Evidence from the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera for a frozen sea close to Mars' equator

It is thought that the Cerberus Fossae fissures on Mars were the source of both lava and water floods two to ten million years ago. Evidence for the resulting lava plains has been identified in eastern Elysium, but seas and lakes from these fissures and previous water flooding events were presumed to have evaporated and sublimed away. Here we present High Resolution Stereo Camera images from the European Space Agency Mars Express spacecraft that indicate that such lakes may still exist. We infer that the evidence is consistent with a frozen body of water, with surface pack-ice, around 5 degrees north latitude and 150 degrees east longitude in southern Elysium. The frozen lake measures about 800 x 900 km in lateral extent and may be up to 45 metres deep--similar in size and depth to the North Sea. From crater counts, we determined its age to be 5 +/- 2 million years old. If our interpretation is confirmed, this is a place that might preserve evidence of primitive life, if it has ever developed on Mars.     

Discovery of a flank caldera and very young glacial activity at Hecates Tholus, Mars

The majority of volcanic products on Mars are thought to be mafic and effusive. Explosive eruptions of basic to ultrabasic chemistry are expected to be common, but evidence for them is rare and mostly confined to very old surface features. Here we present new image and topographic data from the High Resolution Stereo Camera that reveal previously unknown traces of an explosive eruption at 30 degrees N and 149 degrees E on the northwestern flank of the shield volcano Hecates Tholus. The eruption created a large, 10-km-diameter caldera approximately 350 million years ago. We interpret these observations to mean that large-scale explosive volcanism on Mars was not confined to the planet's early evolution. We also show that glacial deposits partly fill the caldera and an adjacent depression. Their age, derived from crater counts, is about 5 to 24 million years. Climate models predict that near-surface ice is not stable at mid-latitudes today, assuming a thermo-dynamic steady state. Therefore, the discovery of very young glacial features at Hecates Tholus suggests recent climate changes. We show that the absolute ages of these very recent glacial deposits correspond very well to a period of increased obliquity of the planet's rotational axis.     

沙粒跃移击溅函数的高速数字摄像研究

采用高速CMOS数字相机拍摄的方法记录沙粒与床面的碰撞过程,通过分段图像叠加的算法对获得的实验图像进行处理,提取出沙粒运动时序位置,并计算其入射以及反射的速度和角度.通过统计分析得出跃移沙粒与沙床碰撞过程中的控制参数--碰撞平面角、速度和能量恢复系数的分布,都近似满足正态分布.实验结果表明,沙粒与沙床碰撞过程中损失的动能超过总能量的一半,且由于碰撞平面角大于0°的比例达到70%,即使沙粒在碰撞过程中能量有所损失,沙粒与沙床碰撞后垂直分速度增加的现象仍比较普遍,使得沙粒在与气流相互作用的过程中获取更多的能量,从而为沙粒的持续跃移提供了保证.     

Recent glacial retreat and its effect on water resources in eastern Xinjiang

The eastern Xinjiang Basin is desperately short of water. Most rivers in the basin originate in the high eastern Tianshan, which has abundant precipitation and numerous alpine glaciers. Fieldwork conducted on three reference glaciers around Mt. Bogda in 1981 and 2009 suggests that they all strongly melt in summer, a process that has tended to accelerate in recent decades. Based on topographic maps from 1962 and 1972 and 2005/2006 satellite imagery, we investigated 203 glaciers near Mt. Bogda and 75 glaciers near Mt. Harlik. The results show that the surface area of the Mt. Bogda glaciers decreased by 21.6% (0.49% a?1) from 1962 to 2006. This was accompanied by a 181 m decrease in length and a 28% drop in ice volume. In the Mt. Harlik region, areal extent was reduced by 10.5% (0.32% a?1), length by 166 m, and volume by 14% between 1972 and 2005. South-facing glaciers lost more of their area than those that are north facing, yielding an areal loss of 25.3% and 16.9% for southern and northern slopes of Mt. Bogda, respectively, and 12.3% and 6.6% for the comparable slopes of Mt. Harlik. Glaciers smaller than 0.5 km2 in area experienced the strongest retreat, whereas glaciers larger than 2 km2 in area experienced gentle recession but may be the main contributors in the future to river runoff. Glacial ablation in eastern Xinjiang tends to be strong, and the water resources in this region are deteriorating. Also, a heavy reduction in the capacity of the local karez system, as well as a significant change in river runoff, can be related to glacial retreat. Combined, this will adversely affect the downstream city of Urumqi and the Turfan Basin.     

Hydrated silicate minerals on Mars observed by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter CRISM instrument

Phyllosilicates, a class of hydrous mineral first definitively identified on Mars by the OMEGA (Observatoire pour la Mineralogie, L'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activitié) instrument, preserve a record of the interaction of water with rocks on Mars. Global mapping showed that phyllosilicates are widespread but are apparently restricted to ancient terrains and a relatively narrow range of mineralogy (Fe/Mg and Al smectite clays). This was interpreted to indicate that phyllosilicate formation occurred during the Noachian (the earliest geological era of Mars), and that the conditions necessary for phyllosilicate formation (moderate to high pH and high water activity) were specific to surface environments during the earliest era of Mars's history. Here we report results from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) of phyllosilicate-rich regions. We expand the diversity of phyllosilicate mineralogy with the identification of kaolinite, chlorite and illite or muscovite, and a new class of hydrated silicate (hydrated silica). We observe diverse Fe/Mg-OH phyllosilicates and find that smectites such as nontronite and saponite are the most common, but chlorites are also present in some locations. Stratigraphic relationships in the Nili Fossae region show olivine-rich materials overlying phyllosilicate-bearing units, indicating the cessation of aqueous alteration before emplacement of the olivine-bearing unit. Hundreds of detections of Fe/Mg phyllosilicate in rims, ejecta and central peaks of craters in the southern highland Noachian cratered terrain indicate excavation of altered crust from depth. We also find phyllosilicate in sedimentary deposits clearly laid by water. These results point to a rich diversity of Noachian environments conducive to habitability.     

Evidence of recent volcanic activity on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge

Seafloor spreading is accommodated by volcanic and tectonic processes along the global mid-ocean ridge system. As spreading rate decreases the influence of volcanism also decreases, and it is unknown whether significant volcanism occurs at all at ultraslow spreading rates (<1.5 cm yr(-1)). Here we present three-dimensional sonar maps of the Gakkel ridge, Earth's slowest-spreading mid-ocean ridge, located in the Arctic basin under the Arctic Ocean ice canopy. We acquired this data using hull-mounted sonars attached to a nuclear-powered submarine, the USS Hawkbill. Sidescan data for the ultraslow-spreading (approximately 1.0 cm yr(-1)) eastern Gakkel ridge depict two young volcanoes covering approximately 720 km2 of an otherwise heavily sedimented axial valley. The western volcano coincides with the average location of epicentres for more than 250 teleseismic events detected in 1999, suggesting that an axial eruption was imaged shortly after its occurrence. These findings demonstrate that eruptions along the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge are focused at discrete locations and appear to be more voluminous and occur more frequently than was previously thought.     

一台摄影机和平面镜拍摄三维空间运动的研究

分析了使用一台摄影机和一个平面镜拍摄三维空间运动的可行性，首先，提出了几种拍摄方案，并对各方案进行了实用性分析，选取了其中一种方案进行理论与实际对照研究；其次，使用DLT方法，给出了空问点的坐标和拍摄底片上的二维坐标问的变换关系；再次，用数码相机进行了小范围的实例拍摄，并使用Mathematica软件编程，解析出拍摄对象的三维坐标；通过对比计算结果和空间点的实际位置，证明此方法是可行的，且相对误差小于5％．     

Recent ice-rich deposits formed at high latitudes on Mars by sublimation of unstable equatorial ice during low obliquity

Observations from the gamma-ray spectrometer instrument suite on the Mars Odyssey spacecraft have been interpreted as indicating the presence of vast reservoirs of near-surface ice in high latitudes of both martian hemispheres. Ice concentrations are estimated to range from 70 per cent at 60 degrees latitude to 100 per cent near the poles, possibly overlain by a few centimetres of ice-free material in most places. This result is supported by morphological evidence of metres-thick layered deposits that are rich in water-ice and periglacial-like features found only at high latitudes. Diffusive exchange of water between the pore space of the regolith and the atmosphere has been proposed to explain this distribution, but such a degree of concentration is difficult to accommodate with such processes. Alternatively, there are suggestions that ice-rich deposits form by transport of ice from polar reservoirs and direct redeposition in high latitudes during periods of higher obliquity, but these results have been difficult to reproduce with other models. Here we propose instead that, during periods of low obliquity (less than 25 degrees), high-latitude ice deposits form in both hemispheres by direct deposition of ice, as a result of sublimation from an equatorial ice reservoir that formed earlier, during a prolonged high-obliquity excursion. Using the ice accumulation rates estimated from global climate model simulations we show that, over the past ten million years, large variations of Mars' obliquity have allowed the formation of such metres-thick, sedimentary layered deposits in high latitude and polar regions.     

数码相机与传统相机的景深关系

在介绍照相机景深公式的基础上,讨论了在什么情况下数码相机与传统135相机成像效果相同,推出了二者景深相同的条件,并给出了在远摄和近摄时二者的景深变换关系。     

基于错位检测的高空间分辨率ICT重建技术研究

介绍了基于像素错位的多幅图像重建高分辨率图像技术,分析了错位检测图像各像素位置及灰度值的对应关系,并通过计算机仿真实现了计算机层析成像检测的错位扫描和图像重建,并得到了满意的重建结果。     

北京一号高分辨率影像数据融合效果评价

以不同空间数据分辨率融合算法对北京一号卫星数据进行了效果分析,该数据的影像融合及统计分析结果表明,北京一号卫星数据在多光谱与全色波段融合后不仅很好地保留了全色波段的纹理信息,同时影像的多光谱信息有较大增强,使得影像信息量较融合前大幅提高,其在资源环境遥感监测领域的应用前景也明显改观.     

应用AOM讨论配合物的空间构型

应用角重叠模型理论,讨论配合物几何构型的稳定性,计算了分子轨道稳定化能,而且也计算出了结构稳定化能,得出一些具有实际意义的结论。     

复合型地震检波器的研究——一种宽频带高分辨率地震检波器

复合型地震检波器是采用了电磁感应和涡流效应相结合的原理而设计成的一种前所未有的地震传感器,其输出信号是电磁感应在线圈中产生的电势与涡流效应在线圈中产生的电势之和.其特点是频带宽、高频响应好、勘探分辨率高、而且又具有较高的灵敏度和良好的低频特性,因而有更广泛的工程实用价值.     

高分辨率遥感铀矿地质勘查技术体系研究

概述了当前高分辨率遥感在铀矿地质勘查中的应用现状,提出基于光谱特征信息、空间结构信息及放射信息融合的高分辨率遥感铀矿勘查技术体系．详细探讨了其建设内容、主要功能及关键技术．该技术体系在铀资源勘查遥感地质评价项目的实际应用中,取得理想效果．     

Global warming and climate forcing by recent albedo changes on Mars

For hundreds of years, scientists have tracked the changing appearance of Mars, first by hand drawings and later by photographs. Because of this historical record, many classical albedo patterns have long been known to shift in appearance over time. Decadal variations of the martian surface albedo are generally attributed to removal and deposition of small amounts of relatively bright dust on the surface. Large swaths of the surface (up to 56 million km2) have been observed to darken or brighten by 10 per cent or more. It is unknown, however, how these albedo changes affect wind circulation, dust transport and the feedback between these processes and the martian climate. Here we present predictions from a Mars general circulation model, indicating that the observed interannual albedo alterations strongly influence the martian environment. Results indicate enhanced wind stress in recently darkened areas and decreased wind stress in brightened areas, producing a positive feedback system in which the albedo changes strengthen the winds that generate the changes. The simulations also predict a net annual global warming of surface air temperatures by approximately 0.65 K, enhancing dust lifting by increasing the likelihood of dust devil generation. The increase in global dust lifting by both wind stress and dust devils may affect the mechanisms that trigger large dust storm initiation, a poorly understood phenomenon, unique to Mars. In addition, predicted increases in summertime air temperatures at high southern latitudes would contribute to the rapid and steady scarp retreat that has been observed in the south polar residual ice for the past four Mars years. Our results suggest that documented albedo changes affect recent climate change and large-scale weather patterns on Mars, and thus albedo variations are a necessary component of future atmospheric and climate studies.     

基于分形和Gabor滤波的高分辨率遥感影像分割

在城市规划、土地利用等应用中常需要对高分率遥感影像进行分割,而传统的滤波器组分解算法把每个波段的能量作为纹理特征进行分割,存在分割精度低,对噪声、灰度变换敏感等缺点.本文提出一种基于图像预滤波和分形特征的纹理特征提取算法,并对提取的特征向量集用K-means算法进行聚类.对天津滨海新区的QuickBird影像的分割实验...     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的露天矿区地表变化研究

以某露天矿区为试验区,充分利用该区域两期高分辨率遥感影像所提供的丰富细节信息及其土地利用现状,将矿区分为露天矿坑、矿坑边端帮、剥离区、排土场、排土场边坡、工业广场、道路7种类型.在功能分区的基础上,将区域内部的各地物类型划分为一个个实体单元,并利用GIS空间分析功能提取了矿区的地表变化信息.     

鼻骨骨折的DR侧位片及HRCT检查诊断对比分析

目的：探讨DR侧位片及HRCT在鼻骨骨折检查中的应用价值．方法：通过对40例鼻骨骨折的患者分别行DR侧位及横轴位、冠状位HRCT检查，分析其相应的表现和诊断．结果：40例患者中，DR检查发现鼻骨骨折25例（62．5％），HRCT检查全部为阳性，并且对鼻骨邻近骨及软组织的损伤情况进行明确诊断．结论：对于单纯鼻骨骨折DR仍为常规检查方法；但由于HRCT具有较高的分辨率，可以满意显示鼻区的骨结构细节，对包括鼻骨骨折在内的鼻区骨折具有更大的诊断价值．     

浅谈投影机的使用和维护

随着科技的发展，投影机被广泛应用于课堂教学，对这种贵重仪器，我们有必要认真掌握其使用和维护方法，懂得一些基本的常识。文章对投影机的性能、使用和保养做了简要介绍。