关于我国海洋生物物种多样性的探讨

我国幅员辽阔,拥有着丰富的资源。其中,海洋生物也存在多样性的特点。我国的海洋生态系统、物种和遗传都存在多样性的特点。但是,现阶段我国海洋物种却面临着过度利用、海洋污染、生境破坏、外来物种入侵等问题。使得海洋生物的利用率得到下降。因此,急需对我国海洋生物物种多样性实施保护性措施,还海洋生物一个美好家园。本文阐释了我国海洋生物多样性的特点,分析了海洋生物多样性面临的威胁,并重点分析了我国海洋生物物种样性保护措施。     

青藏高原特有植物分子谱系地理学研究现状

分子谱系地理学是研究物种或近缘物种遗传谱系地理格局和历史成因机制的一种研究方法.通过重建物种进化历史过程可探讨以往地质事件、地形地貌和气候变化对生物物种形成、分化和扩散的影响.文章通过对近几年来青藏高原特有植物分子谱系地理学研究所取得重要成果的介绍,探讨了高原特有植物谱系地理结构,分析和总结了冰期高原植物微型避难所分布格局、居群各分支分化时间和冰期后回迁和扩散模式等.这些研究结果表明,青藏高原不同植物物种具有不同的冰期避难所分布格局和历史扩散特征.     

青藏高原特有植物分子谱系地理学研究现状

分子谱系地理学是研究物种或近缘物种遗传谱系地理格局和历史成因机制的一种研究方法.通过重建物种进化历史过程可探讨以往地质事件、地形地貌和气候变化对生物物种形成、分化和扩散的影响.文章通过对近几年来青藏高原特有植物分子谱系地理学研究所取得重要成果的介绍,探讨了高原特有植物谱系地理结构,分析和总结了冰期高原植物微型避难所分布格局、居群各分支分化时间和冰期后回迁和扩散模式等.这些研究结果表明,青藏高原不同植物物种具有不同的冰期避难所分布格局和历史扩散特征.     

重要海水养殖鱼类遗传多样性与种质基因组的研究

过度捕捞、海区污染严重、海洋生态环境恶化等因素，使得海洋鱼类多样性受到严重威胁，鱼类资源正面临枯竭的危险。积极发展海洋鱼类的增殖和养殖，是海洋鱼类资源合理利用与可持续发展的基本措施和有效途径。海洋生物基因组研究是海洋生物资源开发与利用的基础和新的生长点，其中，积极开展重要海水养殖鱼类遗传多样性与种质基因组研究，必将对提高海洋鱼类增殖与养殖的理论水平和创建高新技术起重要促进作用。文章对重要海水养殖鱼类遗传多样性和种质资源基因组的检测、遗传性状的调控、分子系统进化研究等方面的目的、意义和国内外研究进展做了综合分析，并指出我国今后开展这些方面研究工作的重要性和应用前景。     

基于文献数据比较研究东北针阔混交林群落叶绿体遗传多样性

第四纪气候变化对植物群落产生深远影响,然而植物群落如何响应气候变化,群落内不同物种是否具有一致的响应,对于这些问题仍缺乏更系统和完整的答案．中国东北针阔混交林位于凉温带,对气候变化十分敏感,是研究物种对第四纪气候变化响应的理想区域．本研究利用文献检索调查东北针阔混交林物种谱系地理研究现状,并基于文献数据分析东北针阔混交林群落及其周边群落的遗传多样性空间分布情况．结果发现,2020年前,仅有23篇文章对27个东北针阔混交林群落物种进行谱系地理研究．无论是群落水平还是物种水平,均未发现遗传多样性的纬度梯度格局．现有的数据表明,长白山西部和大兴安岭北部地区具有较高的群落遗传多样性．这些结果表明冰期“原位避难”可能是东北针阔混交林群落物种的普遍模式,但是具体的冰期避难所位置可能存在物种差异．由于文献数据是独立而分散的谱系地理研究,存在取样种群和分子标记以及覆盖度的差异,从而导致基于文献分析的群落水平遗传多样性格局结论仍存在不确定性．未来应开展以群落遗传多样性和群落形成历史问题为导向的系统设计,以期系统性地回答群落如何响应第四纪气候变化．      

我国海洋生物物种多样性研究

综述了国际海洋生物多样性的研究现状以及海洋生物物种的数量及分布，综述了我国海洋生物物种多样性研究现状、经济生物的数量、海洋珍稀物种的数量与分布；介绍了国际海洋生物普查计划的缘起、项目的组织和实施以及全球海洋生物物种多样性的展望；最后，探讨了我国海洋生物物种多样性研究的若干问题。     

海洋生物资源的新内涵及其研究与利用

本文从海洋生物资源的角度把海洋生态环境中的动植物和微生物分为群体资源．遗传资源和产物资源。海洋群体资源是海洋生命系统的主体构成成分,是海洋养殖和捕捞等典型渔业以及海洋生物学的主要内容;海洋遗传资源是海洋生命系统的重要构成成分,是探索生命起源、生物进化、发现物种的重要领域;海洋产物资源是现代海洋生物资源利用领域的直接对象,在新化合物和新材料的发现和人类疑难病症的治疗上将发挥越来越主要的作用。     

DNA中性标记反映的非随机亲缘地理格局——以东亚植物物种为例

基于DNA中性分子标记的亲缘地理学研究却多获得非随机的空间遗传格局,与气候、环境因子或者表型性状具有很好的一致性,这种非随机格局是如何形成和维持的.本文以东亚植物物种为例,分析了其空间遗传格局的非随机性及其一般特点,讨论了其可能的成因.冰期避难所隔离、物种分布区变化等中性过程是目前大多研究采用的解释,然而仍有部分线索暗示可能存在自然选择导致的适应性进化.我们认为这种基于"中性"分子标记的亲缘地理研究对未来适应性进化研究具有重要的启发作用,提出可能的一般研究框架,并展望了二代测序技术在未来适应性进化研究中的作用.     

海洋微型浮游植物分子生态学研究进展

简述海洋微型浮游植物分子生态学领域研究进展,综述分子生物学技术在海洋微型浮游植物物种鉴定、系统发生学、群落组成、生态适应与生态功能等方面的应用成果.分子标记和核酸序列为海洋微型浮游植物鉴定与系统发生树的构建提供了更为细致的指标;不依赖纯化培养技术的原位分子方法能较为全面地描述浮游植物群落的多样性组成结构,荧光原位杂交等定量分析技术实现了对种群时空分布和动态的监测;通过功能基因与基因组序列分析等遗传基础分析方法,探讨浮游植物对环境适应的分子机制,研究其生态适应与生态功能.     

海洋微型浮游植物分子生态学研究进展

简述海洋微型浮游植物分子生态学领域研究进展，综述分子生物学技术在海洋微型浮游植物物种鉴定、系统发生学、群落组成、生态适应与生态功能等方面的应用成果．分子标记和核酸序列为海洋微型浮游植物鉴定与系统发生树的构建提供了更为细致的指标；不依赖纯化培养技术的原位分子方法能较为全面地描述浮游植物群落的多样性组成结构，荧光原位杂交等定量分析技术实现了对种群时空分布和动态的监测；通过功能基因与基因组序列分析等遗传基础分析方法，探讨浮游植物对环境适应的分子机制．研究其生态适应与生态功能．     

Ecological studies on Prochlorococcus in China seas

Prochlorococcus, a tiny oxygenic photosynthetic picoplankton with unique pigment composition, has been found to be ubiquitous and abundant in the world oceans, and has been recognized to be closely related to living resources and environmental issues. It has attracted the interest of marine biologists since its discovery, and field data on it over global oceans have accumulated rapidly in the past 10 years. In China, we have studied Prochlorococcus for 8 years, achieving a basic ecological understanding. The presence of Prochlorococcus in China seas, marginal seas of the west Pacific, was confirmed, and its distribution patterns were also brought to light. Prochlorococcus is very abundant in the South China Sea and the offshore regions of the East China Sea. It is seasonally present in the southeast part of the Yellow Sea and absent in the Bohai Sea. Temporal and spatial variations of the abundance of Prochlorococcus and their affecting factors, physiological and ecological characteristics of Prochlorococcus and their relationships to the other groups of picoplankton, and the importance of Prochlorococcus in total biomass and possible roles in living resources and environmental problems are discussed. In the future, isolation of different Prochlorococcus strains from the China seas and their physiological characteristics, genetic diversity, phylogenies and gene exploiture, etc. are important issues to be addressed.     

DNA分子标记技术在海水鱼类遗传育种中的应用与展望

DNA分子标记技术自问世以来已被广泛应用于动植物的遗传育种领域,应用该技术来开展海水鱼类遗传育种的研究对海洋鱼类资源的保护与开发有着重要意义.阐述了DNA分子标记技术在海水鱼类遗传育种研究中的应用现状,并对我国鱼类遗传育种工作提出了若干意见,同时就其发展前景作了展望.     

Ecological studies on Prochlorococcus in China seas

Prochlorococcus, a tiny oxygenic photosynthetic picoplankton with unique pigment composition, has been found to be ubiquitous and abundant in the world oceans, and has been recognized to be closely related to living resources and environmental issues. It has attracted the interest of marine biologists since its discovery, and field data on it over global oceans have accumulated rapidly in the past 10 years. In China, we have studied Prochlorococcus for 8 years, achieving a basic ecological understanding. The presence of Prochlorococcus in China seas, marginal seas of the west Pacific, was confirmed, and its distribution patterns were also brought to light. Prochlorococcus is very abundant in the South China Sea and the offshore regions of the East China Sea. It is seasonally present in the southeast part of the Yellow Sea and absent in the Bohai Sea. Temporal and spatial variations of the abundance of Prochlorococcus and their affecting factors, physiological and ecological characteristics of Prochlorococcus and their relationships to the other groups of picoplankton, and the importance of Prochlorococcus in total biomass and possible roles in living resources and environmental problems are discussed. In the future, isolation of different Prochlorococcus strains from the China seas and their physiological characteristics, genetic diversity, phylogenies and gene exploiture, etc. are important issues to be addressed.     

中国鲌亚科鱼类遗传多样性研究进展

鲌亚科鱼类在我国有较广泛的分布,但有关其种群遗传学研究的报道相对较少.本文从鲌亚科鱼类在我国的地理分布、遗传多样性研究现状等方面进行综述,重点阐述鲌亚科鱼类种群遗传多样性、种群遗传结构、种群间系统发育关系、群体历史动态和谱系地理格局等方面的研究进展,并概括遗传多样性研究在鲌亚科鱼类分子育种、种质鉴定等方面的应用.以期进一步促进我国鲌亚科鱼类遗传多样性的研究,提高其种质资源的保护和评估,加快优良种质的培育,实现鲌亚科鱼类资源的合理开发和可持续利用.     

Tracing the life history of a marginal sea—On “The South China Sea Deep” Research Program

The Major Research Program "Deep Sea Processes and Evolution of the South China Sea", or "The South China Sea Deep", launched in January 2011 by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, is the first large-scale basic-research program in ocean science in the country aiming to reconstruct the life history of a marginal sea. The overall scientific objective of the program is to dissect this typical marginal sea by studying its history of evolution and its modern processes, including the following three major components:(1) Development of the deep basin:utilizing new techniques to re-measure magnetic anomaly lineations, to explore the deep tectonic features, to drill the oceanic crust, and to study volcanic seamount chains; (2) deep-water sediments: observing the modern processes to reveal the patterns of deep-water circulations and sedimentation, analyzing deep-sea sediments to recognize paleoceanographic response to basin evolution, and subsequently to bridge the modern and paleo-studies of the deep-sea processes; and (3) biogeochemical processes:using a variety of techniques including deploying submarine observation and deep-water diving device to investigate the distribution patterns and environmental impacts of deepwater seepages and sub-bottom circulation, and to reveal the role of microbes in deep-sea carbon cycling. As compared with the open ocean and other marginal seas, the South China Sea enjoys many more advantages as a marine basin for reconstructing the life history. Meanwhile, the South China Sea Deep Program provides unique opportunities in studying the evolution and variations of the sea-land interactions between the Pacific and Asia.     

烟台外海潮波的特征

在烟台外海,潮汐属于正规半日潮性质,而潮流属于日潮流性质.用数值模拟和实测潮流分析两种方法研究了该特征并解释造成这一现象的原因:在烟台外海M2分潮具有驻波振动,存在着M2分潮流的辐聚、辐散现象,因而该海域M2分潮流很小.该海域日分潮流没有辐聚、辐散现象,因而日分潮流相对较强,从而造成了该海域的潮汐、潮流性质相异的特殊现象.     

Environmental determinants of extinction selectivity in the fossil record

The causes of mass extinctions and the nature of biological selectivity during extinction events remain central questions in palaeobiology. Although many different environmental perturbations have been invoked as extinction mechanisms, it has long been recognized that fluctuations in sea level coincide with many episodes of biotic turnover. Recent work supports the hypothesis that changes in the areas of epicontinental seas have influenced the macroevolution of marine animals, but the extent to which differential environmental turnover has contributed to extinction selectivity remains unknown. Here I use a new compilation of the temporal durations of sedimentary rock packages to show that carbonate and terrigenous clastic marine shelf environments have different spatio-temporal dynamics and that these dynamics predict patterns of genus-level extinction, extinction selectivity and diversity among Sepkoski's Palaeozoic and modern evolutionary faunae. These results do not preclude a role for biological interactions or unusual physical events as drivers of macroevolution, but they do suggest that the turnover of marine shelf habitats and correlated environmental changes have been consistent determinants of extinction, extinction selectivity and the shifting composition of the marine biota during the Phanerozoic eon.     

Recent progress of deep seismic experiments and studies of crustal structure in northern South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS) is one of the largest marginal seas in the western Pacific. Its northern part has the features of a passive continental margin. The studies of deep crustal structure in this area are very important for understanding the tectonic nature, evolution history, basin formation of the northern margin, and the origin of the SCS. In the past decades, the deep seismic experiments of crustal studies in the northern SCS have gone through three stages, namely the sonobuoy, two-ship Expanding Spread Profile (ESP), and Ocean Bottom Hydrophone/Seismometer (OBH/OBS). Along the continental slope, the sonobuoy experiments provided useful information about the velocity structure of the upper crust, while the ESP data recorded for the first time the seismic signals from deep crustal structure and Moho interface. And the OBH/OBS profiles revealed the crustal structure in much greater detail. This paper first gives a brief historical review of these deep seismic experiments and studies, then a summary of the latest progress and important research results. The remaining problems and suggestions for further research work are presented as conclusive remarks.     

多毛纲(Polychaeta)动物系统学的研究进展

多毛纲动物以海洋底栖分布为主,在长期的进化过程中,产生了形形色色适应不同环境的形态特征和生活史策略.对其系统学的研究,有助于理解自然界生物多样性的保持机制及其在生物系统进化过程中所发挥的作用.从目前的研究结果来看,多毛纲动物为并系发生,但它们在环节动物系统发生树中的基部类群以及大部分并系群之间的相互关系仍有待确定.今后应该增加各类群有代表性的物种的取样数量,开展形态学特征、生活史策略以及分子遗传标记的综合研究,以期完善多毛纲动物的系统学.     

系统地理学的研究及其在鱼类上的应用

介绍了系统地理学的研究内容、理论、方法,重点介绍了AVISE的5种物种分布模式、中性溯祖理论、mtDNA多态性分析的优越性以及TEMPLETON的巢式支系法。还从地理隔离、种群扩散、基因交流、区系划分、分子钟估算等方面阐述了系统地理学在鱼类的应用研究现况和应用前景。最后提出了系统地理学在鱼类应用时要注意的事项:1)要选择合适的基因DNA片段进行分析;2)mtDNA标记最好要与核DNA标记及形态学、细胞学、生化学标记结合使用;3)要提高分子钟估算的精确度。