Immunospecific inhibition of nerve conduction by T lymphocytes reactive to basic protein of myelin

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by immunization to the basic protein of central nervous system myelin (BP) is a paralytic disease in which T lymphocytes attack the individual's own central nervous system. As the target is in white matter, EAE has been considered an experimental model of some aspects of human disease such as multiple sclerosis. To investigate whether autoimmune T lymphocytes could produce paralysis, we studied the effects on the electrophysiology of isolated nerves produced by T-lymphocyte lines reactive specifically to BP or other antigens. We now report that propagation of action potentials evoked by electrical stimulation was blocked by incubating optic nerves with specific anti-BP T cells. This blockade could be reversed for up to two hours by removing the anti-BP line cells from the optic nerve. The anti-BP line cells had no effect on conduction along allogeneic optic nerves or syngeneic peripheral nerves. This indicates that disruption of the function of myelin in neuroimmunological disease may result from an immunologically specific interaction between autoimmune T lymphocytes and myelin antigens.     

团簇V3BP电子自旋密度的研究

基于密度泛函理论,对B3LYP/Lanl2dz赝势基组水平的V₃BP的11种优化构型通过分析其电子自旋密度分布进行稳定性的研究。结果表明：团簇V₃BP最稳定构型1^（4）外围电子自旋密度分布均匀,对称性好;内部原子间成键强弱均匀,对称性好;最不稳定构型8^（2）外围α电子和β电子交替分布且分布不均匀,对称性差且极不规整;内部原子间成键强度各不相同,同一类型键原子间成键强弱也不均匀;团簇V₃BP各优化构型的外围电子分布由α电子和β电子共同组成,且α电子所占比例较大;构型2^（4）、1^（2）、4^（2）、8^（2）内部原子间成键后均为β电子过剩,其余构型内部原子间成键后均为α电子过剩。     

Sodium channel density in hypomyelinated brain increased by myelin basic protein gene deletion.

Trophic control over the expression and membrane distribution of voltage-dependent ion channels is one of the principal organizing events underlying the maturation of excitable cells. The myelin sheath is a major structural determinant of regional ion channel topography in central axons, but the exact molecular signals that mediate local interactions between the oligodendrocyte and axolemma are not known. We have found that large caliber fibre pathways in the brain of the mutant mouse shiverer (shi, gene on chromosome 18), whose developmental fate of myelination is averted by deletion of five exons in the myelin basic protein gene, have a striking excess of sodium channels. As cytoplasmic membranes of shiverer oligodendroglia still adhere to axons, the evidence indicates that myelin basic protein or a myelin basic protein-dependent glial transmembrane signal associated with compact myelin formation, rather than a simple glial-axon contact inhibition or an intrinsic genetic program of neuronal differentiation, could be critical in downregulating sodium channel density in axons. Here we use the shiverer mutant to show that mature central nervous system projection neurons with large caliber unmyelinated fibres sustain functional excitability by increasing sodium channel density. This axon plasticity, triggered by the absence of a single glial protein, contributes to the unexpectedly mild degree of neurological impairment in the mutant brain without myelin, and may be a potentially inducible mechanism determining the recovery of function from dysmyelinating disease.     

Shiverer peripheral myelin contains P2

Myelin-deficient mutant mice, such as shiverer, can provide information about the normal mechanisms involved in myelination. The shiverer mouse carries a recessive, autosomal mutation resulting in an extreme deficiency in central myelin, and the small amount of myelin present is poorly compacted; the peripheral myelin, however, appears essentially normal. As the amount of myelin basic protein (P1) in both central and peripheral nervous system myelin is extremely low in shiverer, it is possible that P1 is essential for the normal formation and compaction of central myelin, but not of peripheral myelin. Some other protein would then be responsible for the formation of compact peripheral myelin in shiverer. Peripheral myelin contains another basic protein, designated P2, which could be a possible candidate for this role. Kirschner and Ganser, however, using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, reported that P2, as well as P1, is absent from shiverer sciatic nerve. This is an important observation if correct, because it not only excludes the possibility that P2 is required for compaction but also makes it less likely that the deficiency in P1 is the primary defect in shiverer. As P2 in rat and mouse has frequently been confused with another small basic protein (related to P1) in SDS-polyacrylamide gels, it seemed worthwhile to reassess this aspect of the Kirschner and Ganser observations. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting have been used here to show unambiguously that P2 is present in shiverer peripheral myelin.     

Feasibility study for joint retrieval of air density and ozone concentration profiles in the mesosphere using an ultraviolet limb-scan technique

For joint retrieval of vertical distributions of both air density and ozone concentration in the mesosphere which are two of the most important atmospheric parameters in this region, a retrieval scheme is suggested by using satellite limb scan observation at two UV wavelengths, i.e. 255 nm and 296 nm. The retrieval scheme is the modification of the direct method by Aruga and Heath with two UV wavelengths and two atmospheric parameters. Feasibility study was made based on simulated limb scan radiances computed with a single scattering radiative transfer algorithms of spherical geometry developed by the present authors and the inversion technique. Results of the simulations show that it is feasible to retrieve air density and ozone concentration vertical distributions on a global basis from satellite UV limb scan over the altitude range of 50 km～ 100 km with a vertical resolution of 1 km. The errors of the inferred profiles by using the joint inversion algorithm are greatly deduced, especially in the upper-mesosphere heights, compared with those by using the single inversion technique with a single wavelength.     

自由电子激光中的电子和光场的混沌

针对康普顿型常参数自由电子激光器的理论模型，应用运动轨道直接观测法，绘制了电子相轨道的二维投影构图，并计算了轨道的李雅普诺夫（Ｌｙａｐｕｎｏｎ）指数。确定了电子混沌轨道的临界区域。     

Glycolytic oligodendrocytes maintain myelin and long-term axonal integrity

Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming glial cells of the central nervous system, maintain long-term axonal integrity. However, the underlying support mechanisms are not understood. Here we identify a metabolic component of axon-glia interactions by generating conditional Cox10 (protoheme IX farnesyltransferase) mutant mice, in which oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells fail to assemble stable mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX, also known as mitochondrial complex IV). In the peripheral nervous system, Cox10 conditional mutants exhibit severe neuropathy with dysmyelination, abnormal Remak bundles, muscle atrophy and paralysis. Notably, perturbing mitochondrial respiration did not cause glial cell death. In the adult central nervous system, we found no signs of demyelination, axonal degeneration or secondary inflammation. Unlike cultured oligodendrocytes, which are sensitive to COX inhibitors, post-myelination oligodendrocytes survive well in the absence of COX activity. More importantly, by in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy, brain lactate concentrations in mutants were increased compared with controls, but were detectable only in mice exposed to volatile anaesthetics. This indicates that aerobic glycolysis products derived from oligodendrocytes are rapidly metabolized within white matter tracts. Because myelinated axons can use lactate when energy-deprived, our findings suggest a model in which axon-glia metabolic coupling serves a physiological function.     

电荷屏蔽对超新星前身星阶段电子俘获的影响

利用Langanke等人给出的新的弱相互作用理论，分析了在超新星前身星阶段，电荷屏蔽对电子俘获的影响．分析中屏蔽势采用最近Itoh等人用线性响应理论导出的结果．表明在高密情况下电荷屏蔽对电子俘获率的影响是明显的．     

电子轰击下MgO薄膜的二次电子效应的衰减机理

以MgO薄膜、MgO/Au复合薄膜作为二次电子发射材料的研究对象,利用持续电子束轰击薄膜的方式,研究了二次电子效应与时间的变化规律。通过测试样品时间的指数衰减,电导率和介电常数对衰减速率的影响,建立模型假设来研究二次电子发射的机理,提出了潜在电子的概念及平板电容模型;以此模型为基础进行分析推导,建立了二次电子发射过程理论模型,得出了诱导电流和二次电子发射系数实验值的表达式,与实际样品测试结果的趋势一致,二次电子发射材料性能的衰减速率与薄膜电导率正相关,验证了所提理论模型能很好地解释介质薄膜二次电子发射的衰减机理,有助于提高二次电子发射材料的衰减性能,为改进工艺和研发新型介质薄膜材料提供了一定的理论指导。     

厚样品电子断层成像中的电子透过率非线性效应

为提高透射电子显微术中厚样品电子断层成像的质量,研究了电子透过率与样品质量厚度之间的非线性关系对厚样品电子断层成像的影响.在微米量级厚样品电子透过率实测结果的基础上,通过计算机模拟生成系列投影像并进行了图像重构.模拟结果表明,电子透过率的非线性会在重构结果中产生伪结构,投影值偏离量随投影位置的变化率与伪结构相关.进一步评价了样品在不同倾斜角度范围时电子的非线性透过率对图像重构质量的影响,发现这种影响随样品倾斜角度增大而增强,并有可能降低图像重构的质量.