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1.
Summary At 20 mM of acetaldehyde, the activities of three transport systems of L-alanine distinguished by the difference in their cation dependence, namely 1) Na+-specific, 2) Li+-dependent, and 3) Na+-independent systems, were significantly reduced in a similar manner. Only the Li+-dependent system was selectively inhibited at toxic concentrations of acetaldehyde and ethanol.  相似文献   

2.
Developmental exposure to ethanol impairs fetal brain development and causes fetal alcohol syndrome. Although the cerebellum is one of the most alcohol-sensitive brain areas, signaling mechanisms underlying the deleterious effects of ethanol on developing cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are largely unknown. Here we describe the effects of in vivo ethanol exposure on neurite formation in CGNs and on the activation of Rho GTPases (RhoA and Rac1), regulators of neurite formation. Exposure of 7-day-old rat pups to ethanol for 3 h moderately increased blood alcohol concentration (BAC) (∼40 mM) and inhibited neurite formation and Rac1 activation in CGNs. Longer exposure to ethanol for 5 h resulted in higher BAC (∼80 mM), induced apoptosis, inhibited Rac1, and activated RhoA. Studies demonstrated a regulatory role of Rho GTPases in differentiation of cerebellar neurons, and indicated that ethanol-associated impairment of Rho GTPase signaling might contribute to brain defects observed in fetal alcohol syndrome. Received 16 July 2006; received after revision 12 September 2006; accepted 13 October 2006  相似文献   

3.
Summary Glutamine synthetase I was purified fromRhizobium sp. UMKL 20 following polyethylene glycol precipitation. The enzyme had a subunit molecular weight of 58 kd. Apparent Km values for ammonia and glutamate were 5.6 and 15.2 mM, respectively. Glutamine synthetase I activity was inhibited by several end products of glutamine metabolism. The purified enzyme was highly adenylylated (E n =8.5).Acknowledgment. I would like to thank Mr J. C. Lai for technical assistance. This work was carried out with the support of Vote F 153/79 from the University of Malaya.  相似文献   

4.
The tritium-labeled bis-norleucine analog ofHelicoverpa zea pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide ([3H]NLPBAN) was incubated in vitro with hemolymph fromManduca sexta orH. zea adult females. The incubations resulted in the formation of several tritium-labeled degradation products. At a [3H]NLPBAN concentration of 0.9 μM the degradation proceeded at a very slow but physiologically plausible rate (2–10 fmol/min/μl hemolymph). The primary [3H]NLPBAN degradation reaction inM. sexta hemolymph was not inhibited by 20 μM leupeptin, 0.1 mM amastatin, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM 1,10-phenanthroline, or 2 mM 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride; but secondary reactions may have been affected, as some of the inhibitors changed the radio-HPLC profile of the degradation products. It is concluded that hemolymph ofM. sexta andH. zea contains peptidase(s) capable of inactivating circulating PBAN.  相似文献   

5.
Summary Studies have implicated Ca++ in the actions of ethanol at many biochemical levels. Calcium as a major intracellular messenger in the central nervous system is involved in many processes, including protein phosphorylation enzyme activation and secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters. The control of intracellular calcium, therefore, represents a major step by which neuronal cells regulate their activities. The present review focuses on three primary areas which influence intracellular calcium levels; voltage-dependent Ca++ channels, receptor-mediated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, and Ca++/Mg++-ATPase, the high affinity membrane Ca++ pump.Current research suggests that a subtype of the voltage-dependent Ca++ channel, the dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca++ channel, is uniquely sensitive to acute and chronic ethanol treatment. Acute exposure inhibits, while chronic ethanol exposure increases45Ca++-influx and [3H]dihydropyridine receptor binding sites. In addition, acute and chronic exposure to ethanol inhibits, then increases Ca++/Mg++-ATPase activity in neuronal membranes. Changes in Ca++ channel and Ca++/Mg++-ATPase activity following chronic ethanol may occur as an adaptation process to increase Ca++ availability for intracellular processes. Since receptor-dependent inositol phospholipid hydrolysis is enhanced after chronic ethanol treatment, subsequent activation of protein kinase-C may also be involved in the adaptation process and may indicate increased coupling for receptor-dependent changes in Ca++/Mg++-ATPase activity.The increased sensitivity of three Ca++-dependent processes suggest that adaptation to chronic ethanol exposure may involve coupling of one or more of these processes to receptor-mediated events.  相似文献   

6.
Summary (1 R) [1-3H,2H1] 3-Phenylpropanol, the key intermediate in the synthesis of (4 R) [4-3H,2H1] D, L-homoserine and of the (4 S)-isomer, is obtained from (1 S) [1-2H1] 3-phenylpropanol and (1 RS) [1-3H] ethanol upon incubation with yeast alcohol dehydrogenase and NAD+; under similar conditions 2-phenylethanol undergoes very small exchange with [1-2H2] ethanol.  相似文献   

7.
Summary High concentrations of bethanechol (10–4 to 10–3 M) were effective stimulants of amylase secretion from the mouse pancreas if incubations are performed in low [ca2+] (0.1 mM) solutions but not if normal Krebs solution (2.56 mM Ca2+) was used. This inhibitory effect of Ca2+ at high secretagogue concentrations did not appear to be mediated through the microtubules or microfilaments.  相似文献   

8.
Summary Using a pulse-labeling technique,14C-adenosine uptake into pyrimidine 5-nucleotidase (P5N) deficient erythrocytes (RBC) was found to be impaired. The Lineweaver-Burk plot showed Km values of 2.0×10–3 mM and 0.2 ×10–3 mM for normal RBC and P5N deficient RBC, respectively. These results indicate that P5N is one of regulators of the adenosine transport system and/or is associated with adenosine carrier protein.  相似文献   

9.
Effects of extracellular magnesium ions ([Mg2+]o ) on intracellular free Mg2+ ([Mg2+]i ) and its subcellular distribution in single fission yeast cells, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, were studied with digital-imaging microscopy and an Mg2+ fluorescent probe (mag-fura-2). Using 0.44 mM [Mg2+]o , [Mg2+]i in yeast cells was 0.91±0.08 mM. Elevation of [Mg2+]o to 1.97 mM induced rapid (within 5 min) increments in [Mg2+]i (2.18±0.11 mM). Lowering [Mg2+]o to 0.06 mM, however, exerted no significant effects on [Mg2+]i (0.93±0.14 mM), at least for periods of up to 30 min. Irrespective of the [Mg2+]o used, the subcellular distribution of [Mg2+]i remained hetero geneous, i.e. where the sub-plasma membrane region >cytoplasm >nucleus. [Mg2+] in all three subcellular compartments increased significantly, two- to threefold, concomitant with [Mg2+]i when placed in 1.97 mM [Mg2+]o . We conclude that [Mg2+]i in fission yeast is maintained at a physiologic level when [Mg2+]o is low, but intracellular free Mg2+ rapidly rises when [Mg2+]o is elevated. Like most eukaryotic cells, yeast may have a Mg2+ transport system(s) which functions to maintain gradients of Mg2+ from the outside to inside the cell and among its subcellular compartments. Received 18 April 1996; received after revision 4 July 1996; accepted 26 July 1996  相似文献   

10.
Summary Ca2+ loaded inside-out vesicles from human red blood cells, yielding Ca2+ into a Ca2+ free medium with 4 mM EGTA, 2 mM ADP and 10 mM phosphate, produced an excess of 14.9 pmoles · min–1 · (mg protein)–1 of ATP compared to controls in which the transmembrane Ca2+ gradient was abolished by the ionophore A 23 187.We are obliged to Dr H. Fey and Miss H. Pfister (Veterinarybacteriological Institute Bern) and Dr H. Porzig (Pharmacological Institute Bern) for help and advice.  相似文献   

11.
An important trait associated with the salt tolerance of wheat is the exclusion of sodium ions (Na+) from the shoot. We have previously shown that the sodium transporters TmHKT1;5-A and TaHKT1;5-D, from Triticum monoccocum (Tm) and Triticum aestivum (Ta), are encoded by genes underlying the major shoot Na+-exclusion loci Nax1 and Kna1, respectively. Here, using heterologous expression, we show that the affinity (K m) for the Na+ transport of TmHKT1;5-A, at 2.66 mM, is higher than that of TaHKT1;5-D at 7.50 mM. Through 3D structural modelling, we identify residues D471/a gap and D474/G473 that contribute to this property. We identify four additional mutations in amino acid residues that inhibit the transport activity of TmHKT1;5-A, which are predicted to be the result of an occlusion of the pore. We propose that the underlying transport properties of TmHKT1;5-A and TaHKT1;5-D contribute to their unique ability to improve Na+ exclusion in wheat that leads to an improved salinity tolerance in the field.  相似文献   

12.
Zn2+ in low concentrations (0.005–0.1 mM) inhibited the transient contractions in response to caffeine (25 mM) in a dose-dependent manner in smooth muscle of intact guinea-pig taenia caeci. At Zn2+ concentrations higher than 0.1 mM, caffeine did not elicit any response. After saponin-treatment of the fibres, which leaves the Ca2+ storage sites intact, caffeine contraction was completely inhibited by Zn2+ at a relatively low concentration (0.03 mM). However, in Triton-X-100-treated fibres, in which the Ca2+ release sites are destroyed, the contraction could be induced in the presence of Zn2+ by an increase in Ca2+. In conclusion, Zn2+ can block the intracellular Ca2+ release from caffeine-sensitive release sites in taenia caeci.  相似文献   

13.
Preincubation with 0.3 mM Zn2+ markedly inhibited both the tonic response and Ca2+ binding at low affinity sites induced by K+ (60 mM), with smaller effects on the phasic response and the high affinity Ca2+ sites, inTaenia coli. However, when the muscle was kept in Zn2+-containing medium following the first stimulation with the K+, the phasic response and the high affinity Ca2+ sites were more severely inhibited during the second stimulation with K+. This probably indicates that Zn2+ reduced the tonic tension response to K+ mainly by inhibiting Ca2+ influx at the cell membranes ofTaenia coli. However, when Zn2+ is continuously present, Ca2+ is not supplied at the storage sites and is not available for the phasic response to a second stimulation with K+.  相似文献   

14.
Summary 9 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) administered to mice immediately after withdrawal from a 3-day exposure to ethanol vapor was found to intensify withdrawal reactions. No effect was seen when 9 was administered chronically during the exposure to ethanol.  相似文献   

15.
Summary Male Fischer F-344 rats were given ethanol in the drinking water and/or by single oral administration. Following this, the animals received p.o. 100 ng/kg of the hepatocarcinogen [3H]aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). 24 h later, the level of DNA-bound AFB1 was determined in the liver and was found not to be affected by any type of ethanol pretreatment. A cocarcinogenic effect of ethanol in the liver is therefore unlikely to be due to an effect on the metabolic activation and inactivation processes governing the formation of DNA-binding AFB1 metabolites.To whom correspondence should be addressed.Acknowledgment. We thank the European Science Foundation for the Toxicology Research Fellowship awarded to M.M.  相似文献   

16.
Summary Rat liver microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylgularyl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase was activated by 50% at a concentration of 0.4 mM 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (DPG) and by 11-fold at 10 mM DPG. DPG also prevented the inactivation of HMG-CoA reductase by ATP and Mg++. Rat liver microsomal HMG-CoA reductase prepared in the presence of 1 mM DPG was significantly more active than when prepared in the absence of DPG. Activation of the enzyme by DPG and protection of the enzyme against inhibition by ATP and Mg++ by DPG were also observed with solubilized HMG-CoA reductase.This work was supported by Research Award # 697 G2-1 from the American Heart Association, Greater Los Angeles Affiliate, and by grant # 1R01 HL22672 from the National Institutes of Health. We thank M. Brun and M. Curtis for their excellent technical assistance.  相似文献   

17.
Summary Coix lacryma-jobi L., about 20 days old and grown on watercultures, were fed with14C-ring-labelled simazine. After freeze drying, the plant tissue was extracted with chloroform and 80% ethanol. The ethanol extractable activities were fractionated on a cation exchange column. The radioactive metabolites seem to be identical with 2-hydroxy-4, 6-diethylamino-s-triazine (hydroxysimazine), 2-hydroxy-4, 6-diamino-s-triazine (ammelin) and 2-hydroxy-4-ethylamino-6-amino-s-triazine.  相似文献   

18.
In the present study, we have examined the intestinal Na+ transport, through the Na+-H+ exchanger, in ileal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats as a control group. Na+ uptake into ileal BBMV was stimulated in the presence of a proton gradient (pH 5.5 inside/pH 7.5 outside) in SHR and WKY rats, resulting in a transient accumulation (overshoot) in both groups of rats. No overshoot was observed in the absence of a pH gradient. The magnitude of the accumulation was significantly higher in SHR than in WKY rats. Uptake of Na+ at equilibrium was identical in the presence and the absence of a proton gradient and was not changed in SHR. The use of amiloride inhibited pH gradient-driven Na+ uptake in a dose-dependent manner with a Ki of 90 μM and 100 μM for SHR and WKY rats, respectively. The relationship between proton gradient-driven Na+ uptake and external Na+ concentration was saturable and conformed to Michaelis-Menten kinetics in both SHR and WKY rats. Lineweaver-Burk analysis of the pH gradient-driven Na+ uptake indicated values of Vmax that were significantly increased in SHR compared to WKY rats (11.4±0.55 nmol/mg/8 s vs. 4.96±0.78 nmol/mg/8 s for SHR and WKY rats, respectively). In contrast, similar Km values for Na+ were found between SHR and WKY rats (4.0±0.2 mM vs. 4.9±0.6 mM for SHR and WKY rats, respectively). These studies show derangement in ileal BBMV Na+ transport of SHR, which is characterized by increased Na+-H+ exchanger activity. Received 18 December 1996; received after revision 3 February 1997; accepted 7 February 1997  相似文献   

19.
In the presence of Zn2+ (0.3 mM), carbachol (10–6 M) or histamine (10–5 M) induced the phasic response in guinea-pig taenia caeci while the tonic response was markedly inhibited. However, when the muscles were kept in Zn2+-containing medium following the first stimulation with either carbachol or histamine, neither application of carbachol nor of histamine elicited another phasic contraction. Caffeine (25 mM) did not induce contraction in the presence of Zn2+. After the washing out of caffeine in the presence of Zn2+, however, the muscle did then develop the phasic response on the application of carbachol or histamine. In conclusion, Zn2+ did not affect the carbachol or histamine-induced Ca2+ release from the storage sites. However, when Zn2+ was continuously present, Ca2+ was not supplied to the storage sites. Furthermore, carbachol and histamine mobilized a common cellular Ca2+ store, but they activated Ca2+ release channels different from the ones activated by caffeine in the Ca2+ storage sites.  相似文献   

20.
Summary Both Mg2+-ATPase and HCO 3 -stimulated ATPase activity were inhibited by sodium azide and to a lesser extent ethacrynic acid and amiloride. 1 mM DNP stimulated Mg2+-ATPase activity by 22% and HCO 3 -stimulated ATPase activity by 7%.  相似文献   

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