分形高斯噪声驱动的神经元反馈模型中的随机共振现象

基于脑神经科学中的长程相关性和谱幂律形态的普遍性,使用分形高斯噪声建立了一类非线性神经元随机模型,研究了分形高斯噪声在非线性神经元模型中的增强信息传输作用。主要研究一般的反馈神经元模型中,加性分形高斯噪声诱导阈上随机共振现象发生的条件,满足一定条件的噪声强度和系统的Lipschitz条件的随机动力系统可发生阈下随机共振或阈上随机共振现象。理论和模拟结果都显示受分形高斯噪声激励的非线性神经元系统在二值输入的状态下互信息随着噪声强度的变化会达到最大值,并出现单峰状态,从而产生阈下随机共振和阈上随机共振现象。随机共振的现象发生与分形高斯噪声的Hurst指数有关。通过模拟,验证了分形高斯噪声可以增强神经元的信息传输作用。     

视觉信息的随机共振

通过噪声的概率分布论述了噪声在图像处理中增强或弱化视觉效果的作用,阐明了随机共振图像产生的机理,即在一定噪声强度条件下,图像视觉质量可以达到最佳效果．证明了不仅是噪声强度,而且噪声的类型同样会影响视觉质量．通过两种典型噪声的比较分析,得出了在各种类型的噪声中,以添加线性分布的均匀随机噪声所产生的随机共振图像质量效果为最好的结论,本研究为图像表述、目标识别、视觉理解等工程应用提供了一种方法．最后,为自动实现图像的随机共振,给出了一个最佳噪声强度的快速搜索算法．     

金属零件上二维条码高光区域的恢复

基于配套光源的优化，提出了基于随机共振算法的图像溢出信息恢复方法.该方法利用噪声激发饱和系统的随机共振，扩大输出图像的动态范围，挽回高光溢出的信息.分析了不同类型和不同强度的噪声对恢复信息可分辨性的影响.仿真结果表明，不同类型的噪声都有对应的特定强度，使系统输出信息的可分辨性达到极值.最后，通过局部过曝的实例，验证了基于随机共振的图像信息恢复方法能达到抑制高光和提高图像对比度的目的.     

统一和通用的白噪声信息融合反卷积估值器

对于带不同局部动态模型的多传感器线性离散时变随机控制系统,应用Kalman滤波方法,在按标量加权最优融合准则下,提出了统一和通用的最优信息融合白噪声反卷积估值器,并对定常系统提出了稳态最优信息融合白噪声反卷积估值器。它们可统一处理白噪声反卷积融合滤波、平滑和预报问题。为了计算最优加权,提出了输人白噪声局部估计误差互协方差计算公式。它们在石油、地震勘探领域中有重要的应用背景。     

基于非线性系统随机共振的多频弱信号检测

针对实际探测的弱信号常常是多个频率弱信号共存的的情形,进行了利用随机共振检测多频周期性弱信号的研究,以便把利用随机共振的弱信号检测应用于信息处理中微弱信息识别与提取。数值计算结果表明,在适当调节系统参数的情况下,强同频噪声下的多频周期性弱信号经过非线性双稳态系统后,相差不超过一个数量级的几个低于0.5Hz的不同频率的弱信号都可以同时发生随机共振而被检测出来,其信噪比改善十分明显,可以提高30dB以上。该方法在信息识别与信息处理方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

Oscillation and noise determine signal transduction in shark multimodal sensory cells

Oscillating membrane potentials that generate rhythmic impulse patterns are considered to be of particular significance for neuronal information processing. In contrast, noise is usually seen as a disturbance which limits the accuracy of information transfer. We show here, however, that noise in combination with intrinsic oscillations can provide neurons with particular encoding properties, a discovery we made when recording from single electro-sensory afferents of a fish. The temporal sequence of the impulse trains indicates oscillations that operate near the spike-triggering threshold. The oscillation frequency determines the basic rhythm of impulse generation, but whether or not an impulse is actually triggered essentially depends on superimposed noise. The probability of impulse generation can be altered considerably by minor modifications of oscillation baseline and amplitude, which may underlie the exquisite sensitivity of these receptors to thermal and electrical stimuli. Additionally, thermal, but not electrical, stimuli alter the oscillation frequency, allowing dual sensory messages to be conveyed in a single spike train. These findings demonstrate novel properties of sensory transduction which may be relevant for neuronal signalling in general.     

Coherent signal amplification in bistable nanomechanical oscillators by stochastic resonance

Stochastic resonance is a counterintuitive concept: the addition of noise to a noisy system induces coherent amplification of its response. First suggested as a mechanism for the cyclic recurrence of ice ages, stochastic resonance has been seen in a wide variety of macroscopic physical systems: bistable ring lasers, superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), magnetoelastic ribbons and neurophysiological systems such as the receptors in crickets and crayfish. Although fundamentally important as a mechanism of coherent signal amplification, stochastic resonance has yet to be observed in nanoscale systems. Here we report the observation of stochastic resonance in bistable nanomechanical silicon oscillators. Our nanomechanical systems consist of beams that are clamped at each end and driven into transverse oscillation with the use of a radiofrequency source. Modulation of the source induces controllable switching of the beams between two stable, distinct states. We observe that the addition of white noise causes a marked amplification of the signal strength. Stochastic resonance in nanomechanical systems could have a function in the realization of controllable high-speed nanomechanical memory cells, and paves the way for exploring macroscopic quantum coherence and tunnelling.     

乘性噪声作用下线性系统的随机共振及其抑噪应用

在二阶线性系统的阻尼系数和固有频率同时受一类乘性噪声干扰下,详细研究利用欠阻尼二阶线性系统中的随机共振消除此类噪声。研究表明,当二阶线性系统的固有频率和被测信号均受乘性高斯白噪声干扰下,欠阻尼二阶线性系统中存在随机共振现象,该系统的平均输出幅度增益呈现非单调变化,不仅在一定条件下大于无噪声时的增益,而且调节适当的系统参数和噪声强度能够提高幅度增益。因而只要使系统处于共振区域,就会使夹杂在噪声中的被测信号突现出来,从而实现信号的检测。采用可视化仿真软件SIMULINK对此进行了实例模拟。仿真证实了该方法消除乘性噪声的可行性和有效性。     

钙离子体系中显式阵发振荡随机共振

采用介观的化学朗之万方程研究了内噪音对于钙离子阵发振荡行为的影响.模拟结果显示,体系的信噪比值在某一内噪音强度下,即某一细胞体积下达到最大.这一行为与随机共振现象相似,称之为显式阵发振荡随机共振.若采用相关时间度量阵发振荡的相关性,则阵发振荡的相关时间也会在某一细胞体积下达到最大.     

单结管电路中的随机共振过程

为考察二阶非线性电路响应中是否存在随机共振过程 ,用噪声信号和周期信号同时激励二阶非线性单结管电路 ,并观察其响应和测量输出响应信号的信噪比。结果表明 :在一定的条件下 ,增大输入噪声的值不仅不降低输出响应信噪比 ;反而迅速增加输出响应的信噪比 ,使输出响应中周期信号的分量反而加强 ,而且输出响应的信噪比对于输入噪声的变化具有“共振”形状的曲线。从而证明了二阶非线性单结管电路不仅是混沌系统 ,也是随机共振系统 ,且随机共振响应是混沌系统一种响应模态     

Stochastic gene expression out-of-steady-state in the cyanobacterial circadian clock

Recent advances in measuring gene expression at the single-cell level have highlighted the stochastic nature of messenger RNA and protein synthesis. Stochastic gene expression creates a source of variability in the abundance of cellular components, even among isogenic cells exposed to an identical environment. Recent integrated experimental and modelling studies have shed light on the molecular sources of this variability. However, many of these studies focus on systems that have reached a steady state and therefore do not address a large class of dynamic phenomena including oscillatory gene expression. Here we develop a general protocol for analysing and predicting stochastic gene expression in systems that never reach steady states. We use this framework to analyse experimentally stochastic expression of genes driven by the Synechococcus elongatus circadian clock. We find that, although the average expression at two points in the circadian cycle separated by 12 hours is identical, the variability at these two time points can be different. We show that this is a general feature of out-of-steady-state systems. We demonstrate how intrinsic noise sources, owing to random births and deaths of mRNAs and proteins, or extrinsic noise sources, which introduce fluctuations in rate constants, affect the cell-to-cell variability. To distinguish experimentally between these sources, we measured how the correlation between expression fluctuations of two identical genes is modulated during the circadian cycle. This quantitative framework is generally applicable to any out-of-steady-state system and will be necessary for understanding the fidelity of dynamic cellular systems.     

Control,exploitation and tolerance of intracellular noise

Noise has many roles in biological function, including generation of errors in DNA replication leading to mutation and evolution, noise-driven divergence of cell fates, noise-induced amplification of signals, and maintenance of the quantitative individuality of cells. Yet there is order to the behaviour and development of cells. They operate within strict parameters and in many cases this behaviour seems robust, implying that noise is largely filtered by the system. How can we explain the use, rejection and sensitivity to noise that is found in biological systems? An exploration of the sources and consequences of noise calls for the use of stochastic models.     

随机共振结合RobustICA的两阶段结构损伤定位方法

为实现强噪声背景低信噪比环境下的结构损伤识别,提出一种基于非线性随机共振降噪与鲁棒性独立分量分析(RobustICA)的两阶段损伤定位方法.第一阶段,运用非线性随机共振系统对强噪声低信噪比的测量响应进行预处理,以降低背景噪声的干扰并增强结构响应;第二阶段,结合RobustICA提取包含损伤信息的特征分量对结构响应异常进行识别,之后计算归一化的源分布向量(NSDV)的最大值对结构损伤异常进行定位.框架数值算例结果表明,所提出的算法能够较精确实现信噪比为5dB下的结构损伤异常识别与定位.     

基于变步长随机共振的弱信号检测技术

针对绝热近似小参数随机共振难以满足工程实践中大参数下的弱信号检测，以及单一频率的共振分析在实际应用中的局限性问题，提出了一种变步长随机共振数值算法．该方法通过调整计算步长，使随机共振理论同时适用于犬、小参数条件下的弱信号特征提取．计算机仿真结果表明，对变步长随机共振后的信号作幅值谱和小波分析，均能准确得到低信噪比信号中的多个有用成分，充分证明该算法在大参数条件下可对弱信号中的多个特征频率产生共振输出．同时，变步长随机共振也可以有效抑制信号小波分解中由强噪声引起的边频干扰，提高小波分析在低信噪比信号检测中的可靠性．     

Oxygen sensation and social feeding mediated by a C. elegans guanylate cyclase homologue

Specialized oxygen-sensing cells in the nervous system generate rapid behavioural responses to oxygen. We show here that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans exhibits a strong behavioural preference for 5-12% oxygen, avoiding higher and lower oxygen levels. 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a common second messenger in sensory transduction and is implicated in oxygen sensation. Avoidance of high oxygen levels by C. elegans requires the sensory cGMP-gated channel tax-2/tax-4 and a specific soluble guanylate cyclase homologue, gcy-35. The GCY-35 haem domain binds molecular oxygen, unlike the haem domains of classical nitric-oxide-regulated guanylate cyclases. GCY-35 and TAX-4 mediate oxygen sensation in four sensory neurons that control a naturally polymorphic social feeding behaviour in C. elegans. Social feeding and related behaviours occur only when oxygen exceeds C. elegans' preferred level, and require gcy-35 activity. Our results suggest that GCY-35 is regulated by molecular oxygen, and that social feeding can be a behavioural strategy for responding to hyperoxic environments.     

多模型多传感器信息融合稳态白噪声反卷积估值器

对于带不同局部动态模型(多模型)的多传感器线性定常随机控制系统,应用现代时间序列分析方法,在按标量加权最优融合准则下,提出了最优信息融合稳态白噪声反卷积估值器.可统一处理白噪声反卷积融合滤波、平滑和预报问题.它的精度高于每个局部估值器的精度.为了计算最优加权,提出了局部估计误差互协方差计算公式.一个Bernoulli-Gussian白噪声反卷积融合器的仿真例子证明其有效性.     

随机共振神经元利用噪声辅助进行信号传输特性分析

根据生物神经元是利用噪声通过随机共振机制进行信息处理的现象,以阀值神经元为例,采用香农第二定理,分析了双极性信号和白噪声通过由多个神经元串联或并联组成的系统的输出情况,从品质因数、传输长度等角度对多个神经元串联系统的输出特性随噪声强度变化进行了分析．实验结果表明：系统存在随机共振现象,即存在最优的噪声量可以最大限度地增强信息传输;串联时传输信息量随级数的增大而减小,并联时正好相反;噪声的分布形式只影响共振效应的强弱,而不影响系统的随机共振特性;均匀白噪声比高斯白噪声有更强的共振效应．从而说明了噪声对信息传输的积极作用．     

结合数字滤波技术的随机共振弱信号检测

应用数值计算研究强噪声背景下弱信号的随机共振检测. 探讨了大频率条件下非线性双稳态系统随机共振的输出信号幅值、 信噪比与随机噪声的关系, 数值计算结果表明, 非线性双稳态系统对大频率噪声具有较大的压制特性, 通过随机共振系统可以检测强噪声背景下的大频率弱信号. 结合数字滤波技术提取了大频率弱信号, 并获得被检测大频率弱信号的特征频率谱线及时域图像.      

内噪声对细胞体系钙振荡的积极作用

通过构建一个细胞内钙振荡的介观随机模型,采用化学朗之万方程,研究了内噪声对细胞内钙振荡的影响.研究结果发现,当体系处于由宏观确定性方程所确定的Hopf分叉点附近,并且此时体系的确定性动力学行为不发生振荡时,如果考虑内噪声的作用,就会有随机的钙振荡发生,并且这种钙振荡的规则度会随着内噪声强度的变化出现一个极大值,表明了内噪声随机共振的发生.