P53亚细胞定位变化对POLD1基因启动子活性的影响

POLD1基因编码DNA聚合酶δ（pol δ）的催化亚基．体外实验表明p53能够抑制POLD1基因启动子活性．文中探讨p53是否在细胞内直接与POLD1启动子结合调节POLD1基因表达. 在瞬时转染pEGFP-p53重组质粒的人乳腺癌MCF7细胞中，p53表达增强; RT-PCR结果显示POLD1基因mRNA表达受到抑制． 染色体免疫共沉淀和荧光素酶报告基因实验证明p53在细胞内与POLD1启动子直接结合抑制其启动子活性．荧光显微镜观察发现EGFPp53在G1期进入细胞核而在S期和G2期则被转运至细胞质．在稳定表达的pEGFP-p53细胞系中，细胞周期同步化后POLD1启动子活性在细胞周期各时相均处于较低水平．证明了细胞内p53高表达后通过直接与POLD1启动子结合而抑制POLD1基因表达，且这种抑制作用不受细胞周期进程的影响．     

G1期细胞周期相关蛋白对POLD1基因启动子活性的调控

POLD1基因编码DNA聚合酶δ的催化亚基.然而作为最重要的复制蛋白,目前并不清楚其表达的细胞周期调控机制.研究中运用细胞周期同步化及荧光素酶报告基因测定了POLD1启动子在细胞周期不同时相的活性,结果显示启动子活性随着细胞周期进程而变化,在早S期最高.为进一步确定调控POLD1表达的细胞周期相关因子,应用不同质粒转染MCF7细胞,分别筛选得到稳定细胞系.荧光素酶实验表明增强p53或p21的表达,抑制CyclinE或CDK2的表达都能抑制POLD1启动子活性;而抑制CDK4或Cyclin D1的表达对启动子活性没有明显影响.瞬时共转染实验进一步验证Cyclin E或CDK2受到抑制后能够降低POLD1启动子活性.研究初步探讨了POLD1基因表达的细胞周期调控通路,进一步了解细胞周期因子对DNA复制体调控的复杂机制.     

P53亚细胞定位变化对POLD1基因启动子活性的影响

POLD1基因编码DNA聚合酶δ(polδ)的催化亚基.体外实验表明p53能够抑制POLD1基因启动子活性.文中探讨p53是否在细胞内直接与POLD1启动子结合调节POLD1基因表达.在瞬时转染pEGFP-p53重组质粒的人乳腺癌MCF7细胞中,p53表达增强;RT-PCR结果显示POLD1基因mRNA表达受到抑制.染色体免疫共沉淀和荧光素酶报告基因实验证明p53在细胞内与POLD1启动子直接结合抑制其启动子活性.荧光显微镜观察发现EGFP-p53在G1期进入细胞核而在S期和G2期则被转运至细胞质.在稳定表达的pEGFP-p53细胞系中,细胞周期同步化后POLD1启动子活性在细胞周期各时相均处于较低水平.证明了细胞内p53高表达后通过直接与POLD1启动子结合而抑制POLD1基因表达,且这种抑制作用不受细胞周期进程的影响.     

p21对DNA聚合酶δ表达的抑制及其对MCF7细胞增殖和恶性表型的影响

细胞周期抑制因子p21能影响G1/S期转换和G2/M期进程，进而抑制细胞增殖．p21表达增高可以抑制多个DNA复制相关基因表达．DNA聚合酶δ是DNA复制中最为重要的复制酶，p21是否抑制它的表达，并通过这种作用影响细胞增殖及细胞恶性表型的变化，至今还没有报道．本研究观察到p21表达增强的MCF7p21细胞生长速率变慢，血清依赖性增强，细胞的锚定和非锚定依赖性增殖都受到抑制，表明p21表达增加对细胞增殖和细胞恶性表型的产生有重要作用．而Western blot检测发现在p21表达增高的MCF7p21细胞中，聚合酶δ（p125亚基）表达下降．p21高表达抑制POLD1启动子活性，这种抑制作用具有p21剂量依赖效应．这表明p21表达增高对细胞增殖的抑制和细胞恶性表型的影响可能是通过抑制在DNA复制中最重要的聚合酶δ（p125）的表达来实现的．这可能是p21对细胞增殖及恶性表型影响的一个新的调控机制．     

Mn2+驱动的不同长度DNA片段PCR随机突变研究

针对倾向错误的PCR技术中不同目的、不同长度基因的诱变种类一直缺乏准确参考的问题，以酵母spt15基因为研究对象，在标准的PCR反应体系中加入不同Mn2+摩尔浓度（0.125，0.250 和0.500 mmol·L-1）进行倾向错误的PCR，扩增spt15不同长度（分别约为200, 500和700 bp）的DNA片段，研究其突变频率，突变碱基数目及突变类型，以分析不同种类的突变所需的最佳条件.研究结果表明：长片段DNA的PCR突变率对Mn2+摩尔浓度更敏感；模板的长度对DNA PCR突变碱基个数也有较为明显的影响，低Mn2+摩尔浓度有利于单突变；Mn2+驱动的突变有明显的倾向性，其中A→G和T→C的突变居多.     

肿瘤相关基因对大肠肿瘤临床诊断及预后应用的研究

目的 探讨Ｒａｓ,Ｐ５３基因对大肠肿瘤的早期诊断及预后的临床应用价值。方法 用聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）ＥＢ染色技术对２５例大肠肿瘤原发灶组织进行了Ｋｉ－,Ｎ－ｒａｓ第１处显子和Ｐ５３基因５～８外显子的点突变进行检测。息肉性腺瘤组织中１／２（５０％）发生了Ｋｉ－ｒａｓ点突变。在大肠癌组织中,存在Ｎ－ｒａｓ点突变、Ｋｉ－ｒａｓ点突变、Ｐ５３基因５～８外显子突变,大肠肿瘤组织存在     

DNA甲基化在肿瘤形成中的作用（综述）

DNA甲基化改变是肿瘤细胞中常见的现象,DNA甲基化与肿瘤的发生有密切关系。从以下几方面对此做一综述。（1）简介哺乳动物细胞的DNA甲基化;（2）DNA甲基化与肿瘤基因突变;（3）肿瘤DNA甲基化的基因外作用,其中包括：原癌基因的低甲基化和抑癌基因的高甲基化。     

濒危植物刺桫椤RAPD反应体系的优化

以高盐SDS法提取濒危植物刺桫椤(Alsophila spinulosa)嫩叶总DNA，进行RAPD分析，分别研究了模板DNA、引物、dNTP、Mg^2 和Taq DNA聚合酶用量以及反应体积对反应结果的影响．筛选并建立了适合于利桫椤RAPD扩增的反应体系：反应体积10μL，内含2ng/μL模板DNA，2．0mmo1/L MgCl2,0．3μmo1／L引物，300μmo1／L dNTP，0．5u Taq DNA聚合酶．     

PCR-SSCP标记技术研究及应用进展

PCR－SSCP（Polymerase Chain Reaction-Single Strand Comformation Polymorphism,聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性）是基于PCR的单链构象多态性分子标记技术，可用于DNA已知突变或未知变异分析。该技术具有快速、简便、灵敏的特点，可有效检测出碱基置换、缺失、插入等基因变异。本文介绍了该技术的原理，技术改进及其应用的新进展。     

真核生物DNA聚合酶δ的研究现状

DNA聚合酶δ(DNA polymerase δ)是真核生物DNA复制的主要复制酶,同时还参与DNA修复,对保持真核生物基因组的结构完整性和遗传稳定性具有重要作用.对DNA聚合酶δ蛋白功能活性及其基因表达机制的研究因受技术上的限制而未能深入研究.由于其重要的生物学功能,目前引起人们的更多关注和重视.文中就该酶的生物学功能、亚基组成、核心酶的分子表达调控以及与其他蛋白相互作用等方面对国内外DNA聚合酶δ的研究进行简要综述.     

Des(rhamnosyl) verbascoside抗HBV作用的定量蛋白质组学研究

为探究des(rhamnosyl) verbascoside体外抗乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的活性作用和机制,本研究以des(rhamnosyl) verbascoside为实验药物对HepG2.2.15细胞进行干预,实验分为药物干预组和对照组,采用串联质谱标签(Tandem Mass Tag, TMT)蛋白质组学方法对提取的总蛋白进行分析。结果表明,共筛选得到300个差异表达蛋白,其中有109个上调蛋白,191个下调蛋白。基因本体论(Gene Ontology, GO)分析结果显示,差异蛋白主要参与DNA复制(DNA replication)、鞘糖脂代谢(Glycosphingolipid metabolic process)、细胞增殖(Cell proliferation)、寡糖分解代谢(Oligosaccharide catabolic process)等生物学过程,以及DNA聚合酶活性(DNA polymerase activity)、丝氨酸型羧肽酶活性(Serine-type carboxypeptidase activity)、DNA引物酶活性(DNA primase acti...     

Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are important for DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination, and mutations in these genes predispose to breast and other cancers. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is an enzyme involved in base excision repair, a key pathway in the repair of DNA single-strand breaks. We show here that BRCA1 or BRCA2 dysfunction unexpectedly and profoundly sensitizes cells to the inhibition of PARP enzymatic activity, resulting in chromosomal instability, cell cycle arrest and subsequent apoptosis. This seems to be because the inhibition of PARP leads to the persistence of DNA lesions normally repaired by homologous recombination. These results illustrate how different pathways cooperate to repair damage, and suggest that the targeted inhibition of particular DNA repair pathways may allow the design of specific and less toxic therapies for cancer.     

脑肿瘤中p53基因突变的研究

应用ＰＣＲＳＳＣＰ技术及ＤＮＡ 测序技术对３７ 例原发性脑肿瘤及相应外周血淋巴细胞中ｐ５３ 基因５ ～８ 外显子的突变情况进行了检测,结果表明,ｐ５３ 基因在原发性脑肿瘤中的突变频率为１９ ％ （７／３７） ．并且突变频率在不同病理类别脑肿瘤中的分布是非随机的,其中星形细胞肿瘤中的突变频率最高,为３６ ％ （５／１４） ．所有突变均为错义点突变,５７ ％ （４／７） 的突变位于ＣｐＧ位点．突变仅发现于脑组织中,外周血淋巴细胞中未检出突变,这些结果提示,ｐ５３ 基因突变在脑肿瘤的发生发展过程中起一定的作用,ｐ５３ 基因在散发性脑肿瘤中的突变为体细胞型的突变     

The XPV (xeroderma pigmentosum variant) gene encodes human DNA polymerase eta.

Xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XP-V) is an inherited disorder which is associated with increased incidence of sunlight-induced skin cancers. Unlike other xeroderma pigmentosum cells (belonging to groups XP-A to XP-G), XP-V cells carry out normal nucleotide-excision repair processes but are defective in their replication of ultraviolet-damaged DNA. It has been suspected for some time that the XPV gene encodes a protein that is involved in trans-lesion DNA synthesis, but the gene product has never been isolated. Using an improved cell-free assay for trans-lesion DNA synthesis, we have recently isolated a DNA polymerase from HeLa cells that continues replication on damaged DNA by bypassing ultraviolet-induced thymine dimers in XP-V cell extracts. Here we show that this polymerase is a human homologue of the yeast Rad30 protein, recently identified as DNA polymerase eta. This polymerase and yeast Rad30 are members of a family of damage-bypass replication proteins which comprises the Escherichia coli proteins UmuC and DinB and the yeast Rev1 protein. We found that all XP-V cells examined carry mutations in their DNA polymerase eta gene. Recombinant human DNA polymerase eta corrects the inability of XP-V cell extracts to carry out DNA replication by bypassing thymine dimers on damaged DNA. Together, these results indicate that DNA polymerase eta could be the XPV gene product.     

Error-prone replication of oxidatively damaged DNA by a high-fidelity DNA polymerase

Aerobic respiration generates reactive oxygen species that can damage guanine residues and lead to the production of 8-oxoguanine (8oxoG), the major mutagenic oxidative lesion in the genome. Oxidative damage is implicated in ageing and cancer, and its prevalence presents a constant challenge to DNA polymerases that ensure accurate transmission of genomic information. When these polymerases encounter 8oxoG, they frequently catalyse misincorporation of adenine in preference to accurate incorporation of cytosine. This results in the propagation of G to T transversions, which are commonly observed somatic mutations associated with human cancers. Here, we present sequential snapshots of a high-fidelity DNA polymerase during both accurate and mutagenic replication of 8oxoG. Comparison of these crystal structures reveals that 8oxoG induces an inversion of the mismatch recognition mechanisms that normally proofread DNA, such that the 8oxoG.adenine mismatch mimics a cognate base pair whereas the 8oxoG.cytosine base pair behaves as a mismatch. These studies reveal a fundamental mechanism of error-prone replication and show how 8oxoG, and DNA lesions in general, can form mismatches that evade polymerase error-detection mechanisms, potentially leading to the stable incorporation of lethal mutations.     

DNMT1 and DNMT3b cooperate to silence genes in human cancer cells

Inactivation of tumour suppressor genes is central to the development of all common forms of human cancer. This inactivation often results from epigenetic silencing associated with hypermethylation rather than intragenic mutations. In human cells, the mechanisms underlying locus-specific or global methylation patterns remain unclear. The prototypic DNA methyltransferase, Dnmt1, accounts for most methylation in mouse cells, but human cancer cells lacking DNMT1 retain significant genomic methylation and associated gene silencing. We disrupted the human DNMT3b gene in a colorectal cancer cell line. This deletion reduced global DNA methylation by less than 3%. Surprisingly, however, genetic disruption of both DNMT1 and DNMT3b nearly eliminated methyltransferase activity, and reduced genomic DNA methylation by greater than 95%. These marked changes resulted in demethylation of repeated sequences, loss of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) imprinting, abrogation of silencing of the tumour suppressor gene p16INK4a, and growth suppression. Here we demonstrate that two enzymes cooperatively maintain DNA methylation and gene silencing in human cancer cells, and provide compelling evidence that such methylation is essential for optimal neoplastic proliferation.