Molecular mechanisms of hepatic lipid accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the world’s most common liver disease, estimated to affect up to one-fourth of the population. Hallmarked by hepatic steatosis, NAFLD is associated with a multitude of detrimental effects and increased mortality. This narrative review investigates the molecular mechanisms of hepatic steatosis in NAFLD, focusing on the four major pathways contributing to lipid homeostasis in the liver. Hepatic steatosis is a consequence of lipid acquisition exceeding lipid disposal, i.e., the uptake of fatty acids and de novo lipogenesis surpassing fatty acid oxidation and export. In NAFLD, hepatic uptake and de novo lipogenesis are increased, while a compensatory enhancement of fatty acid oxidation is insufficient in normalizing lipid levels and may even promote cellular damage and disease progression by inducing oxidative stress, especially with compromised mitochondrial function and increased oxidation in peroxisomes and cytochromes. While lipid export initially increases, it plateaus and may even decrease with disease progression, sustaining the accumulation of lipids. Fueled by lipo-apoptosis, hepatic steatosis leads to systemic metabolic disarray that adversely affects multiple organs, placing abnormal lipid metabolism associated with NAFLD in close relation to many of the current life-style-related diseases.     

Studying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with zebrafish: a confluence of optics, genetics, and physiology

Obesity is a public health crisis. New methods for amelioration of its consequences are required because it is very unlikely that the social and economic factors driving it will be reversed. The pathological accumulation of neutral lipids in the liver (hepatic steatosis) is an obesity-related problem whose molecular underpinnings are unknown and whose effective treatment is lacking. Here I review how zebrafish, a powerful model organism long-used for studying vertebrate developmental programs, is being harnessed to uncover new factors that contribute to normal liver lipid handling. Attention is given to dietary models and individual mutants. I speculate on the possible roles of non-hepatocyte residents of the liver, the adipose tissue, and gut microbiome on the development of hepatic steatosis. The highlighted work and future directions may lead to fresh insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of excess liver lipid states.     

Activation of cathepsin in fatty liver

Riassunto L'attività cateptica del fegato grasso ottenuto mediante trattamento parenterale con CCl₄ o con fosforo nel ratto è aumentata rispetto al normale. Nel normale, gli omogenati hanno una attività cateptica molto bassa, che aumenta di molte volte se si aggiunge al mezzo il Triton X-100. Nel fegato grasso, invece, si osserva una discreta attività cateptica già in assenza di Triton; questo determina un aumento dell'attività, ma in misura percentualmente minore che nel normale. In presenza di Triton, l'attività cateptica dell'omogenato di fegato grasso è superiore a quella del fegato normale. L'aumento dell'attività enzimatica non è quindi interamente attribuibile alla lesione delle particelle che contengono l'enzima.     

Disturbed release of lipoprotein from ethanol-induced fatty liver

Zusammenfassung Nachweis, dass in der Ethanol-induzierten Fettleber der Ratte die « High Density Lipoprotein »-Synthese nicht beeinflusst und eine gestörte Freisetzung von Lipoproteinen aus der Leber angedeutet war.     

Activation of fatty acids in the liver in carbon tetrachloride poisoning

Zusammenfassung Bei CCl₄-Vergiftung zeigt die Leber eine vermehrte Aktivierung der Fettsäuren, die sich fast gleichzeitig mit der fettigen Infiltration kundgibt. Die Abnahme der Aktivierung äussert sich bereits 5 h nach der Vergiftung in statistisch signifikanter Weise. Zugabe von CCl₄ hemmtin vitro die Aktivierung von Palmitin- und Buttersäure.     

Effect of unsaturation in fatty acid-induced swelling of rat liver mitochondria

Zusammenfassung In Gegenwart von Öl-(181), Linol-(182) oder Arachidonsäure (204) wurde eine konzentrationsabhängige, proportional zur Zahl der Doppelbindungen verlaufende Schwellung von Rattenleber Mitochondrien beobachtet. Die Fettsäure-Albumin Komplexe unterscheiden sich von den Natriumsalzen durch eine Lag-Phase vor Beginn der Schwellung gefolgt von einer stärkeren Schwellungsamplitude.     

Plasma pre-α-lipoproteins in ethionine induced fatty liver in rats

Zusammenfassung Nach Ethionin-Behandlung wird im Rattenplasma eine Reduktion des Pre--Lipoproteins festgestellt.     

Liver X receptors in cardiovascular and metabolic disease

Liver X receptors (LXRs) α and β are nuclear oxysterol receptors and metabolic sensors initially found to regulate cholesterol metabolism and lipid biosynthesis. Recent studies have elucidated the importance of LXR in the development of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. LXR agonists prevent development of atherosclerosis by modulation of metabolic as well as inflammatory gene expression in rodent models. Moreover, LXR activation inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and lowers serum glucose levels, indicating possible application of LXR activation in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, first-generation LXR agonists elevate hepatic and serum trigylceride levels, making subtype-specific agonists and selective LXR modulators rather than unselective LXR agonists a potential pharmacological strategy. This review summarizes the multiple physiological and pathophysiological implications of LXRs and observations that identify LXRs as potential targets for therapeutic interventions in human cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Received 30 August 2005; received after revision 10 October 2005; accepted 4 November 2005     

Adjuvant-induced liver disease in mice-transfer experiments

Zusammenfassung Milzzellen von C₃H-Mäusen mit adjuvant induzierter Leberkrankheit hatten bei gesunden Mäusen keine stärkere toxische Wirkung als solche von normalen Mäusen.     

Role of phospholipids in the binding activity of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors

Summary Phospholipase digestion of rat intestinal epithelial cell membranes was performed in order to study the influence of membrane phospholipids on the binding activity of VIP receptors. Phospholipases A₂ and C strougly (ED₅₀4×10^–2 and 4×10^–1 g/ml, respectively) and rapidly reduced¹²⁵I-VIP binding to membranes whereas phospholipase D was ineffective. This suggests an important role of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups of phospholipids on VIP receptor binding activity.This work was supported by INSERM (CRL 827017) and the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale Française.     

Role of phospholipids in the binding activity of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors

Phospholipase digestion of rat intestinal epithelial cell membranes was performed in order to study the influence of membrane phospholipids on the binding activity of VIP receptors. Phospholipases A2 and C strongly (ED50 congruent to 4 X 10(-2) and 4 X 10(-1) micrograms/ml, respectively) and rapidly reduced 125I-VIP binding to membranes whereas phospholipase D was ineffective. This suggests an important role of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups of phospholipids on VIP receptor binding activity.     

AMPA receptors: potential implications in development and disease

α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA) receptors are one type of ionotropic glutamate receptor involved in rapid excitatory synaptic transmission. AMPA receptors have been increasingly implicated in long-term potentiation, and recent evidence suggests that they may play a role in disorders affecting the nervous system. The finding that early in postnatal development AMPA receptors are not expressed has lately been the focus of much attention. Resolving the factors involved in AMPA receptor expression suggests that their induction is a developmentally regulated process with the possibility that alterations in receptor expression may be correlated with pathology in neurological disorders. This paper provides an overview of factors involved in AMPA receptor induction as well as of their role in plasticity and neuronal pathologies. Received 5 December 2000; received after revision 12 January 2001; accepted 2 February 2001