Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment

Human-driven ecosystem simplification has highlighted questions about how the number of species in an ecosystem influences its functioning. Although biodiversity is now known to affect ecosystem productivity, its effects on stability are debated. Here we present a long-term experimental field test of the diversity-stability hypothesis. During a decade of data collection in an experiment that directly controlled the number of perennial prairie species, growing-season climate varied considerably, causing year-to-year variation in abundances of plant species and in ecosystem productivity. We found that greater numbers of plant species led to greater temporal stability of ecosystem annual aboveground plant production. In particular, the decadal temporal stability of the ecosystem, whether measured with intervals of two, five or ten years, was significantly greater at higher plant diversity and tended to increase as plots matured. Ecosystem stability was also positively dependent on root mass, which is a measure of perenniating biomass. Temporal stability of the ecosystem increased with diversity, despite a lower temporal stability of individual species, because of both portfolio (statistical averaging) and overyielding effects. However, we found no evidence of a covariance effect. Our results indicate that the reliable, efficient and sustainable supply of some foods (for example, livestock fodder), biofuels and ecosystem services can be enhanced by the use of biodiversity.     

生物多样性与生态系统功能:内涵与外延

从不同层次探讨了生物多样性和生态系统功能的内涵与外延，在此基础上提出了进行生物多样性和生态系统功能研究的启示．     

Impacts of climate change on ecosystem in Priority Areas of Biodiversity Conservation in China

Priority Areas of Biodiversity Conservation （PABCs） are the key areas for future biodiversity conservation in China. In this study, we used 5 dynamic global vegetation models （DGVMs） to simulate the ecosystem function changes under future climate change scenario in the 32 terrestrial PABCs. We selected vegetation coverage, vegetation productivity, and ecosystem carbon balance as the indicators to describe the ecosystem function changes. The results indicate that woody vegetation coverage will greatly increase in the Loess Plateau Region, the North China Plain, and the Lower Hilly Region of South China. The future climate change will have great impact on the original vegetation in alpine meadow and arid and semiarid regions. The vegetation productivity of most PABCs will enhance in the coming 100 years. The largest increment will take place in the southwestern regions with high elevation. The PABCs in the Desert Region of Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau are with fastest productivity climbing, and these areas are also with more carbon sink accumulation in the future. DGVM will be a new efficient tool for evaluating ecosystem function changes in future in large scale. This study is expected to provide technical support for the future ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation under climate change.     

生物入侵与生物多样性保护

通过分析生物入侵对本地生物多样性的影响及生物入侵的途径和成灾机制,提出防治外来有害生物入侵的措施.     

全球气候变化与生物多样性

综述了全球气候变化与生物多样性的研究现状，讨论了全球气候变化引起物种灭绝的内在机制，并从全球变暖与生物多样性丢失间的正反馈因果关系出发，指出保护全球生物多样性对遏制全球变暖的重要价值，同时也指出了生物多样性与全球气候变化研究的方向。     

干扰与生物多样性

在阐述干扰含义的基础上,从群落的时空尺度两以次上论述了干扰与生物多样性的关系,适度的干扰能增加群落水平的生物多样性,大时空尺度上的干扰通过增加生境的空异质性促进了生物多样性的提高,最后指了干扰可以作为生态管理,提高生物多样性的有力手段。     

GAP分析与区域生物多样性保护

人为活动对区域生境干扰导致濒危物种数量不断增加,是目前全世界范围内生物多样性保护工作面临的严峻挑战。为扭转传统保护思路难以适应现代生物多样性保护需求这一被动现状,人们开始采用一种基于景观和区域尺度的整体保护策略,GAP分析就是实现这种保护策略的主要支撑技术。该技术的核心是通过区域性的土地覆盖、物种分布和土地权属叠图综合分析,鉴别具有重要保护价值的“保护空白”,进而为合理的区域性生物多样性保护设计和土地利用规划,提供科学的决策依据。以美国的GAP分析计划为例,详细介绍GAP分析的基本技术过程,相关理论和实践研究进展及相关技术应用的主要限制因素,并针对我国生物多样性保护工作的现状和存在的关键问题,阐述了我国开展类似理论和应用研究的必要性、重点研究内容及其理论和实践意义。     

生物多样性利用与生物经济

生物多样性的保护和可持续利用对于生物经济的发展十分重要,也是研究生物技术发展及生物产业的着眼点和基石.对生物多样性的保护和持续利用的关系,以及在制药、生物农药和生物能源中的重要性进行了讨论.     

生物多样性的功能

生物多样性包括遗传、物种、生态系统与景观多样性。从以下几个方面综述了生物多样性的功能：①稳定生态系统的作用;②提高生态系统生产力的作用;③生物多样性对生态系统可持续性的作用;④生物多样性在农业生产上的作用;⑤生物多样性在医学上的作用;⑥生物多样性在工业上的作用。     

生物多样性研究热点与武陵山区生物多样性调查策略

本文从生物多样性与生态系统功能及其价值评估、生物多样性的保护对策的确定、人类活动对生物多样性的影响及生物安全、生物多样性的调查、编目及数字化信息系统的建立四个方面介绍了国际国内的研究进展,并根据国外对生物多样性的研究热点以及国内的现状,讨论了武陵山区生物多样性调查策略.     

海洋底栖生物生态学和生物多样性研究进展

综述了海洋底栖生物生态学和生物多样性研究的过去和现状,阐述了海洋底栖生物生态学和生物多样性学说的基本原理,剖析了我国海洋底栖生物生态学和生物多样性研究存在的不足及与国际研究的差距,提出了海洋底栖生物研究的前景和方向.     

Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity

The most unique feature of Earth is the existence of life, and the most extraordinary feature of life is its diversity. Approximately 9 million types of plants, animals, protists and fungi inhabit the Earth. So, too, do 7 billion people. Two decades ago, at the first Earth Summit, the vast majority of the world's nations declared that human actions were dismantling the Earth's ecosystems, eliminating genes, species and biological traits at an alarming rate. This observation led to the question of how such loss of biological diversity will alter the functioning of ecosystems and their ability to provide society with the goods and services needed to prosper.     

海洋底栖生物生态学和生物多样性研究进展

综述了海洋底栖生物生态学和生物多样性研究的过去和现状。阐述了海洋底栖生物生态学和生物多样性学说的基本原理，剖析了我国海洋底栖生物生态学和生物多样性研究存在的不足及与国际研究的差距，提出了海洋底栖生物研究的前景和方向．     

生物多样性与传染病风险

近半个世纪以来,新发传染病(多为涉及多宿主的人兽共患病)正在以前所未有的速度不断增加,不仅严重威胁人类健康,还影响着农业生产和野生动物保护。因不同宿主对病原的传播能力具有种间差异,宿主群落结构能够显著地影响病原的传播动态和传染病风险。多样性,作为表征群落结构的重要指标之一,其和传染病风险间的关系(即多样性-疾病关系)是传染病生态学研究的核心问题之一。尤其是“稀释效应”(即提高宿主多样性能够降低疾病风险)的提出引发了广泛的关注。虽然稀释效应得到了众多实证研究的支持,但其普适性仍然存在争议。笔者围绕多样性-疾病关系,介绍稀释效应的生态学机制、普适性及其产生的前提条件。并就3个方向总结了稀释效应的研究进展:①稀释效应的尺度依赖性;②宿主局部灭绝风险和其病原传播能力间的关系;③多样性对疾病风险的身份效应。此外,还分析了近期关于多样性-疾病关系研究框架的拓展,即从物种多样性拓展到谱系多样性;从单一疾病风险拓展到疾病总负担。最后,就未来可能的研究方向提出展望,认为未来研究需探讨分析生境破碎化、非宿主以及群落功能多样性在多样性-疾病关系中的作用。