Effects of thermal aging temperature and Cr content on phase separation kinetics in Fe-Cr alloys simulated by the phase field method

Phase field simulations of phase separation in Fe-Cr binary alloys were performed by using the Cahn-Hilliard diffusion function. A new mobility model in relation to aging temperature and Cr content was used in the simulations. Two alloys of Fe-30at%Cr and Fe-35at%Cr were investigated at two different aging temperatures of 573 and 673 K. The phase separation kinetics was found to consist of three stages: wavelength modulation, amplitude increase, and coarsening of Cr-enriched regions. A higher thermal aging temperature accelerated the phase separation and increased the wavelength of concentration fluctuation. While the effect of Cr content on the phase separation kinetics was slight, Fe-Cr alloys with a higher Cr content were found to generate a larger number and a finer size of Cr-enriched regions. The simulation results provide consultation for design and safe operation of duplex stainless steel pipes in nuclear power plants.     

Formation of macroporous gel morphology by phase separation in the silica sol-gel system containing nonionic surfactant

The phase separation and gel formation behavior in an alkoxy-derived silica sol-gel system containing C₁₆EO₁₅ has been investigated. Various gel morphologies similar to other sol-gel systems containing organic additives were obtained by changing the preparation conditions. Micrometer-range interconnected porous gels were obtained by freezing transitional structures of phase separation in the sol-gel process. The dependence of the resulting gel morphology on several important reaction parameters such as the starting composition, reaction temperature and acid catalyst concentration was studied in detail. The experimental results indicate that the gel morphology is mainly determined by the time relation between the onset of phase separation and gel formation.     

Equilibrium,Kinetics and Thermodynamics of the Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto a Metal-Organic Frameworks Material,Copper Coordination Polymer with Dithiooxamide

The equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics of the adsorption of methylene blue （MB） from aqueous solution onto copper coordination polymer with dithiooxamide （H2dtoaCu） , one of the metal-organic frameworks （MOFs）, were investigated in a batch adsorption system as a function of initial pH, adsorbent concentration, contact time, initial dye concentration, and temperature. The Langmnir, Freundlich, and Dubinin- Radushkevich （D-R） isotherm models were used for modeling the adsorption equilibrium. It was found that Langmuir model yielded a much better fit than the Freundlich model under different temperatures. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of MB were 192.98, 229.86, and 297.38 mg/g at 298, 308, and 318 K, respectively. The calculated mean adsorption energy （8.26- 11.04 kJ/mol） using D-R model indicated that the adsorption process might take place by chemical adsorption mechanism. Otherwise, the kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process could be well explained by pseudo-second-order rate kinetics and intraparticle diffusion was not the rate-limiting step. Thermodynamic studies indicated that this system was feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic process. Based on these studies, H2dtoaCu can be considered as a potential adsorbent for the removal of MB from aqueous solution.     

Preparation of nano-TiO2/diatomite-based porous ceramics and their photocatalytic kinetics for formaldehyde degradation

Diatomite-based porous ceramics were adopted as carriers to immobilize nano-TiO₂ via a hydrolysis-deposition technique. The thermal degradation of as-prepared composites was investigated using thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis, and the phase and microstructure were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that the carriers were encapsulated by nano-TiO₂ with a thickness of 300-450 nm. The main crystalline phase of TiO₂ calcined at 650℃ was anatase, and the average grain size was 8.3 nm. The FT-IR absorption bands at 955.38 cm-1 suggested that new chemical bonds among Ti, O, and Si had formed in the composites. The photocatalytic (PC) activity of the composites was investigated under UV irradiation. Furthermore, the photodegradation kinetics of formaldehyde was investigated using the composites as the cores of an air cleaner. A kinetics study showed that the reaction rate constants of the gas-phase PC reaction of formaldehyde were κ=0.576 mg·m-3·min-1 and K=0.048 m3.     

Migration behaviors and kinetics of phosphorus during coal-based reduction of high-phosphorus oolitic iron ore

To understand the migration mechanisms of phosphorus (P) during coal-based reduction, a high-phosphorus oolitic iron ore was reduced by coal under various experimental conditions. The migration characteristics and kinetics of P were investigated by a field-emission electron probe microanalyzer (FE-EPMA) and using the basic principle of solid phase mass transfer, respectively. Experimental results showed that the P transferred from the slag to the metallic phase during reduction, and the migration process could be divided into three stages:phosphorus diffusing from the slag to the metallic interface, the formation of Fe-P compounds at the slag-metal interface and P diffusing from the slag-metal interface to the metallic interior. The reduction time and temperature significantly influenced the phosphorus content of the metallic and slag phases. The P content of the metallic phase increased with increasing reduction time and temperature, while that of the slag phase gradually decreased. The P diffusion constant and activation energy were determined and a migration kinetics model of P in coal-based reduction was proposed. P diffusion in the metallic phase was the controlling step of the P migration.     

Hydrometallurgical application for treating a Nigerian chalcopyrite ore in chloride medium:Part I.Dissolution kinetics assessment

The dissolution kinetics of a Nigerian chalcopyrite ore in hydrochloric acid was studied in this article.Acid concentration,reaction temperature,and ore particle size were chosen as experimental parameters.The chemical and morphological studies of the ore before and after leaching at optimal conditions were carried out by X-ray difraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).It is revealed that increasing the acid concentration and system temperature and decreasing the ore particle size greatly enhances the dissolution rate.The dissolution kinetics was found to follow the shrinking core model for the difusion control mechanism where the activation energy(Ea)of 32.92 kJ·mol 1was obtained for the process and supported by morphological changes at a higher dissolution of 91.33%.     

Effect of Extractant and Cold-drawing on the Structure and Performance of FIDPE Hollow Fiber Membranes Fabricated via Thermally Induced Phase Separation Method

Microporous polyolefin hollow fiber membranes were prepared from high density polyethylene （HDPE）-paraffin solution via thermally induced phase separation （TIPS） method. Effects of extraction and cold-drawing condition on membrane structure and performance were investigated.Five volatile solvents were used as extractant. Dimension of hollow fiber and gas permeation rate of membrane were measured. Mierostructure of membrane was examined by Scanning Electronic Microscope （SEM）. The results show that the membrane treated by pentane possesses a higher porosity, nitrogen permeability and lower shrinkage than those of membranes extracted by other three extractants. It is also found that the membrane stretched 133% shows the highest porosity and gas permeability in this study.     

One step sintering of homogenized bauxite raw material and kinetic study

A one-step sintering process of bauxite raw material from direct mining was completed, and the kinetics of this process was analyzed thoroughly. The results show that the sintering kinetics of bauxite raw material exhibits the liquid-phase sintering behavior. A small portion of impurities existed in the raw material act as a liquid phase. After X-ray diffraction analyses, scanning electron microscopy observations, and kinetics calculations, sintering temperature and heating duration were determined as the two major factors contributing to the sintering process and densification of bauxite ore. An elevated heating temperature and longer duration favor the densification process. The major obstacle for the densification of bauxite material is attributed to the formation of the enclosed blowhole during liquid-phase sintering.     

Preparation of nano-TiO_2/diatomite-based porous ceramics and their photocatalytic kinetics for formaldehyde degradation

Diatomite-based porous ceramics were adopted as carriers to immobilize nano-TiO_2 via a hydrolysis-deposition technique. The thermal degradation of as-prepared composites was investigated using thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis, and the phase and microstructure were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that the carriers were encapsulated by nano-TiO_2 with a thickness of 300–450 nm. The main crystalline phase of TiO_2 calcined at 650℃ was anatase, and the average grain size was 8.3 nm. The FT-IR absorption bands at 955.38 cm~(-1) suggested that new chemical bonds among Ti, O, and Si had formed in the composites. The photocatalytic(PC) activity of the composites was investigated under UV irradiation. Furthermore, the photodegradation kinetics of formaldehyde was investigated using the composites as the cores of an air cleaner. A kinetics study showed that the reaction rate constants of the gas-phase PC reaction of formaldehyde were κ = 0.576 mg·m~(–3)·min~(–1) and K = 0.048 m~3/mg.     

Fabrication and Characterization of Chitosan Nerve Conduits with Microtubular Architectures

Porous multi-channel chitosan conduits were fabricated using a novel phase-separation technique with an axial temperature gradient. First, porous chitosan tubes were made with a mold that was composed of two concentric polytetrafiuoroethylene tubes. Then 1%-3% （w/v） chitosan solution was injected into the chitosan tube while the two ends of the tube were closed with steel rods. Then the outside of the tube was wrapped with a layer of thermal insulating material to reduce the heat transfer through the outside, and the tubes were placed in a freezer. The resulting phase separation then occurred in the presence of an axial temperature gradient. The porosity, microtubule diameter, and orientation were controlled by adjusting the polymer concentration and temperature gradient. After the preparation course, no poisonous substances remained on the conduits. The mechanical properties, swelling, and biodegradability of the chitosan conduits were investigated, and a scanning electron microscope was used to observe the tubular morphology and growth of neuroblastoma cells （N2A, mouse） in the conduits. The results demonstrate that the multi-channel chitosan conduits have suitable mechanical strength, swelling, degradation properties, and nerve cell affinity, so they hold promise for use as neural tissue engineering scaffolds.     

聚芳醚酮非对称超滤膜凝胶动力学研究

为了研究非对称膜形成过程中的凝胶动力学,采用新型耐高温工程塑料--含酚酞侧基的聚芳醚酮(PEK-C)为膜材料,聚乙二醇为添加剂,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂,并利用改进的凝胶动力学实验装置和方法,使其能真实地再现不同膜孔结构生长及发展演化的过程. 借助相关软件对图像进行处理,考察了添加剂、聚合物浓度对铸膜液凝胶速度的影响,对聚芳醚酮非对称膜的凝胶过程的动力学进行研究. 结果表明,动力学图像与最终膜结构有很好的一致性,发现凝胶前锋位移的平方与时间不是简单的线性关系,凝胶动力学过程不能简单地用Fick扩散定律来描述.     

物理缔合高分子溶液的相分离及凝胶化

利用格子自洽场理论模型研究物理缔合高分子溶液的相分离及凝胶化行为. 给出了相分离和凝胶化点随高分子浓度和相互作用参数的变化规律及高分子链聚合度对相分离及凝胶化的影响. 结果表明, 凝胶网络的形成影响了系统的相分离.     

聚乙二醇对聚芳醚砜铸膜液体系及膜性能与结构的影响

以新型耐高温工程塑料--含酚酞侧基的聚芳醚砜(PES-C)为膜材料,参考溶度参数差计算结果,采用浊点滴定法、黏度的测定和凝胶动力学实验考察聚乙二醇对铸膜液体系的相分离曲线、黏度和凝胶速度的影响.采用相转化法在平板刮膜机上制备了系列超滤膜,研究了聚乙二醇对膜性能和结构的作用规律.结果表明,聚乙二醇含量增加,使三元体系发生相分离时所需的水量降低,铸膜液黏度增加,凝胶速度下降,水通量降低,截留率上升.     

Gelation of particles with short-range attraction

Nanoscale or colloidal particles are important in many realms of science and technology. They can dramatically change the properties of materials, imparting solid-like behaviour to a wide variety of complex fluids. This behaviour arises when particles aggregate to form mesoscopic clusters and networks. The essential component leading to aggregation is an interparticle attraction, which can be generated by many physical and chemical mechanisms. In the limit of irreversible aggregation, infinitely strong interparticle bonds lead to diffusion-limited cluster aggregation (DLCA). This is understood as a purely kinetic phenomenon that can form solid-like gels at arbitrarily low particle volume fraction. Far more important technologically are systems with weaker attractions, where gel formation requires higher volume fractions. Numerous scenarios for gelation have been proposed, including DLCA, kinetic or dynamic arrest, phase separation, percolation and jamming. No consensus has emerged and, despite its ubiquity and significance, gelation is far from understood-even the location of the gelation phase boundary is not agreed on. Here we report experiments showing that gelation of spherical particles with isotropic, short-range attractions is initiated by spinodal decomposition; this thermodynamic instability triggers the formation of density fluctuations, leading to spanning clusters that dynamically arrest to create a gel. This simple picture of gelation does not depend on microscopic system-specific details, and should thus apply broadly to any particle system with short-range attractions. Our results suggest that gelation-often considered a purely kinetic phenomenon-is in fact a direct consequence of equilibrium liquid-gas phase separation. Without exception, we observe gelation in all of our samples predicted by theory and simulation to phase-separate; this suggests that it is phase separation, not percolation, that corresponds to gelation in models for attractive spheres.     

双相(O/W)识别手性萃取苯基琥珀酸对映体的动力学研究

采用双相(O/W)识别体系对苯基琥珀酸对映体的萃取拆分过程进行动力学研究,对苯基琥珀对映体的萃取反应为一级反应;水相和有机相中使用的萃取剂分别为羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD)以及L-酒石酸异丁酯(L-IBTA);考察搅拌速度、两相接触面积、水相中苯基琥珀酸对映体浓度、水相及有机相中萃取剂浓度、水相中pH对萃取初始速率的影响。在5℃时,双相识别体系萃取分离苯基琥珀酸的S-、R-型对映体的萃取速率常数分别为32.95×10 5m6.mol 2.s 1和16.18×10 5m6.mol 2.s 1。建立了双相识别体系萃取拆分苯基琥珀酸对映体过程的动力学模型。     

甲基纤维素温敏水凝胶的凝固及体外释药特性

为研究新型反向温敏凝胶在植入型药物释放系统中的应用,通过粘度跟踪法考察了“甲基纤维素聚乙二醇柠檬酸钠”三组分体系在体温下的凝固特性,分析了凝胶配方对于凝固过程的影响;以5-氟尿嘧啶为模型药物,研究了凝胶配方对体外释放特性的影响。结果表明,甲基纤维素使体系具有反向温敏性,高分子量聚乙二醇具有加速胶凝的作用,柠檬酸钠的盐析作用能降低成胶温度。通过调整凝胶配方,能使体系在体温下在10m in内迅速凝固,并使5-氟尿嘧啶的释放时间达到24 h以上。     

TBA技术研究四官能环氧树脂(Ag-80)/砜醚二胺(SED)的固化过程

用扭辫分析(TBA)方法研究四官能环氧树脂(Ag-80)/新型固化剂砜醚二胺(SED)的固化过程,绘制出对复合材料固化工艺有重要价值的时间-温度-转变状态图(即三T图),同时,研究了该体系的固化反应动力学,用Arrhenius方程计算出凝胶点前固化反应的表观活化能为54.36kJ/mol;用试误法分析出凝胶点后的固化反应近似为n=1,m=1的自催化固化反应。     

快淬Mg2Ni型合金的结构及贮氢动力学

用快淬技术制备Mg2-xLaxNi(x=0,0.2,0.4,0.6)贮氢合金,用XRD,SEM和HRTEM分析合金的微观组织结构;测试合金的气态及电化学贮氢动力学。结果表明:快淬二元Mg2Ni合金具有典型的纳米晶结构,而快淬La替代合金明显地具有非晶结构,La替代Mg提高Mg2Ni型合金的非晶形成能力。La替代Mg明显地改变Mg2Ni型合金的相组成,当x=0.4时,合金的主相改变为(La,Mg)Ni3+LaMg3。快淬及La替代明显影响合金的气态及电化学贮氢动力学,La替代使合金的吸氢动力学先降低后增加,但使合金的气态脱氢及电化学贮氢动力学先增加后降低。快淬对合金气态及电化学贮氢动力学的影响与合金的成分相关,对于La0.4合金,合金的气态吸氢动力学随淬速的增加先增加后减小,其放氢动力学随淬速的增加而增加。     

聚醚砜超滤膜的制备工艺条件研究

以聚醚砜(PES)为膜材,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为添加剂,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)为溶剂,用相转化法制备了超滤膜.利用正交试验法,研究了制膜参数PES浓度、PVP浓度、蒸发时间、凝固浴温度、凝固时间对膜性能影响显著程度;并进一步探讨了显著因素PES浓度、PVP浓度、凝固浴温度对膜性能的影响规律,得出制备截留分子量为67 000的超滤膜的最佳条件为:PES浓度16%~22%,PVP浓度10%~14%,凝固浴温度303~313 K,蒸发时间60~120 s.