特低渗透油藏渗流特征实验研究

目前,国内外对启动压力梯度的研究基本都集中在理论研究层面,实验研究很少.用胜利油田某特低渗透油藏的天然岩心,通过实验研究了水在特低渗岩心中的启动压力梯度及流速—压差关系,束缚水饱和度下油在特低渗岩心中的启动压力梯度及流速—压差关系.通过对实验数据回归,得出了最小启动压力梯度、拟启动压力梯度、最大启动压力梯度及描述流速—压差曲线参数与岩石气测渗透率、流体黏度的经验公式,建立了确定最小、最大启动压力梯度的图版.研究表明,特低渗地层启动压力梯度及描述流速压差曲线的参数与岩石气测渗透率/流体黏度比值有很好的相关性,拟绝对渗透率与岩石气测渗透率有很好的相关性.     

基于毛管束模型的启动压力梯度分析与计算

针对低渗岩心渗流规律研究和室内实验测定中准确计算启动压力梯度的方法,提出启动渗透率的概念,认识到启动压力梯度和启动渗透率在渗流过程中是变化的,对冀东油田低渗透岩心通过稳态"流量-压差"法进行驱替实验,建立了用于分析启动压力梯度变化规律的毛细管束模型。对实验结果处理和分析,研究结果表明启动压力梯度和启动渗透率随流量的增加而增加;并且增加的幅度逐渐减小。由启动压力梯度和流量的关系计算出了不同实验岩心的最小启动压力梯度、拟启动压力梯度及对应的启动渗透率,得到启动压力梯度与岩心渗透率呈幂函数关系的经验公式;并将一维实验结果应用于平面径向流中,指出启动压力梯度随距离增加而减小,并得到启动压力占总驱替压差的比例。     

微裂缝岩心启动压力梯度实验研究

为了研究微裂缝对低渗、特低渗储层非线性渗流规律的影响,使用渗透率接近的天然裂缝岩心、人造裂缝岩心、无裂缝岩心进行了室内渗流实验。研究结果表明:岩心渗透率接近时,微裂缝的存在会大幅降低岩心的真实启动压力梯度,降低不可动流体比例,但是对拟启动压力梯度数值影响较小,同时微裂缝减小了流体流动过程中贾敏效应的影响,使得通过实验数据拟合的启动压力梯度幂函数幂指数更接近-1,此指数大小受孔喉非均质性控制,影响启动压力梯度预测准确性。     

致密油藏流体渗流规律实验研究

采用光电微流量计实现了微细流量的精确测量,建立了一套致密油藏岩心渗流曲线测试方法,分析了喉道半径、微裂缝和流体性质对致密油渗流规律及启动压力梯度的影响。研究结果表明:岩心由不同级别的喉道组成是致密油产生非线性渗流的本质,真实启动压力梯度与最大喉道半径具有较好的幂律关系,拟启动压力梯度和平均喉道半径具有较好的幂律关系;与基质型岩心相比,含微裂缝岩心的真实启动压力梯度和拟启动压力梯度都有所降低,真实启动压力梯度降低的幅度大于拟启动压力梯度;与模拟地层水相比,利用模拟油得到的真实启动压力梯度和拟启动压力梯度都有所增大,渗透率越低,不同流体介质得到的真实启动压力梯度和拟启动压力梯度差异越显著。     

一种测定低渗油藏启动压力的新方法

低渗油藏孔隙细小,渗流不符合达西定律,流体在其中流动存在启动压力.根据低渗油藏渗流特点,设计了合理确定启动压力的测试方法.利用胜利油田天然低渗岩心、产出水及现场脱气原油配制的模拟油,测定了单相水及束缚水饱和度下油的启动压力及非线性渗流规律,回归得到了启动压力梯度与岩石气测渗透率和流体粘度比值的关系.结果表明,利用该测试方法能准确地测定低渗及特低渗岩心的启动压力;油、水的启动压力梯度与岩石气测渗透率和粘度的比值呈幂指数关系,且随渗透率与粘度比值的降低而迅速增加.     

一种测定低渗油藏启动压力的新方法

低渗油藏孔隙细小,渗流不符合达西定律,流体在其中流动存在启动压力.根据低渗油藏渗流特点,设计了合理确定启动压力的测试方法.利用胜利油田天然低渗岩心、产出水及现场脱气原油配制的模拟油,测定了单相水及束缚水饱和度下油的启动压力及非线性渗流规律,回归得到了启动压力梯度与岩石气测渗透率和流体粘度比值的关系.结果表明,利用该测试方法能准确地测定低渗及特低渗岩心的启动压力;油、水的启动压力梯度与岩石气测渗透率和粘度的比值呈幂指数关系,且随渗透率与粘度比值的降低而迅速增加.     

岩心油水两相渗流启动压力梯度实验研究

为了搞清油藏储层油水两相渗流启动压力梯度特点及其影响因素,对不同渗透率岩心水驱油两相渗流的启动压力梯度进行了室内实验测定,根据实验现象和实验结果,分析了产生启动压力的岩心孔隙内部的阻力效应。研究结果表明：气体渗透率小于50×10-3μm2的低渗岩心具有较大的启动压力梯度,且随渗透率降低,启动压力梯度快速增加,岩心内含水饱和度越高,启动压力梯度越大;气体渗透率大于50×10-3μm2中高渗岩心启动压力梯度随渗透率变化不大,且数值较小,随岩心含水饱和度增加而降低;产生启动压力的阻力效应大小和岩石的润湿性、毛管压力、微观孔隙的油水分布状态、固液界面张力及孔喉半径有关。对于低渗透油藏,岩心的润湿指数越大,含水饱和度越高,固液界面张力越大,所产生的油水两相阻力效应越大,岩心启动压力梯度就越大。     

低渗气层气体的渗流特征实验研究

通过大量的岩心实验，研究了陕甘宁中部低渗气田某储层岩心中存在残余水时气体的渗流规律．研究表明，低渗岩心中气体的流动存大多种渗流形态，这与低渗岩心的渗透率、含水饱和度以及压力梯度的大小有关．当含水饱和度较低时（小于３０％），仅在一定的压力梯度范围内存在达西渗流．当含水饱和度较高时（大于３０％至束缚水饱和度以下），气体的渗流存在非达西渗流的现象．这种非达西流动表现为在较低的压力梯度下为非线性流动，而在较高的压力梯度下为线性流动，即气体的视渗透率随压力梯度的增加而增加，至一定值后，视渗透率基本保持不变，但此时气体的流动规律同达西线性流相比，气体的流动存在附加压力损失．文中还初步分析了低渗岩心中气体流动存在多种渗流形态的原因及其存在的范围．     

低渗透油藏油水两相启动压力梯度变化规律研究

低渗油藏单相渗流启动压力梯度目前已进行了大量研究,但油水两相启动压力目前研究很少,没有明确的结论.较系统地研究了两相启动压力梯度产生原因及变化规律,从启动压力梯度定义出发研究了两相启动压力梯度的测定方法.用胜利油田天然低渗岩心测定了不同渗透率岩心油水两相启动压力梯度与含水饱和度的关系,通过数据回归建立了油水两相启动压力梯度与渗透率、饱和度之间的经验关系式.实验结果表明:油水两相同时渗流时,两相的启动压力梯度相等,随含水饱和度的增加而呈线性降低的趋势,并且渗透率越低的岩心,降低的趋势越明显.建立了根据岩石的物性预测研究区块两相启动压力梯度的经验方法.     

特低渗透油藏启动压力梯度研究

针对单相和油水两相流体启动压力梯度的产生机理和对渗流规律的影响问题,通过稳态“压差—流量”测定启动压力梯度法,分别用模拟油、地层水、注入水和蒸馏水对我国某油田119块典型特低渗岩芯进行驱替实验,得到了单相和油水两相渗流的启动压力梯度值,分析了启动压力梯度的变化规律。物理模拟和理论研究都表明,不同渗流介质测得的启动压力梯度与渗透率均成幂函数关系,并且幂指数近似为-1。同时,由于毛管力和贾敏效应作用,油水两相启动压力梯度远远大于单相渗流的启动压力梯度。结合油田实际,说明了启动压力梯度在特低渗透油气藏开发中的应用。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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