Physiological response of natural plants to the change of groundwater level in the lower reaches of Tarim River, Xinjiang

Based on the analysis of the three-year (2000-2002) monitoring data of the four times intermittent stream water conveyance to the lower reaches of Tarim River where the stream flow was dried up for more than 30 years and the measurement of PRO, SOD and POD in plants collected from 24 vegetation plots, it is concluded that the stream water conveyance plays an important role in lifting groundwater level. The groundwater nearby the watercourse was raised from 5～8 m in depth before the stream water conveyance to 2.5～5 m after stream water conveyance. The physiological response of Phragmites communis, Tamarix spp. And Populus euphratica to the change of groundwater is sensitive and represents a grads change obviously. The growth of the plants in the lower reaches of Tarim River is stressed by drought to various degrees. Lengthways, the drought stress exposed to the plants increases with groundwater depth from the upper sections to the lower sections; and breadthwise, the drought stress exposed to the plants is increased with the increase of distance away from the river channel of stream intermittent water releases and of the groundwater depth. Combining the field investigation and the analysis of the plots, it is considered that the stress groundwater depths for the Phragmites communis, Tamarix spp. And Populus euphratica are 3.5 m, 5 m and 4.5 m respectively.     

黑河下游荒漠河岸林植物水分传输观测试验研究

荒漠河岸林是长期适应干旱区内陆河流域环境的产物,具有独特的水分利用和生存策略.对黑河下游胡杨、柽柳等主要荒漠河岸林植物液流、水势、木质部导水率、根系水分再分配以及植物水分来源等的测试分析表明,在降水稀少、蒸发强烈的黑河下游,胡杨、柽柳主要利用的是深层土壤水和地下水,其中成熟胡杨主要吸收地下175~325cm处土壤水和地下水供其蒸腾和生存所需;胡杨根系水力提升过程主要发生在10~70cm土层,蒸散导致的土壤耗水量中有10%来自根系提升的水量;植物根和枝条木质部的初始导水率(K_(s0))和最大导水率(K_(s,max))相对较高,其中柽柳木质部的潜在导水能力比胡杨强;胡杨、柽柳液流速度呈单峰型,在午后达到峰值,黎明前水势无显著变化,反映未受到严重水分胁迫;黑河下游河道附近的地下水埋深大多在4m以内,基本可以满足荒漠河岸林植物的生长发育,黑河下游荒漠河岸林生态系统处于稳定和发展状态.     

Photosynthesis of Populus euphratica and its response to elevated CO2 concentration in an arid environment

The photosynthetic characterization of Populus euphratica and its response to the elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) were analyzed based on its net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr), and water use efficiency (WUE) at different groundwater depths measured by a portable gas exchange system (LI-6400) in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. The results showed that the elevation of [CO2] decreased the gs, and increased the Pn, Ci and WUE of P. euphratica. However, the effects of the elevated [CO2] on gs, Pn, Ci and WUE varied considerably with groundwater depth. The response of photosynthesis to rising [CO2] was stronger at the greater groundwater depth (more than 6 m) than that at the shallower groundwater depth (less than 6 m). The critical groundwater depth required to maintain the normal survival of P. euphratica was less than 6 m. When the groundwater depth increased to more than 6 m, P. euphratica encountered moderate water stress, and the plant suffered severe water stress when the groundwater depth increased to more than 7 m.     

干旱区内陆河流域荒漠河岸林变化研究

新疆塔里木河流域以胡杨为建群种的荒漠河岸林是我国及世界上胡杨分布最为集中的地区之一。通过分析该地区土壤含水率、地下水埋深、地形地貌类型与胡杨空间分布、龄级结构、郁闭度的关系,探讨其生长状况。同时,采用１９８３年、１９９２年及１９９６年遥感信息源编制植被专题图件,在ＧＩＳ支持下处理图件,并应用制图数据及相关自然及人文数据,分析胡杨面积变化及演替规律,强调了系统重建设及恢复的重要作用。     

水热因子对塔里木河下游胡杨年轮指数和植被指数的影响

【目的】探索塔里木河流域树木年轮与植被遥感间的关系。【方法】借助树木年轮学的方法和技术手段,利用塔里木河下游10个采样点的胡杨样芯数据和长时间序列中国植被指数(GIMMS NDVI)数据及水热因子数据,在分析该区胡杨年轮指数和植被指数变化特征基础上,重点探讨水热因子、胡杨年轮指数及归一化植被指数(NDVI)三者间的相关性。【结果】胡杨年轮指数和年际NDVI变化在1980—2001年间均呈下降趋势,区内植被在该时间段内退化较为严重。年内NDVI变化呈单峰状,5—8月为植被生长季,1—4月和9—12月为植被非生长季。【结论】该区胡杨年轮生长受5月(P<0.01, 显著负相关)地下水埋深和6月(P<0.01,显著负相关)温度影响显著,而NDVI主要与5—7月(P<0.01, 显著负相关)和10月(P<0.01, 显著负相关)的地下水埋深及7月(P<0.01, 显著负相关)温度有关,且影响NDVI和胡杨年轮指数的主要因子是水热因子中的地下水埋深因子。胡杨年轮指数与NDVI间的相关性差,未能通过0.05水平检验。     

RS-based research on the relationship between vegetation development and groundwater in upper-middle reaches region of the Yellow River basin

The relationship between the groundwater and the surface eco-environment in arid area is very close. In this paper, the authors extracted normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and vegetation conditional ratio (VCR) from MODIS images, and analyzed the relationships among NDVI, VCR and the measured data of groundwater of the same location in the research region. Based on this, the depth of groundwater suitable for vegetation growth in the upper-middle reaches of the Yellow River basin has been calculated. The results show that the depth of groundwater suitable for vegetation growth in the research region ranges from 0.8 to 4.5m, and the optimal groundwater depth is 1.2m. The method developed in this study is applicable to research the relationship between the groundwater and land surface vegetation environment on large-scale in arid area.     

Analysis on water potential of Populus euphratica oliv and its meaning in the lower reaches of Tarim River, Xinjiang

Combined with materials measured on leaves water potential of Populus euphratica ofiv in the process of ecological water delivery in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the influence of ground-water depths and soil salinity on leaves water potential of P. euphratica was analyzed. We found that there was evident negative correlation between the leaves water potential of P. euphratica and ground-water depths. The deeper the ground-water depths were, the lower the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was, the more serious drought stress P. euphratica suffered from. Besides, there was evident negative correlation between the soil salinity and the leaves water potential of P. euphratica. The bigger the soil salinity was, the lower the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was, the more serious drought stress was indicated from which P. euphratica suffered. For sections rather distant for Daxihaizi Reservoir as well as for those places of wells rather distant from the river course, ground-water depths and the soil salinity were high; the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was low. The leaves water potential of P. euphratica can reflect the degree at which P. euphratica suffers from drought and salt stress, and has an important reference meaning in analyzing proper ground-water depths for the survival and growth of P. euphratic in the lower reaches of Tarim River.     

Analysis on water potential of Populus euphratica oliv and its meaning in the lower reaches of Tarim River,Xinjiang

Combined with materials measured on leaves water potential of Populus euphratica oliv in the process of ecological water delivery in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the influence of ground-water depths and soil salinity on leaves water potential of P. euphratica was analyzed. We found that there was evident negative correlation between the leaves water potential of P. euphratica and ground-water depths. The deeper the ground-water depths were, the lower the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was, the more serious drought stress P. euphratica suffered from. Besides, there was evident negative correlation between the soil salinity and the leaves water potential of P. euphratica. The bigger the soil salinity was, the lower the leaves water potential of P euphratica was, the more serious drought stress was indicated from which P. euphratica suffered. For sections rather distant for Daxihaizi Reservoir as well as for those places of wells rather distant from the river course, ground-water depths and the soil salinity were high; the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was low. The leaves water potential of P. euphratica can reflect the degree at which P. euphratica suffers from drought and salt stress, and has an important reference meaning in analyzing proper ground-water depths for the survival and growth of P. euphratic in the lower reaches of Tarim River.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘地下水在脆弱生态环境中的作用

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘属典型的干旱区内陆盆地生态环境弱带,在绿洲与沙漠相交错分布的干旱生态系统中,地下水显示出重要的生态调控作用。土壤环境（水分、土壤含盐量）受地下水环境状况（地下水位、水质）的制约,从而决定了植被生长情况,地下水埋深地４ｍ时,土壤含水量一般在１１．７％～３３．９％之间变化,茺膜河岸林,柽柳灌丛和多数草木植物均能正常生长,当地下水位埋深大于４ｍ时,天然植物生长明显受到制约,土壤含盐量与     

Analysis on water potential of Populus euphratica oliv and its meaning in the lower reaches of Tarim River,Xinjiang

Science Bulletin - Combined with materials measured on leaves water potential of Populus euphratica oliv in the process of ecological water delivery in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the...     

艾比湖流域阿其克苏河床森林覆盖率调查研究

文章通过对研究区阿其克苏河床森林覆盖率遥感图像分析、胡杨立木胸经与树高在不同监测样地中的对应关系分析以及胡杨树冠覆盖率状况分析等，得出该地区胡杨林整体衰败，已经丧失了自然更新能力，面临着毁灭的危险。因此，加大对研究区生态恢复与重建是今后首要的任务。     

上海地面沉降地下水渗流场与地层应力场分析

为有效控制上海地面沉降发展,利用地下水位与地层变形的实测资料,分析了地下水渗流场与应力场的变化特征及其制约机制。结果表明:地面沉降与地下水渗流场、第四纪地层的应力场关系密切;开发利用地下水资源以及工程建设活动,是渗流场与应力场发生变化的重要影响因素;地层空间分布的不均一也使渗流场和应力场发生突变并呈现非线性;深部含水层集中开采导致的地下水位持续下降以及浅部含水层的工程降水和建筑荷载,是上海地面沉降防治面临的新问题。该研究有助于上海地面沉降系统调控对策的制定与防治技术措施的实施。     

基于多源遥感的和田河流域生态补水对流域植被变化影响研究

利用Landsat遥感影像和MODIS数据集,得到和田河流域沙漠段河流水面面积和植被覆盖面积的时空分布特征．进一步分析归一化植被指数（NDVI）的季节变化特征与景观格局指数,得到和田河流域沙漠段生态环境的空间变化特征．结果表明:生态补水措施增加了流域的水体和植被面积,缓解了生态环境;并且生态补水后河流曲折系数下降,平均水面宽度增加,河流逐步朝平流化方向发展;NDVI的空间分布呈现河流两端植被覆盖量高,中间覆盖量低的特点．分析景观格局指数得到,生态应急补水使和田河流域沙漠段水体景观和植被景观分布呈现聚集分布,有效地缓解了生态环境．      

塔里木河下游数字地下水埋深模型的构建

根据数字地面模型的概念,利用航空拍摄的地面高程数据和地下水观测孔观测得到的地下水水位数据,建立了塔里木河下游地区的数字高程模型和数字地下水水位模型,并在这两个数字模型的基础上得到了塔里木河下游的数字地下水埋深模型．从数字地下水埋深模型获得的地下水埋深分布状况可知,地下水埋深大于10m的面积占统计面积的65％．     

塔里木河下游胡杨径向生长与水文的响应

借助树木水文学的方法,文章以对塔里木河下游主要建群植物胡杨年轮的生长量变化进行深入分析。结果显示：（1）塔里木河下游生态输水后,胡杨样枝年轮生长量变化明显,说明输水对胡杨生长量的影响是显著的和积极的;并表现出明显的时空动态变化规律;（3）胡杨样枝的中部和底部年轮径向生长量之间的相关性显著,主枝顶部和侧枝顶部以及主枝中部和侧枝中部之间的相关性显著;（4）随着输水时间的延续,样枝胡杨主枝和侧枝径向生长量呈上升趋势;而且胡杨样枝不同部位径向生长量年际变化规律呈上升趋势,这充分说明塔里木河下游实施的生态输水工程对胡杨生长量的影响是显著的和积极的。     

新疆艾比湖地区胡杨林生长监测方法研究

文章主要依据德国柏林工业大学生态学院景观与林业研究中心长期的实践经验监测形成的一套成熟的研究方法,对新疆艾比湖地区9个标准样地的胡杨林的生长情况进行准样地数据和树木数据监测,并提出其保护措施和方案。     

Analysis on the change of water potential of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus euphratica</Emphasis> Oliv. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">P. Russkii Jabl</Emphasis> under different irrigation volumes in temperate desert zone

The measurement of plant water potential is considered to be a direct approach to confirming the irrigation time in present irrigation systems.In this current study,two shelter forests species in the Junggar Basin (Central Asia),Populus euphratica and P.Russkii Jabl,were studied.We monitored leaf water potential (ψl),stem water potential (ψs) and soil water potential (ψsoil) under different irrigation conditions.The characteristics of the variation in leaf and stem water potential (ψl and ψs) of P.euphratic...     

基于GIS的河北平原地下水位时空变化动态分析

根据1975、1980、1985、1990、1995、2000年的地下水位观测资料,利用 GIS技术,采用Kriging插值方法,分析了近25年来河北平原地下水位的动态变化过程,揭示了地下水位的时空演变规律,并探讨了地下水位下降的原因。1975—2000年,河北平原浅层地下水位下降10.2m,年均下降速率为0.41m/a,其中以1990—1995年下降速率最大,达0.74m/a。深层地下水位下降30.2m,年均下降速率1.21m/a,其中以1980—1985年下降速率最大,达1.83m/a。在区域分布上,自山前平原至滨海平原,浅层地下水位和下降幅度逐渐减小,而深层地下水位和下降幅度逐渐增大。降水和地表径流的减少以及地下水的严重超采是引起地下水位下降的主要原因。     

Groundwater circulation relative to water quality and vegetation in an arid transitional zone linking oasis, desert and river

In groundwater-dependent ecosystems, groundwater circulation controls the overall water quality and ecosystem dynamics. Groundwater and vegetation across a 30-km groundwater transect linking oasis, desert and river in an extremely arid area were investigated with a series of soil profiles drilled into the unsaturated zone to understand groundwater circulation and its control on groundwater quality and surface vegetation in the extremely arid Lower Tarim River, NW China. Measurements have included water-table depth, water chemistry and water isotopes (2H, 18O, 3H) for 15 water samples, soil moisture and chloride content for 11 soil profiles, and vegetation investigation. Results show that the groundwater in desert zone is characterized by slow recharge rate (pre-modern water), great water-table depth (6.17-9.43 m) and high salinity (15.32-26.50 g/L), while that in oasis (uncultivated land) and riparian zone is characterized by relatively fast recharge rate (modern water), small groundwater-table depth (3.56-8.36 m) and low salinity (1.25-1.95 g/L). Stable isotopes show that secondary evaporation takes place during irrigation in oasis. The vegetation characteristics (coverage, richness, evenness and number of plants) are closely related to soil moisture and water-table depth. Groundwater recharge from irrigation in oasis and from river in riparian zone sustains a better ecosystem than that in the desert area, where lateral and vertical groundwater recharge is limited. The more evapotranspirative enrichment may occur in the vegetated and water-rich riparian zone as compared to desert. This study also demonstrates the effectiveness of environmental tracers in studying ecohydrological processes in arid regions.     

基于自组织竞争网络的黄河和长江物源判别

利用黄河和长江在地质历史时期的沉积物与现代黄河长江沉积物应具有一定的相似性这一原理,＂将今论古＂,以现代黄河和长江入海沉积物中部分常量元素的百分含量作为基准数据建立自组织竞争网络,对来自不同时代的黄河和长江的沉积物进行判别和验证,可靠性达到94.4%,并规定了其相应置信度下的置信区间.以此为基础,对南黄海NT2孔的物质来源进行了判别,结果表明钻孔中0～19.36m、28.07～52.88m深度范围内的沉积物为长江沉积物,19.36～28.07m、52.88～70.28m深度范围内以及表层沉积物为黄河沉积物.