Static slip model of the M w 9.0 Tohoku (Japan) earthquake: Results from joint inversion of terrestrial GPS data and seafloor GPS/acoustic data

Based on co-seismic displacements recorded by terrestrial GPS stations and seafloor GPS/acoustic stations, the static slip model of the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake was determined by inverting the data using a layered earth model. According to a priori information, the rupture surface was modeled with a geometry that is close to the actual rupture, in which the fault dip angle increases with depth and the fault strike varies with the trend of the trench. As shown by the results inferred from the joint inversion, the "geodetic" moment is 3.68 × 10 22 Nm, corresponding to Mw 9.01, and the maximum slip is positioned at a depth of 13.5 km with a slip magnitude of 45.8 m. Rupture asperities with slip exceeding 10 m are mainly distributed from 39.6 to 36.97°N, over a length of almost 240 km along the trench. The slip was mostly concentrated at depths shallower than 40 km, up-dip of the hypocenter. "Checkerboard" tests reveal that a joint inversion of multiple datasets can resolve the slip distribution better than an inversion with terrestrial GPS data only-especially when aiming to resolve slip at shallow depths. Thus, the joint inversion results obtained by this work may provide a more reliable slip model than the results of other studies that are only derived from terrestrial GPS data or seismic waveform data.     

Tectonic contraction across Los Angeles after removal of groundwater pumping effects

After the 1987 Whittier Narrows and 1994 Northridge earthquakes revealed that blind thrust faults represent a significant threat to metropolitan Los Angeles, a network of 250 continuously recording global positioning system (GPS) stations was deployed to monitor displacements associated with deep slip on both blind and surface faults. Here we augment this GPS data with interferometric synthetic aperture radar imagery to take into account the deformation associated with groundwater pumping and strike-slip faulting. After removing these non-tectonic signals, we are left with 4.4 mm yr-1 of uniaxial contraction across the Los Angeles basin, oriented N 36 degrees E (perpendicular to the major strike-slip faults in the area). This indicates that the contraction is primarily accommodated on thrust faults rather than on the northeast-trending strike-slip faults. We have found that widespread groundwater and oil pumping obscures and in some cases mimics the tectonic signals expected from the blind thrust faults. In the 40-km-long Santa Ana basin, groundwater withdrawal and re-injection produces 12 mm yr-1 of long-term subsidence, accompanied by an unprecedented seasonal oscillation of 55 mm in the vertical direction and 7 mm horizontally.     

Lushan M S7.0 earthquake: A special earthquake occurs on curved fault

Relocation result shows that the aftershocks of the Lushan M _S7.0 earthquake spatially distribute in a shape like “half bowl”, indicating that the rupture structure of the mainshock is a highly curved surface. Kinematic analysis reveals that a laterally varied dislocation pattern occurs on this curved fault even though a single relative horizontal movement controls slip on this fault. Reverse slip prevails on curved fault. However, significant normal slip is predicted near the edge of north flank. Moreover, the north flank features left-lateral slip while the south flank contrarily features right-lateral slip. The relative scope of aftershock distribution implies inadequate breaking of the curved fault during the mainshock, calling for the attention to potential earthquake risk on the neighboring portions of the coseismic rupture due to significant increase of the coseismic Coulomb stress. Coseismic stress modeling also reveals that it is unnecessary for the stress on ruptured part to be unloaded following the earthquakes on the curved fault. The coseismic stress loading on ruptured elements unveils the specialty of faulting for the Lushan earthquake and we conclude that this specialty is due to the highly curved fault geometry.     

Chinese geodetic coordinate system 2000

The basic strategies in establishing the Chinese geodetic coordinate system 2000 have been summarized, including the definition of the coordinate system, the structure of the terrestrial reference frame, the functional and stochastic models involved in the realization of the reference frame as well as the improvements of the adjustment procedures. First, the fundamental frame of the coordinate system is composed of the permanent GPS tracking network in China which is integrated into the international GPS service stations by combined adjustment, in order to guarantee the consistence between the international terrestrial reference system and the Chinese geodetic coordinate system. Second, the extended frame of the coordinate system is composed of the unified 2000＇ national GPS network which is integrated by 6 nationwide GPS networks with more than 2500 stations under the controlling of the fundamental frame. Third, the densified frame is composed of national astronomical geodetic network with nearly 50 thousand stations which was updated by the combined adjustment with the 2000＇ national GPS network, thus the datum of the national astronomical geodetic network has been unified and the precision greatly improved. By the optimal data fusion method the influences of the datum errors, systematic errors and the outliers in the separated geodetic networks are weakened in the unified Chinese geodetic coordinate frame. The significance in application of the new geodetic coordinate system and the existing problems in the reference frame are described and analyzed.     

Intrusion triggering of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull explosive eruption

Gradual inflation of magma chambers often precedes eruptions at highly active volcanoes. During such eruptions, rapid deflation occurs as magma flows out and pressure is reduced. Less is known about the deformation style at moderately active volcanoes, such as Eyjafjallaj?kull, Iceland, where an explosive summit eruption of trachyandesite beginning on 14 April 2010 caused exceptional disruption to air traffic, closing airspace over much of Europe for days. This eruption was preceded by an effusive flank eruption of basalt from 20 March to 12 April 2010. The 2010 eruptions are the culmination of 18?years of intermittent volcanic unrest. Here we show that deformation associated with the eruptions was unusual because it did not relate to pressure changes within a single magma chamber. Deformation was rapid before the first eruption (>5?mm per day after 4 March), but negligible during it. Lack of distinct co-eruptive deflation indicates that the net volume of magma drained from shallow depth during this eruption was small; rather, magma flowed from considerable depth. Before the eruption, a ～0.05?km(3) magmatic intrusion grew over a period of three months, in a temporally and spatially complex manner, as revealed by GPS (Global Positioning System) geodetic measurements and interferometric analysis of satellite radar images. The second eruption occurred within the ice-capped caldera of the volcano, with explosivity amplified by magma-ice interaction. Gradual contraction of a source, distinct from the pre-eruptive inflation sources, is evident from geodetic data. Eyjafjallaj?kull's behaviour can be attributed to its off-rift setting with a 'cold' subsurface structure and limited magma at shallow depth, as may be typical for moderately active volcanoes. Clear signs of volcanic unrest signals over years to weeks may indicate reawakening of such volcanoes, whereas immediate short-term eruption precursors may be subtle and difficult to detect.     

Combined adjustment project of national astronomical geodetic networks and 2000'''' national GPS control network

The combined adjustment of astronomical geode tic networks and the 2000’national GPS control net work is a national geodetic project based on the pre sent necessities and long term program of national e conomic development. This project has profound sci entific, social and economic significance, and willproduce an effect on developments of space scienceand national defense construction as well as geodesyitself.China took part in the second international radioobservational projec…     

区域GPS空间基准网的建立

随着GPS的广泛应用，如何提高GPS的定位效率，实现实时定位，已经成为有待解决迫切的问题，目前RTK技术(实时动态全球定位系统)不需要数据的后处理即可快速定位，但在定位之前，需要在足够的已知点上进行观测，计算获得所需区域的坐标系统的转换参数，这在很大程度上影响了RTK的定位效率和点位的相关与一致性，此外，目前许多城市的地方坐标系统与国家坐标系统之间缺乏精确严格的换算关系，结合区域GPS空间基准网的建立项目，阐述了GPS空间基准网的布设与施测、投影与坐标系统转换等相关的数学模型和解算方法，探讨了多套参数的差异与应用，观测分量的误差对于拟合参数精度的影响等问题，并给出了相应的分析数据．基于上述方法可以获得区域统一的、精确的多套坐标系统之间的转换参数，将WGS84的大地坐标与现行实用的坐标系统如1954年北京坐标系统、80西安坐标系统以及地方坐标系统紧密联系起来，从而实现坐标系统之间实时精确的转换，为RTK实时定位奠定基础。     

支持向量机方法在GPS高程转换中的应用

结合GPS测量和水准测量资料,利用支持向量机（SVM）方法对GPS高程进行了转换,并与神经网络和多项式拟合等拟合的结果进行了比较,得出了一些有益的结论．     

应用常规技术和GPS技术建立城市独立坐标系的讨论

介绍了应用常规技术建立的以高程面为边长归算参考面的城市坐标系和国家大地坐标系在数据处理方面的异同;以及GPS技术建立城市现代坐标系时区域性椭球的选取和GPS控制网归算到城市坐标系地面网的方法。     

渤海古近系复杂断块油藏潜力识别技术研究

走滑断裂控制下的古近系复杂断块油藏潜力识别一直是海上油气田开发的难点,亟待深入开展研究。以渤海古近系W油田东块沙河街组为例,针对总体储量探明程度低、分布较零散、评价难度较大的特点,利用压力资料分析、成熟区类比分析及相邻断块油柱高度类比分析方法开展了古近系走滑断裂系统控制下复杂断块油藏潜力分析及判别挖潜技术研究。通过技术模式创新及实践,在W油田相继成功评价落实了2个成熟区潜力层位和3个相邻潜力断块,升级和新增探明石油地质储量近600万方,其理论性和实用性可为渤海类似复杂断块油田开发提供指导和借鉴。     

GPS网与地面网约束条件的序贯平差

采用简洁的方式,导出了固定参数序贯平差的计算公式,并对ＧＰＳ网与地面网中存在的固定边长和固定坐标方位角等约束条件进行序贯平差。结合矿区实例,讨论了约束条件的精度对ＧＰＳ网精度的影响问题。     

基于非线性自适应回归神经网络的GPS/IMU组合导航方法

车道级高精度定位导航是智能网联汽车的基本配置,全球定位系统(globlal positioning system,GPS)/惯性测量单元(inertial meansurement unit,IMU)组合导航是高精度定位的关键技术之一。根据汽车行驶过程中高精度定位要求,提出了应用于智能网联汽车的基于非线性自适应回归(nonlinear autoregressive exogenous,NARX)神经网络的GPS/IMU组合导航方法。首先,根据IMU传感器数据特性,建立了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的惯性导航系统(inertial navigation system,INS)模型,其次,基于NARX神经网络,建立了GPS/INS组合定位训练和预测模型,然后,基于全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)、实时动态差分技术(real-time kinematic,RTK)、INS等技术,设计了智能网联汽车RTK高精度定位数据采集实验系统,并收集了实验数据。最后,对NARX网络训练误差和GNSS信号长时间失效情况下定位预测误差进行了讨论与分析。实验结果表明,该方法在GNSS信号失效5 min情况下,定位预测误差在2. 5 m以内,满足一般情况下,短、中、长隧道中智能网联汽车定位应用要求。     

Resonant slow fault slip in subduction zones forced by climatic load stress

Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements at subduction plate boundaries often record fault movements similar to earthquakes but much slower, occurring over timescales of approximately 1 week to approximately 1 year. These 'slow slip events' have been observed in Japan, Cascadia, Mexico, Alaska and New Zealand. The phenomenon is poorly understood, but several observations hint at the processes underlying slow slip. Although slip itself is silent, seismic instruments often record coincident low-amplitude tremor in a narrow (1-5 cycles per second) frequency range. Also, modelling of GPS data and estimates of tremor location indicate that slip focuses near the transition from unstable ('stick-slip') to stable friction at the deep limit of the earthquake-producing seismogenic zone. Perhaps most intriguingly, slow slip is periodic at several locations, with recurrence varying from 6 to 18 months depending on which subduction zone (or even segment) is examined. Here I show that such periodic slow fault slip may be a resonant response to climate-driven stress perturbations. Fault slip resonance helps to explain why slip events are periodic, why periods differ from place to place, and why slip focuses near the base of the seismogenic zone. Resonant slip should initiate within the rupture zone of future great earthquakes, suggesting that slow slip may illuminate fault properties that control earthquake slip.     

青藏高原嘉黎断裂晚第四纪运动特征

通过野外考察与GPS观测数据的综合分析, 对嘉黎断裂晚第四纪运动特征得到一些新的认识。嘉黎断裂不是整体右旋走滑断层, 其不同构造部位的运动性质和速率具有分段差异特征。以东构造结为界大致分为3段: 东构造结以西为嘉黎断裂西北段, 东构造结顶端易贡?通麦段为嘉黎断裂中段, 东构造结东南部分为嘉黎断裂的东南段。西北段为右旋挤压运动, 走滑速率3.2~5.8 mm/a; 中段弱右旋挤压运动, 走滑速率1.3~2.0 mm/a; 东南段为左旋挤压运动, 走滑速率3.7~4.0 mm/a。     

玉树巴塘断裂晚第四纪滑动速率及其构造意义

玉树巴塘断裂是甘孜-玉树断裂带玉树段的一条主要的分支断裂, 沿线发育第四纪巴塘盆地、波洛滩和当涌滩。通过遥感影像解译、野外构造地貌填图、断层剖面分析以及断错地貌面的光释光和14C年代测定, 发现该断裂沿线河流阶地、洪积扇断错明显, 是一条以左旋走滑为主, 兼具逆冲分量的全新世活动断裂。该断裂最新活动时代为全新世晚期, 距今2.72 ka。晚更新世晚期以来的左旋滑动速率为2.3~3.7 mm/a, 垂直滑动速率为0.2~0.6 mm/a, 该断裂在甘孜-玉树断裂带玉树段起着变形分解作用, 吸收了玉树段内约1/3的走滑变形。研究结果可以解释甘孜-玉树断裂带内玉树断裂走滑速率偏小的构造现象, 并为评价甘孜-玉树断裂带玉树段的地震危险性提供基础资料。     

东北地区白垩纪断陷盆地群形成模式及其油气地质意义

东北地区白垩系断陷盆地群是在古生代褶皱造山带的基础上发展起来的早白垩世宽范围火山断陷盆地群,经历了一个完整的拉张断陷到挤压回返的构造旋回,伸展作用强烈,坳陷广泛发育,具有构造样式复杂、垒堑相间、断超结构的特点。郯庐断裂带北段在早白垩世发生的左旋走滑运动控制了断裂带两侧盆地的发育。中生代断陷盆地群是在较新的地壳上发展起来的,中酸性火山活动强烈,在松辽盆地和海拉尔盆地存在两个岩石圈减薄区。断陷盆地群具有相似的构造特点,火山断陷作用强烈。在前人研究的基础上,证实了松辽盆地存在裂前隆起。本文从裂谷成盆模式模式入手,认为断陷盆地群东部是窄裂谷成盆模式,西部及中部是宽裂谷成盆模式,认为东北断陷盆地群是在幔隆过程中形成。     

基于铱星增强的GPS系统RAIM性能

为评估基于低轨卫星增强的导航系统RAIM性能,建立了基于铱星增强的GPS(以下简称为iGPS)系统的伪距观测方程,估算出该系统用户距离均方根误差,并在此基础上分析了该系统RAIM性能。结果表明,铱星的增强不仅可以显著改善系统GDOP及HDOP值,而且显著提高了故障检测和识别概率,可检测的最小故障偏差从20 m降到10 m,可完全检测的最小故障偏差从80 m降到40 m,可识别及可完全识别的最小故障偏差也得到明显降低,为基于低轨卫星的导航增强系统设计提供了参考。     

A nebula of gases from Io surrounding Jupiter

Several planetary missions have reported the presence of substantial numbers of energetic ions and electrons surrounding Jupiter; relativistic electrons are observable up to several astronomical units (au) from the planet. A population of energetic (>30[?]keV) neutral particles also has been reported, but the instrumentation was not able to determine the mass or charge state of the particles, which were subsequently labelled energetic neutral atoms. Although images showing the presence of the trace element sodium were obtained, the source and identity of the neutral atoms---and their overall significance relative to the loss of charged particles from Jupiter's magnetosphere---were unknown. Here we report the discovery by the Cassini spacecraft of a fast (>103[?]km[?]s-1) and hot magnetospheric neutral wind extending more than 0.5[?]au from Jupiter, and the presence of energetic neutral atoms (both hot and cold) that have been accelerated by the electric field in the solar wind. We suggest that these atoms originate in volcanic gases from Io, undergo significant evolution through various electromagnetic interactions, escape Jupiter's magnetosphere and then populate the environment around the planet. Thus a 'nebula' is created that extends outwards over hundreds of jovian radii.     

手持GPS坐标系统转换参数的求解方法

不同的测量成果均对应于不同的坐标系。GPS定位结果属于协议地心坐标系,即WGS-84坐标系。而实用的常规测量成果属于国家参心坐标系(北京54坐标系、西安80坐标系)或地方坐标系,因此必须实现GPS测量成果的转换。本文介绍的就是我们在实际工作中求解该参数的方法。     

Fracture surface energy of the Punchbowl fault, San Andreas system

Fracture energy is a form of latent heat required to create an earthquake rupture surface and is related to parameters governing rupture propagation and processes of slip weakening. Fracture energy has been estimated from seismological and experimental rock deformation data, yet its magnitude, mechanisms of rupture surface formation and processes leading to slip weakening are not well defined. Here we quantify structural observations of the Punchbowl fault, a large-displacement exhumed fault in the San Andreas fault system, and show that the energy required to create the fracture surface area in the fault is about 300 times greater than seismological estimates would predict for a single large earthquake. If fracture energy is attributed entirely to the production of fracture surfaces, then all of the fracture surface area in the Punchbowl fault could have been produced by earthquake displacements totalling <1 km. But this would only account for a small fraction of the total energy budget, and therefore additional processes probably contributed to slip weakening during earthquake rupture.