnanensis, Boulenger, 1906）, which has drawn much attention in conservation biology, was regarded as extinct since it was previously known only from 12 specimens collected in Yunnan, China, before 1908. Recently, live specimens have been discovered which are suggested to be C. yunnanensis. To determine whether the newly discovered specimens are really C. yunnanensis, we have established a molecular phylogeny, with a 1725-bp fragment of mitochondrial DNA, using samples from three live individuals of C. yunnanensis, together with sequence data from a museum specimen of C. yunnanensis （MNHN 1907.10） and other members of the genus Cuora. We found that the three newly discovered individuals and the old museum specimen of C. yunnanensis are very similar both in morphology and in mitochondrial DNA sequence, suggesting that the three new individuals are the very C. yunnanensis, and thus the species is not extinct. Our phylogenetic analysis also demonstrates that C. yunnanensis is not of recent hybrid origin, but rather represents a distinct evolutionary lineage.     

广东北江鲃亚科鱼类咽骨咽齿的比较研究(补遗)

本文报导自1981年以后采自北江水系的鲃亚科鱼类,计有4属4种,对其咽骨咽齿的形态作补充记述。     

Bayesian mixed models and divergence time estimation of Chinese cavefishes (Cyprinidae: Sinocyclocheilus)

The genus Sinocyclocheilus is distributed in Yun-Gui Plateau and its surrounding region only, within more than 10 cave species showing different degrees of degeneration of eyes and pigmentation with wonderful adaptations. To present, published morphological and molecular phylogenetic hypotheses of Sinocyclocheilus from prior works are very different and the relationships within the genus are still far from clear. We obtained the sequences of cytochrome b (cyt b) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) of 34 species within Sinocyclocheilus, which represent the most dense taxon sampling to date. We performed Bayesian mixed models analyses with this data set. Under this phylogenetic framework, we estimated the divergence times of recovered clades using different methods under relaxed mo-lecular clock. Our phyloegentic results supported the monophyly of Sinocyclocheilus and showed that this genus could be subdivided into 6 major clades. In addition, an earlier finding demonstrating the polyphyletic of cave species and the most basal position of S. jii was corroborated. Relaxed diver-gence-time estimation suggested that Sinocyclocheilus originated at the late Miocene, about 11 million years ago (Ma), which is older than what have been assumed.     

广东北江鲃亚科鱼类咽骨咽齿的比较研究

<正> 北江水系鲃亚科鱼类的研究已有报导,本文就其咽骨咽齿的形态作比较研究,现分述如下:鲃亚科:咽骨长宽度变异颇大,骨长为骨宽的2.0～6.0倍,体长为骨长的10.0～23.0倍。前肢与后肢约等长或前肢略短于后肢。前角圆钝,后角不显。咽齿2～3列,左右对称,内列5齿,中列2～4齿,外列2齿,内列第1齿一般较小,各齿光滑无锯齿,咀嚼面较宽。     

基于线粒体蛋白编码基因探讨飞虱科Delphacidae13属系统发育关系

飞虱科昆虫隶属于半翅目蜡蝉总科,是世界上最重要的农业害虫之一。昆虫的线粒体基因是昆虫分子与进化研究中常用且有效的分子标记。本研究基于线粒体蛋白编码基因探讨了飞虱科13属18种的系统发育关系,分别采用距离法、最大似然法和贝叶斯法构建的系统发育树得到的结论是一致的,即在飞虱科13属中,Ugyops属较为原始,处于系统树的基部,其余12个属聚为2支,Bambusiphaga属、Epeurysa属、Tropidocephala属和Saccharosydne属聚为一支,Peregrinus属、Perkinsiella属、Changeondelphax属、Chloriona属、Ishiharodelphax属、Sogatella属、Laodelphax属和Nilaparvata属聚为另一支。18种的进化地位和分类归属与传统分类结果基本一致。     

Phylogenetic investigation on five genera of tintinnid ciliates （Ciliophora, Choreotrichia）, based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences

The phylogenetic relationship among tintinnid ciliates are relatively poorly studied based on molecular data. In the present work, seven species belonging to five genera of the order Tintinnida (Amphorellopsis acuta, Codonellopsis nipponica, Favella taraikaensis, Stenosemella nivalis, Tintinnopsis beroidea, Tintinnopsis cylindrica and Tintinnopsis lohmanni) were analyzed using the information on their small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Bayesian inference (BI), maximum parsimony (MP), neighbor-joining (NJ), and least-squares (LS) methods. Generally, similar topologies were revealed with high or moderate supports, in which the main results show that (1) all tintinnids analyzed belong to a single assemblage; (2) congeners in Tintinnopsis do not cluster together, which indicates that the lorica-based definition for this genus is not consistent with the SSU rRNA phylogeny; (3) A. acuta groups with Tintinnidium mucicola but not with Eutintinnus, indicating that the traditional family Tintinnidae might be a paraphyletic group; (4) Stenosemella and Codonellopsis are clearly most related and possibly even merged into one genus regarding their similar morphology and molecular analyses, and possession of a hyaline collar is the only characteristic of the genus.