青藏高原多年冻土地区不良冻土现象对铁路建设的影响

在青藏高原高海拔地区修建铁路将遇到大片多年冻土 .讨论青藏高原多年冻土的分布规律和不良冻土现象及其对青藏铁路修建的影响 ,提出一个针对铁路建设的工程地质分区方案     

New discoveries on the effects of desertification on the ground temperature of permafrost and its significance to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The desert and permafrost conditions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are unique.However,the effects of desertification on the ground temperature of permafrost are currently unclear.Recently,understanding this problem has become more urgent because of increasing desertification on the plateau.For this reason,an observational field experiment was undertaken by the authors at Honglianghe on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Thermistor ground temperature probes were used,and synchronized contrasting observations were made in an open area.Observations of the ground temperature of permafrost below sand layers with a range of thicknesses were made from May 2010 to April 2011.The sand layers were found to play a key role in the protection of the underlying permafrost.The ground temperature below a permafrost table overlain by a thick sand layer was lower than that of the average annual temperature for the natural ground surface,and the temperature drop was roughly constant at 0.2°C.During the warmer part of the year (May to September),the maximum temperature drops over the five months were 3.40,3.72,4.85,3.16,and 1.88°C,respectively.The ground temperature near a permafrost table overlain by a thin sand layer was also lower than that of the average annual temperature for the natural ground surface.However,in this case the average of the annual maximum temperature drop was significantly less,0.71°C.The scientific significance of our preliminary conclusions is not only to present an exploration of the interaction between desertification and permafrost,but also to provide new engineering ideas for protecting the permafrost in regions where construction is required on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

多年冻土工程扰动区植被快速扩繁移植对浅层水热变化的影响

在青海?西藏±400 kV直流联网工程穿越的五道梁多年冻土塔基施工扰动区,采用植被快速扩繁移植技术对植被进行了移植并对移植后群落特征变化和浅层土壤的水热变化进行了研究.结果表明：塔基施工扰动区土壤养分流失严重,给施工后的植被恢复造成很大困难.采用植被快速扩繁移植技术对扰动区进行植被恢复后,扰动区多年冻土温度场能在短时间内趋于稳定,有利于塔基基础的稳定.同时,快速扩繁移植两年后植物群落盖度为(92.00±5.53)%,群落地上生物量和地下生物量分别达到2471.08±186.73 g/m2,7028.61±382.43 g/m2.可见,扩繁移植后人工植物群落特征表现出对多年冻土扰动区高寒干旱地区气候和土壤环境具有较好的适应性.只要采用高原乡土植物种类并采取相应的植被恢复技术措施,青藏高原多年冻土扰动区的植被快速恢复是可行的.     

Pollen evidence of early human activities in Erhai basin, Yunnan Province

The evidence of human activities around Erhai Lake catchment was revealed by pollen records from a sediment core in the lake, northwest Yunnan Province. The chronologic sequence based on AMS ^14C data made it possible for pollen results to compare with archaeological records and historical documents. The preliminary deforestation started from the selective clearance at about 5500 ^14C a BP, marked by the loss of vertically distributed montane forest and the expansion of second pine woodland across the catchment. The deforestation resulted in the increase of surface runoff and the enhanced erosion in the catchment. The increased herbs of pasture and crop suggested the primitive agriculture and stockbreeding in study region. With the limited human activity, as well as the suitable climatic condition, second pine forest expanded quickly, resulting in the weakened soil erosion around the basin. The strong forest clearance inferred from pollen occurred since 2160 ^14C a BP, paralleling to the first dense immigration of population, when Yeyu County was first set up around west coast of Erhai Lake, documented in historic record. The development of agriculture led to the steady enhancement of soil erosion from farming land, increasing the input of fine materials and nutrients to the lake. Moreover, the serious deforestation by human activity stressed the vulnerability in ecosystem of the landscape. The time of primary anthropologic impact recorded from pollen is earlier than that of the oldest archaeological record by 1500 a (^14C year).     

影响多年冻土上限下降的因素及防护措施

通过青藏高原多年冻土地区气温、植被及人为活动等因素对多年冻土上限影响的分析,提出了青藏公路路基稳定性的防护措施.     

黑河流域NPP对气候变化及人类活动的响应?

基于改进的CASA光能利用率模型,利用Spot VEGETATION逐旬NDVI数据,对黑河流域1998—2007年植被NPP进行了估算,在掌握10年黑河流域植被NPP变化趋势基础上,探讨不同类型植被NPP对气候变化的响应机制,定量评估2000年后黑河调水与生态保护建设工程的实施效果.结果表明:从1998—2001年间植被覆盖区域年NPP处于显著下降趋势;而2001—2007年间植被类型NPP处于显著上升趋势,2001年成为这10年间NPP趋势变化的转折点.在大规模黑河调水与生态保护建设之后(2002—2007年)的5年期间,黑河上、中、下游所有土地覆盖类型的NPP残差均大于0,表明调水与生态建设工程已经取得成效.人类活动对中游NPP平均贡献率11.5%,对上游NPP平均贡献率5.29%,对下游NPP平均贡献率3.23%.     

干旱区人类活动指数的动态研究--以塔里木河流域1978～2000年县级区为例

以人类活动指数来综合反映干旱区人类水土资源开发利用活动的能力，构建出反映这一区域人类活动特点的评价指标体系，设计了一套较完整的计算干旱区动态的人类活动指数的计算模式，这套计算方法不仅能反映评价单元人类活动强度的时序演变过程，也反映出各评价单元之间的差异．通过以典型干旱区——塔里木河流域县级区作为评价单元，选择1978～2000年间6个评价时段点计算研究区40个评价单元人类活动指数．结果表明，近20年中各评价单元人类活动强度普遍为增进过程，但增加幅度不同；增加较大的单元分布在水土组合条件好的源流区，增加较小单元位于水分条件较差和环境恶劣的区域；各评价单元人类活动指数差距很大，近20年间这种差距略有缩小，表明干旱区人类活动的定量研究结果有利于人类生态环境管理．     

基于大工程观的实践教学体系探讨与构建

当今社会对应用型人才的需求日益增加,大工程观、能力培养体系等开始受到社会和高校的普遍推崇.基于大工程观的、以能力培养为中心的实践教学体系,打破传统的以知识结构构件的教学体系,重视对学生工程实践能力的培养,更好地满足了社会需求.基于此,中国民航大学结合自身情况和行业特色,明确目标、梳理体系,优化教学内容,统筹实践平台,提高实践环节比重,保证学校更好地可持续发展.     

浅析活动教学观及其在生物教学中的应用

活动式教学观强调实践活动在课堂教学中的重要作用．贯彻活动式教学观有利于培养学生的技能和技巧，提高学生的科学研究能力和加强品德修养．在生物教学中可通过以下几种途径来提高学生的素质的改善与提高加强实验教学，鼓励学生亲自操作；提高在职生物教师的素质；提高在校师范生的素质．     

公路路基施工中化学化工的应用

化学化工作为一门重要的学科,与公路领域有着广泛的联系,并已深入应用到公路领域的各个方面。化学类专业人士能了解,在公路路基施工中,化学方法对不良特殊土和垫层的处理方法以及化学品在基层中的应用途径     

Superpave技术现状及对我国沥青路面技术的启示

高性能沥青路面技术 ( Superpave)是美国公路战略研究计划 ( SH RP)的沥青课题研究成果。文章介绍了 Superpave技术的现状 ,着重从胶结料和集料规范、混合料体积设计、混合料施工及性能预测等方面分析了这一成果与传统规范的不同 ,对解决我国现行规范中存在的一些问题具有一定的借鉴价值     

新工科背景下的计算机科学与技术专业建设研究

目前,信息已经渗透到社会各个领域,以云计算、大数据、区块链、物联网、机器学习和神经网络为技术基础的智能时代正到来,智能时代深刻地影响着计算机专业教育.从云南民族大学计算机科学与技术专业实际情况出发,系统介绍了计算机科学与技术专业的定位、发展目标以及基础条件,并以新工科为背景,探讨了专业建设中的具体内容以及改革举措.     

从先秦"天人合一"探源"礼法结合"--构建和谐社会的历史启迪

中国自古注重天人关系,可以说,“天人感应”、“天人合一”理念是“礼法结合”产生的直接原因。它们的结合自始就自然而然存在,并在后来的政治化、学理化结合过程中仍被作为理论基础。于是,人间的治理模式——礼法结合就变得天经地义了,只是在不同时期结合程度不同而已。礼法结合曾经在历史上起过非常重要的作用,也对我们今天建立和谐社会有着历史启迪作用。     

近30年长江北支口门附近的冲淤演变及其对人类活动的响应

根据1981—2012年长江北支口门附近的海图以及遥感数据,利用Arc GIS技术进行计算分析,以了解近30年该区域的冲淤演变特点和规律,从而丰富海岸带陆海相互作用的研究案例.结果表明:1981—1997年潮间带围垦面积为13 km2,水域平均淤积速率为1.4 cm/a;1997—2012年,潮间带围垦面积为163 km2,水域平均冲刷速率为-7.1 cm/a.31年间,口门内、外水域的淤积速率分别为0.77 cm/a和-1.97 cm/a.结论包括:近30年研究区的冲淤演变受到北支衰亡趋势、口内滩涂促淤围垦和长江流域建坝等引起的入海泥沙通量下降的影响,其中人类活动是近15年研究区冲淤演变的控制性因子.     

Study on the Technology of Restoration and Giving a New Lease of Life to the Alpine Grassland Vegetation in the Constuction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

1BasicBackgroundoftheExperi mentalStudy1.1TheBasisandPurposeoftheStudyTheconstructionoftheQinghai TibetRailwayistheensuranceoftheprosperityandsustainable developmentofQinghaiProvinceandTibetAutonomousRegion.Throughscientificandexperimentalstudyandtheapplicationofnew technology,strengtheningtheprotectionofecologicalenvironmentandtherestorationofthesurfacevegetationaftertheconstructionaretheimportantworkcontentofbuildingtheQinghai TibetRailwayintotherailwayofenvironmentalprotection.Ontheq…     

Study on the Technology of Restoration and Giving a New Lease of Life to the Alpine Grassland Vegetation in the Construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

This article gives a summary and analasis to experimental study on the restoration and giving a new lease of life to the alpine grassland vegetation along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Through on-the-spot investigation and vegetaion storation experimental study to the constructive fetching soil ground in Tuotuo River experiment section in the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the result shows ： after the activities of the construction, soil conditions on the fetching soil ground have changed a lot, the soil quality has obviously degraded. In order to do well the vegetaton storation and reconstruction in the process of the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the backfilling of the surface soil should really be done well. According to the result of on -the-spot experiment, the Elymus dahuricus Turcz and Poa annua Linn are all more suitable to the fetching soil environment on the alpine grassland, the plant can normally grow in the growing season. The timing selection of the vegetation should fully use feature of both rain and heat in the same season, thus can improve the percentage of success.     

构造破坏煤的煤化程度及其瓦斯地质意义

淮北宿东矿区和淮南谢二矿的某些煤层受到过强烈的后生构造破坏，煤体的破碎强度与矿井瓦斯及煤的煤化程度的加深存在正相互关系。     

现代科技在人与自然关系中的负反馈机制分析——从食物链污染看人类科技活动对自身发展的影响

分析了科技活动通过食物链对人类自身发展的影响,在案例分析、数据比较的基础上,对重金属在水生食物链中的传递和富集进行了细致研究,进而揭示出人类科技活动通过食物链污染对环境的损害,以及由此引发的众多负反馈机制。研究表明,现代科技在人与自然关系中具有双向作用,人类必须正确运用科技手段,防止并控制科技发展对人类社会的负面影响,不断寻求科技、自然和人类和谐发展的平衡点。     

高师体育教育专业篮球专修学生教学能力的综合评价

采用文献法、调查法、数理统计法等，制定出篮球教学能力综合评价指标体系；运用模糊数学的原理，建立了篮球教学能力模糊综合评判系统，并阐述了评判方法和过程．     

苏北沿海的新构造运动及其与海面变化的关系

本文试图对苏北沿海的新构造运动及其与海面变化的关系作初步研究,可为深入探讨江苏海岸线变迁及趋势预测提供科学依据。