湿法脱硫系统对脱硝产生逃逸氨的脱除特性

利用自行搭建的模拟选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝烟气发生系统和模拟石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统的组合试验平台,针对湿法烟气脱硫系统对脱硝过程产生的硫酸铵盐气溶胶和逃逸氨的脱除机制展开研究,并考察了脱硫工艺参数对脱除效果的影响.结果表明,脱硫浆液的洗涤作用对逃逸氨的脱除效果较好,但对硫酸铵盐气溶胶的脱除效果不佳,同时热烟气对含铵脱硫浆液的夹带和蒸发作用会生成新的亚微米级铵盐气溶胶.湿法脱硫系统从整体上减少了NH~+_4和NH_3的总排放量,但当脱硫浆液中的NH~+_4累积到了足够高的质量浓度时,WFGD系统会促进NH_3向NH~+_4的转化,并有可能增加一次铵盐气溶胶的排放.脱硫系统对逃逸氨的脱除效率主要受到脱硫浆液pH值和浆液中NH~+_4质量浓度的影响;改变脱硫系统操作参数(如降低液气比、浆液浓度和入口烟气温度等)有助于减少铵盐气溶胶的排放.     

燃煤电厂电除尘PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的排放控制Ⅲ:电除尘电源及小分区改造与PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的排放(以44×330MW机组为例)

讨论了4台典型电除尘改造和细颗粒物(PM2.5)排放控制,对四电场电除尘器通过本体小分区和电源改造实现了颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)的超低排放控制。仅对五电场电除尘器进行电源改造,即可实现PM10和PM2.5的超低排放,电除尘出口PM10和PM2.5可分别控制在15和2 mg/m3以下。脱硫塔对PM10有较好的捕集效果,但对PM2.5的去除几乎没有效果。电除尘振打引起的二次飞扬过程及烟气温度也影响PM10和PM2.5的排放,当烟气温度从150~160℃降低到约110℃时,电除尘出口及脱硫塔出口的PM2.5均在2 mg/m3以下。     

湿法脱硫系统中应用蒸汽相变技术脱除细颗粒

通过在脱硫塔进口烟气、塔内脱硫液进口上方添加适量蒸汽等措施,在湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统中进行了利用蒸汽相变原理高效脱除细颗粒的试验研究.考察了采用CaCO3, Na2CO3, NH3·H2O等3种不同脱硫剂时,WFGD系统对细颗粒的脱除性能及其脱硫剂、蒸汽添加量、液气比(体积比)、脱硫塔进口气液温差等的影响,并进行了添加蒸汽和喷雾化水的对比试验.结果表明,由于形成无机盐气溶胶细颗粒,采用CaCO3, NH3·H2O脱硫剂时,WFGD系统对细颗粒的脱除效果明显差于Na2CO3脱硫剂;在WFGD系统中应用蒸汽相变原理可显著促进细颗粒的脱除,在蒸汽添加量为0.05 kg/m3时,细颗粒数浓度脱除效率可增至60%～70%以上;液气比的影响与脱硫塔内是否存在蒸汽相变有关;提高脱硫塔进口气液温差有利于细颗粒脱除;烟气温度较高时,利用雾化液滴的蒸发替代添加蒸汽也能显著促进细颗粒的脱除.     

燃煤电厂电除尘PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的排放控制Ⅰ:电除尘选型及工业应用

针对电除尘细颗粒物(PM2.5)排放控制,提出利用电除尘指数指导电除尘本体和电源设计选型技术的原理和方法,并介绍电除尘改造的应用案例。通过优化电除尘指数、采用三相高压电源开展电除尘改造和选型。通过电除尘和脱硫塔除雾器的同步改造,可以实现烟囱出口颗粒物排放浓度低于5 mg/m3,同时,PM2.5(直径2.5μm以下的颗粒物)排放浓度低于2.5 mg/m3。示范工程还表明当电除尘器出口PM10(直径10μm以下的颗粒物)排放在6~30 mg/m3时,PM2.5占PM10比例为6%至20%;当PM10排放在5~15 mg/m3时,PM2.5排放可低于2.5 mg/m3。     

燃煤锅炉烟尘颗粒物中PM_(2.5)排放规律研究

为澄清发电厂和工业锅炉联合除尘设备的烟尘排放特征,特别是PM2.5排放规律,选取太原市6台不同类型、容量和除尘方式的燃煤锅炉,采用激光粒度分析仪对采集的烟尘(颗粒物)进行粒径测定,讨论分析PM2.5的排放规律。结果表明,除尘设施前后颗粒物分布规律不同,除尘器前PM2.5呈单峰分布,最大峰值为60~70μm;除尘器后PM2.5呈多峰分布,最大峰值为12~17μm;除尘设施对粒径较大颗粒物的去除率明显高于细颗粒物,对细小颗粒物的除尘效率随锅炉容量的增大而增大;电袋复合除尘器对PM2.5去除率最高,其次为布袋除尘器、静电除尘器;太原市燃煤锅炉PM2.5排放因子范围为0.06~0.52kg/t,锅炉负荷越大,除尘率越高,PM2.5排放因子越小。研究结果可为山西省煤烟尘污染控制提供重要的数据支撑,为获知影响燃煤锅炉烟尘颗粒物中PM2.5排放的因素及采取相应技术提供了理论依据。     

燃煤电站超低排放烟气颗粒物排放测试及特性分析

针对5台应用超低排放技术的燃煤电站机组,对其除尘单元的烟尘深度脱除能力及湿法脱硫单元的协同除尘能力进行现场测试分析.结果表明,通过燃煤电站超低排放技术改造可显著降低烟尘排放水平.采用低低温电除尘、电袋复合、旋转电极及高频电源等技术对除尘单元进行超低排放改造,除尘设备出口烟尘浓度为10.89~22.94 mg/m3,除尘效率均在99.86%以上,且工况变化时脱除效率稳定.应用托盘、单塔双循环、双塔双循环等技术对湿法脱硫系统进行超低排放改造,测试期间WFGD系统出口烟尘排放浓度分别为2.09,10.48,20.40 mg/m3,WFGD系统协同除尘效率分别为87.18%,85.52%,79.80%.相比改造前烟尘协同脱除能力均有明显提升,其中双塔双循环WFGD系统对细颗粒的脱除能力显著高于单塔系统.     

石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫过程中SO_3酸雾脱除特性

基于石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫工艺,分析探讨了湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)过程中对SO_3酸雾脱除机理,并考察了脱硫操作条件、塔入口烟气飞灰浓度及不同煤质组分对SO_3酸雾脱除效率的影响.结果表明,湿法烟气脱硫过程中SO_3酸雾可通过脱硫浆液的吸收以及对吸附SO_3酸雾颗粒物的捕集而脱除.单塔湿法烟气脱硫系统对SO_3酸雾脱除效率为25%~50%;随着脱硫液气比和脱硫塔入口飞灰浓度增加、脱硫入口烟气温度下降,湿法烟气脱硫系统对SO_3酸雾脱除效率均有所提高.实际电厂双塔湿法烟气脱硫系统对SO_3酸雾脱除效率为50%~65%,随着煤中硫分与灰分的增加,SO_3酸雾脱除效率随之提高.     

燃烧过程中有害物质的富集与超细颗粒物的形成

燃煤排放的超细颗粒物及其上富集的有害物质已对环境和人类健康造成了巨大危害.通过对烟煤在沉降炉内燃烧试验研究,综合分析了煤粉粒径、燃烧温度、氧气含量对一次颗粒物形成的影响,并探讨了烟煤的膨胀特性及其对颗粒物形成的影响;采用最新的采样方法和系统从空气动力学直径角度对多台燃煤锅炉除尘器入口、出口的飞灰颗粒进行13级分级取样,得到了除尘器前后飞灰颗粒、元素的质量粒径分布规律、元素分布富集规律及不同除尘器对不同粒径颗粒的除尘效率;揭示了有害元素在超细颗粒物上的分布规律;针对燃后区化学团聚促进作用进行了实验研究,发现团聚剂能较好促进超细颗粒物团聚,使烟尘排放减低50%.     

校园大气环境不同高度PM_(2.5)的物理化学特征比较

大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)已经成为影响我国大气环境质量和人们身体健康的首要污染物.作为青少年集中学习和生活的校园环境的空气质量状况已经成为多方关注的热点.为研究校园环境大气细颗粒物的空间分布状况及其物理化学特征,在不同高度(5,40 m)设立采样点,同步采集大气PM2.5样品,利用高分辨扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱仪(scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer,SEM-EDS)分析了不同高度和不同时间段校园大气环境中PM2.5的微观组成、化学组分,得出如下主要结论:校园环境PM2.5的微观组分主要有燃煤飞灰颗粒、矿物颗粒(原生的和新生的矿物颗粒)、烟尘集合体以及无法鉴定的颗粒物;5 m高度处采集的颗粒物的质量浓度和数浓度均高于40 m高度处,5 m高度处PM2.5的矿物颗粒相对较多,而40 m高度处PM2.5的烟尘集合体相对较多;晚上样品中颗粒物数量和种类都比白天要多.     

燃烧源PM2.5微粒润湿性能

利用W ashburn动态渗透压力法研究了燃煤电厂与垃圾焚烧发电厂PM2.5微粒的润湿性能及其与微粒形态和组分的关系,并考察了添加润湿剂(十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、JFC、FS-310、Silanol w22)对水润湿燃烧源PM2.5的改善作用.利用扫描电镜和X-射线能谱分析了微粒的形态和化学组分.结果表明:微粒的形态和组分对润湿性能有较大影响,垃圾焚烧发电厂PM2.5微粒的水润湿性能优于燃煤电厂PM2.5;不同润湿剂改善燃烧源PM2.5微粒润湿性的效果与微粒特性密切相关,SDS,Silanol w22可明显改善燃煤电厂PM2.5微粒的润湿性能,而FS-310,JFC则对垃圾焚烧电厂PM2.5微粒有显著改善作用;研究结果可为利用蒸汽相变提高燃烧源PM2.5脱除效果及湿法除尘提供重要基础.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that