陆地棉色素腺体的表达与遗传的特殊规律

陆地棉种子及各部器官含有毒物质棉酚,这与棉株各部器官着生有色素腺体有关.研究结果表明:色素腺体在棉株各器官上的分布极具特殊性,有色素腺体棉与无色素腺体棉杂交后代,不同个体的不同器官色素腺体的分布具多样性,色素腺体的密度不均匀,色素腺体的表达时期不一致,各种色素腺体类型出现的频率无规律.色素腺体的遗传亦极具特殊性,难以用两对基因质量性状遗传或微效多基因数量性状遗传理论进行圆满解释.对如何提高无色素腺体类型或高色素腺体类型的中选率、减少误判提出了依据.     

棉花色素腺体研究进展

对棉花色素腺体的分布、发生方式、遗传学等方面的国内外研究成果进行了综述,并介绍了棉花色素腺体对植株抗性的影响及与环境因子的相互作用,指出了研究中尚待解决的一些问题．     

组织化学方法定位陆地棉色素腺体中的多酚羟基萘醌类化合物

运用组织化学方法探测陆地棉( Gossypium hirsutum L.)色素腺体内所含的主要次生代谢物质,Fast Blue BB验证了色素腺体内含有大量的多酚类物质,FeCI3检测证实色素腺体不仅是萘醌类物质的积累场所也是产生场所,醋酸铅检测证实萘醌类物质在色素腺体的分泌细胞内产生、在色素腺体的腔内积累.其中,醋酸...     

紫色甘薯色素分布的多样性

采用色价法对紫色甘薯和普通白心甘薯共14个品种(品系)的色素含量和分布进行了检测和比较.结果表明:在不同的紫色甘薯品种(品系)中,色素的分布存在明显的差异;同一品种不同器官的色素含量也不相同,块根是紫色甘薯色素积累的主要器官;色素在块根内呈不均匀分布,表现为薯皮、初生形成层和木质部薄壁组织的色素含量不同,木质部薄壁组织内存在白色斑点.紫色甘薯色素在品种(品系)间分布的多样性为开展品种鉴定和遗传育种提供了丰富的种质资源,在器官和组织上分布的多样性为探讨色素合成与调控的细胞和分子机制奠定了试材基础.     

中-日分布的槲树种群遗传多样性与遗传分化

为揭示中-日分布的槲树种群的遗传多样性以及遗传结构水平,采用12个微卫星分子标记分析了中国和日本13个槲树种群的遗传分化、遗传多样性和基因流情况.结果 表明,槲树种群在其分布范围内分化形成3个支系,即中国中东部支系、中国秦巴支系和日本支系.中国中东部支系和秦巴支系间存在着一定程度的基因流,基因流方向主要是从中国中东部支...     

森林与生物多样性——遗传多样性的保护和利用

<正>随着全球生态系统的急剧退化,生物多样性面临极大的威胁。遗传多样性的缩小和丧失,所产生的有害影响极其深远。在一个长期的林木遗传改良计划中,必须首先注意遗传多样性的保护和充分利用现有遗传资源。     

显性无腺体作标记性状在陆地棉杂种优势利用中的初步研究

选用陆地棉无腺体品系显无066 和显无077 为父本,有腺体品种中棉所12 号、苏棉9 号、泗棉3 号为母本,不去雄辅助授粉,以显性无腺体作标记,以天然异交和人工去雄授粉为对照,比较其杂种率及制种效率,并以中棉所12 号为对照,对6 个杂交组合的杂种F1 进行比较。结果表明:以显性无腺体作标记,不去雄辅助授粉平均杂种率达到51.35% ,变幅34.73% ～63.46% ,工效是人工去雄的3.5 倍。杂种F1 比较试验表明,所研究的11 个性状中有10 个性状表现中亲优势,6 个性状表现超亲优势,8 个性状表现竞争优势,其中3 个组合的单株皮棉产量竞争优势在20% 以上。     

黄檗遗传多样性研究

利用两对叶绿体非编码区基因trnH-psbA和trnT-trnL,以及核基因ITS对黄檗25个自然种群进行了遗传结构和遗传多样性分析,结果表明黄檗具有较低的遗传多样性,且无明显的亲缘地理格局,但是在不同山系单倍型的分布具有不同的特点,推测长白山区域尤其是南部地区极有可能是黄檗冰期孑遗种群所在.因此,对长白山系、辽宁大板等遗传多样性高的大种群实施就地保护策略,同时在人工育种过程中,尽可能在多个群体中取样,最大限度地保护黄檗的遗传多样性.     

思茅松种子园遗传结构及遗传多样性

采用等位酶分析的方法对思茅松种子园内收集的4个思茅松群体进行遗传分析,以此阐述了思茅松种子园的遗传结构和遗传多样性状况。9种酶16个酶位点的遗传分析结果：思茅松种子园的多态位点比例（P）为73.5%;平均每个位点的等位基因数（A）为2.42;平均每个位点的等位基因有效数（Ne）为1.54;期望杂合度（He）为0.295;实际杂合度（H0）为0.181。结果表明思茅松种子园具有较广泛的遗传基因和遗传多样性;思茅松种子园的建立是思茅松遗传改良的有效途径之一。     

显性无腺体基因在不同陆地棉遗传背景下对棉花农艺性状的影响

利用显性无腺体近等基因系研究了显性无腺体基因在３种不同陆地棉遗传背景下对棉花农艺性状的影响。结果表明：在所研究的性状上显性无腺体的作用方式相似,但遗传背景与腺体类型的互作效应在铃重、衣分、籽指、衣指、纤维伸长率上差异显著,显性无腺体基因在３种遗传背景下对产量和纤维品质无明显不良影响,但在衣分、籽指、衣指、纤维伸长率等性状上表现多效性。     

棉花腺体形成相关的miRNA差异表达研究

植物miRNAs在基因表达、生长、发育等方面有十分重要的作用．本实验以棉花显性无腺体近等基因系为材料,利用miRNA基因芯片杂交技术,分析与腺体形成相关的miRNA的差异表达．结果表明,棉花腺体形成期共有30个miRNA有差异表达,其中表达上调的miRNA有24个,分别属于miR156,miR157,miR166和miR390家族．表达下调的miRNA有6个,分别属于miR149,miR169,miR289,miR705,miR1224和miR1227家族．miRNA家族作用的靶基因分析发现主要分布在发育     

Inheritance of the delayed gland morphogenesis trait in Australian wild species ofGossypium

Five Australian wild cotton species with the delayed gland morphogenesis trait, as well as G. arboreum, G. davidsonii and four different gland genotypes of G. hirsutum, Gl₂Gl₂Gl₃Gl₃, Gl₂Gl₂gl₃gl₃, gl₂gl₂Gl₃Gl₃, and gl₂gl₂gl₃gl₃, were used in this experiment and 10 interspecific hybrids were obtained by the crossing among them. According to the gland expression on the seeds and plants of the interspecific hybrids, the inheritance of the delayed gland morphogenesis trait of Australian wild cotton species was opened out as follows: (ⅰ) the inheritance of the delayed gland morphogenesis trait was almost the same among the 5 Australian wild cotton species, and the gene or genes which controlled this trait may be located in the same loci. (ⅱ) The glandless seed trait of the Australian wild cotton species was dominant over the glanded seed trait of G. arboreum, a genome A species, and the seeds of interspecific hybrid F₁ between them were glandless. However, it was recessive over the glanded character of genome D species, G.davidsonii, and their F₁ was a typical glanded one. (ⅲ) The glandless seed trait of the Australian wild cotton species was recessive or incomplete dominant over the glanded cotton but dominant over the glandless cotton of G. hirsutum, and the glandless genes (gl₂gl₂gl₃gl₃) of upland cotton had great weakening effect on the glanded plant trait of the Australian wild cotton species on the other hand. For the two main glanded genes of upland cotton, the delayed gland morphogenesis trait of the Australian wild cotton species was dominant epistatic over glandless genes, gl₂gl₂gl₃gl₃, and one of the glanded genes, Gl₂Gl₂, but was recessive epistatic over the other glanded gene, Gl₃Gl₃. Therefore, it is much convenient to use Gl₂Gl₂gl₃gl₃ as the upland cotton parent in the interspecific hybridization and backcrossing afterward, in order to produce the upland cotton germplasm with glandless seeds and glanded plant trait.     

天然彩色棉色素的提取与光谱分析

采用溶剂提取法和硝酸/乙醇（1∶4）氧化法提取天然彩色棉纤维的色素.通过色素提取液的光谱分析得出,天然棕色棉纤维色素成分为黄酮类化合物,B环上带有邻二酚羟基;天然绿色棉纤维色素中除含有黄酮类化合物外,A、B环上都带有邻二酚羟基.     

Effects of pigment glands and gossypol on somatic cell culture of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

The effects of pigment glands and gossypol on the somatic cell culture of upland cotton were studied, using the materials as follows: three pairs of glanded and glandless upland cotton near isogenic lines, TM-1, and Coker 312. The results showed that the pigment glands and gossypol contents in the explants had great inhibiting effect on the induction and growth of callus in somatic cell culture of upland cotton, and the induction rate of callus and the single callus weight of glandless cotton were much higher than those of their glanded near isogenic lines. It was easier to obtain regeneration plants from glandless cotton than from their glanded near isogenic lines. There was a significant inverse correlation between the gossypol contents in the explants and callus induction rate, with the correlation coefficient of -0.84. The vitro gossypol in the medium had some inhibiting effect on the induction and growth of callus, especially for the glandless cotton. However, a certain concentration of vitro gossypol in the medium (0.1 mg/L) was an aid to the steadiness growth of callus in glandless cotton somatic cell culture, with a high rate of embryogenic cells which was in favor of plant regeneration, and it was also relatively easy to obtain regeneration plants when they were transferred into differentiation medium with 0.1 mg/L of vitro gossypol, even for some cultivars which are difficult in somatic cell culture. In addition, the gossypol content and its variation in the seedlings and callus during culture of Coker 312 were discussed, as well as the relationship between gossypol variation in the explants and its somatic cell culture. The probability of vitro gossypol used in cotton somatic cell culture for the improvement of somatic cell culture was suggested.     

棉花腺体形成时均一化cDNA文库的构建

为克隆筛选棉花腺体形成相关的基因,运用SMART技术构建cDNA文库.首先抽提棉花腺体形成时期的mRNA,mRNA逆转录后合成cDNA,经均一化处理后,SfiⅠ酶切,连接质粒载体,电转化,成功构建了棉花腺体形成时期的cDNA文库.经鉴定原始文库滴度为5.8×105 cfu/mL,其重组率高达94%,插入片段的平均长度约为1.4 kb.     

Breeding,introgression and inheritance of delayed gland morphogenesis trait from<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gosspium bickii</Emphasis> into upland cotton germplasm

Cotton is a valuable economic crop. The cottonseedafter ginning is made up of fuzz, kernel and hull, amongwhich kernel constitutes about 50% to the seed weight.Cottonseed kernel of G. hirsutum contains about 40% ofprotein and more than 35% of cottonseed oil, which obvi-ously is a potential rich source of high quality protein andedible oil supplement[1,2]. However, the utilization of cot-tonseed is limited by the presence of gossypol and its de-rivatives in seeds of ordinary glanded cotton cult…     

Inheritance of resistance toHelicoverpa armigera of 3 kinds of transgenicBt strains available in upland cotton in China

There are 3 kinds of transgenicBt strains, Shanxi 94-24, Zhongxin 94, and R19, in upland cotton in China. Their transgenicBt insect-resistance cultivars or hybrids have been developed and grown by farmers. Genetic studies indicate that the resistance of the 3 transgenicBt cotton strains toHelicoverpa armigera is controlled by one pair of non-allelic dominant genes. Linkage relationship between the resistant genes of R19 and Shanxi 94-24 transgenicBt strains shows that they may be inserted in the same chromosome. F₁ hybrids crossed among the 3 strains show that high levels of protection from feeding damage are the same as that of their parents. Therefore, there is no co-suppression phenomenon in many transgenic plants. The results presented here afford a fundamental reliance in developing transgenicBt insect-resistant cultivars and exploiting the heterosis of hybrids in upland cotton.     

天然彩色棉色素成分的研究

采用溶剂的方法提取彩色棉纤维中的色素,对颜色的作用和从天然彩色棉中提取的色素进行了实验和光谱分析.结果显示,由天然彩色棉中提取的色素属于在B环上具有邻二酚羟基的黄酮类化合物.     

Primary analysis of QTG contribution to heterosis in upland cotton

In this paper, we analyzed the contribution of pure DNA factors to heterosis using quantitative trait genes (QTG) in two randomly selected strains from a recombinant inbred line of Gossypium hirsutum. According to a set of QTL mapping results, combined with analysis of DNA recombinant fragment sources in the two strains and QTL association analysis with their field traits, we hypothesize a view of “dominance + overdominance + epistasis”. That is, additive and additive epistasis may be the genetic basis of heterosis, and dominance, overdominance and epistasis may be the modes of heterosis action. Based on the heterosis results of this study, we also suggest a molecular mechanism for heterosis, and explain, in detail, with two randomly selected strains as examples. The male and female parent-derived additive epistatic QTLs of upper half mean length in LG01 and LG03 produced a trait variance of 2.99–3.52 compared with the female parent-derived loci. The trait of bolls per plant was controlled by two pairs of additive epistatic QTLs in LG02 and LG07, which were derived from both female and male parents. The QTLs were reciprocally interacted and produced a trait variance of 0.86. An initial concept of “super-hybrid cotton” was raised according to the nature of additive effect, that is genetic stability.