Nitrate flux in the Mississippi River.

Increased delivery of biologically available nitrogen to estuaries and coastal oceans in recent decades has been linked to eutrophication and seasonal hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico and elsewhere. We have developed a model that accounts for 95% of annual variation in delivery of nitrate to the Gulf of Mexico by the Mississippi River in 1960-98. Retrospective analysis indicates that this nitrate flux could have been reduced by 33% if the use of nitrogen-containing fertilizer in the Mississippi River basin had been cut by 12%.     

Anthropogenically enhanced fluxes of water and carbon from the Mississippi River

The water and dissolved inorganic carbon exported by rivers are important net fluxes that connect terrestrial and oceanic water and carbon reservoirs. For most rivers, the majority of dissolved inorganic carbon is in the form of bicarbonate. The riverine bicarbonate flux originates mainly from the dissolution of rock minerals by soil water carbon dioxide, a process called chemical weathering, which controls the buffering capacity and mineral content of receiving streams and rivers. Here we introduce an unprecedented high-temporal-resolution, 100-year data set from the Mississippi River and couple it with sub-watershed and precipitation data to reveal that the large increase in bicarbonate flux that has occurred over the past 50 years (ref. 3) is clearly anthropogenically driven. We show that the increase in bicarbonate and water fluxes is caused mainly by an increase in discharge from agricultural watersheds that has not been balanced by a rise in precipitation, which is also relevant to nutrient and pesticide fluxes to the Gulf of Mexico. These findings demonstrate that alterations in chemical weathering are relevant to improving contemporary biogeochemical budgets. Furthermore, land use change and management were arguably more important than changes in climate and plant CO2 fertilization to increases in riverine water and carbon export from this large region over the past 50 years.     

Stream denitrification across biomes and its response to anthropogenic nitrate loading

Anthropogenic addition of bioavailable nitrogen to the biosphere is increasing and terrestrial ecosystems are becoming increasingly nitrogen-saturated, causing more bioavailable nitrogen to enter groundwater and surface waters. Large-scale nitrogen budgets show that an average of about 20-25 per cent of the nitrogen added to the biosphere is exported from rivers to the ocean or inland basins, indicating that substantial sinks for nitrogen must exist in the landscape. Streams and rivers may themselves be important sinks for bioavailable nitrogen owing to their hydrological connections with terrestrial systems, high rates of biological activity, and streambed sediment environments that favour microbial denitrification. Here we present data from nitrogen stable isotope tracer experiments across 72 streams and 8 regions representing several biomes. We show that total biotic uptake and denitrification of nitrate increase with stream nitrate concentration, but that the efficiency of biotic uptake and denitrification declines as concentration increases, reducing the proportion of in-stream nitrate that is removed from transport. Our data suggest that the total uptake of nitrate is related to ecosystem photosynthesis and that denitrification is related to ecosystem respiration. In addition, we use a stream network model to demonstrate that excess nitrate in streams elicits a disproportionate increase in the fraction of nitrate that is exported to receiving waters and reduces the relative role of small versus large streams as nitrate sinks.     

Riverine export of aged terrestrial organic matter to the North Atlantic Ocean

Global riverine discharge of organic matter represents a substantial source of terrestrial dissolved and particulate organic carbon to the oceans. This input from rivers is, by itself, more than large enough to account for the apparent steady-state replacement times of 4,00-6,000 yr for oceanic dissolved organic carbon. But paradoxically, terrestrial organic matter, derived from land plants, is not detected in seawater and sediments in quantities that correspond to its inputs. Here we present natural 14C and 13C data from four rivers that discharge to the western North Atlantic Ocean and find that these rivers are sources of old (14C-depleted) and young (14C-enriched) terrestrial dissolved organic carbon, and of predominantly old terrestrial particulate organic carbon. These findings contrast with limited earlier data that suggested terrestrial organic matter transported by rivers might be generally enriched in 14C from nuclear testing, and hence newly produced. We also find that much of the young dissolved organic carbon can be selectively degraded over the residence times of river and coastal waters, leaving an even older and more refractory component for oceanic export. Thus, pre-ageing and degradation may alter significantly the structure, distributions and quantities of terrestrial organic matter before its delivery to the oceans.     

滇池入湖河流pH时空分异特征及其变化机理

河流pH值是河流水环境的重要指标及其健康程度的关键性因素,选取滇池流域4条有代表性的入湖河流为研究对象,分析了河流水体pH值时空分异特征,探讨了pH值变化的关键影响因素和内在机理。结果表明：滇池主要入湖河流pH值上游呈弱酸性,中下游呈弱碱性,下游pH值出现下降趋势;雨季的河流pH值波动比旱季大,源头的pH值变化幅度小于中下游;影响滇池入湖河流pH值变化的主要环境因子有温度、总溶解性固体（TDS: Total Dissolved Solids）和总氮（TN: Total Nitrogen）,主要离子是Ca2+、HCO3-和Mg2+;碳酸盐平衡缓冲系统和离子平衡缓冲系统的变化是造成滇池入湖河流pH值变化的内在原因。     

河流COD污染通量变化规律研究

分析了两种类型河流COD污染通量变化特征。汇水面积较大的河流 ,下游断面汛期COD通量远大于点源COD入河排污量 ,典型河流断面可达其 9～ 2 2倍。这类河流COD污染通量与河水流量呈显著正相关 ,r值在 0 .90 3～ 0 .997范围 ,文中给出线性回归方程。河流点源污染量变异系数一般在 30 %～ 6 0 %,面源可达 12 7%～ 2 0 7%。     

内蒙古高原东部内流河水系结构与流域特征的关系

基于30 m水平分辨率的数字高程模型, 提取内蒙古高原东部的内流河水系, 结合流域气候与下垫面要素, 研究水系结构与流域特征的关系。结果表明, 流域气候(降水和潜在蒸发)与水系结构关系密切, 表现为分支比、侧枝比和河网密度随降水量的增加而增大, 随潜在蒸发量的增加而减小。另一方面, 流域下垫面条件(坡度和草原覆盖率)对内流河水系结构影响较大, 表现为水系结构总体上受地形控制, 但旱生或半旱生的 地表草本植物不利于水系发育。     

缺资料地区河流突发性水污染多尺度风险评价

突发性水污染事件具有随机性、瞬时性、位置不确定性的特点,在资料盲区开展风险评价是当今的一个难题,亟需开展相关研究。该文将模糊故障树模型以及综合影响指数模型共同应用于河流突发性水污染风险评价研究中,建立了由区域整体到河流单元的多尺度评价模式,并在北部湾经济区开展了应用实践。结果表明:北部湾经济区现状区域整体水污染风险较低,但主要河流部分断面水污染风险较高,造成这一现象的主要原因有:化工、造纸等高污染企业排水对水功能区形成潜在威胁;人类活动密集区对原生水环境的扰动大,水生态系统脆弱,突发水污染风险高。评价结果与实际调研得到的水污染事件概率分布基本吻合,可为北部湾风险源管理与控制提供依据。该方法对缺资料地区风险评价是可行的,为未来风险源管理及产业、应急水源地规划提供了科学参考。     

小流域土壤养分运移的数学模型及模拟

为研究土壤养分流失在流域内不同地貌单元的运移问题,通过建立小流域土壤养分运移数学模型及计算程序的编制,实现了对小流域土壤养分运移的数值模拟.该模型能描述小流域水土流失的水量及养分含量的运移过程,解决了养分源成点源、非点源分布和小流域土壤养分呈带状分布变化的问题,为大面积预测养分运移提供了科学依据.     

Interferometric radar measurements of water level changes on the Amazon flood plain

Measurements of water levels in the main channels of rivers, upland tributaries and floodplain lakes are necessary for understanding flooding hazards, methane production, sediment transport and nutrient exchange. But most remote river basins have only a few gauging stations and these tend to be restricted to large river channels. Although radar remote sensing techniques using interferometric phase measurements have the potential to greatly improve spatial sampling, the phase is temporally incoherent over open water and has therefore not been used to determine water levels. Here we use interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, acquired over the central Amazon by the Space Shuttle imaging radar mission, to measure subtle water level changes in an area of flooded vegetation on the Amazon flood plain. The technique makes use of the fact that flooded forests and floodplain lakes with emergent shrubs permit radar double-bounce returns from water and vegetation surfaces, thus allowing coherence to be maintained. Our interferometric phase observations show decreases in water levels of 7-11 cm per day for tributaries and lakes within approximately 20 km of a main channel and 2-5 cm per day at distances of approximately 80 km. Proximal floodplain observations are in close agreement with main-channel gauge records, indicating a rapid response of the flood plain to decreases in river stage. With additional data from future satellite missions, the technique described here should provide direct observations important for understanding flood dynamics and hydrologic exchange between rivers and flood plains.     

长江上游主要河流鱼类多样性与流域特征关系

对长江上游12 条主要河流鱼类种类数与流域特征进行了回归分析和主成分分析. 相关回归分析结果显示: 特有种类数目与全部种类数目呈极显著正相关; 全部种类数目的绝对数与流域面积、干流长度、流量呈显著或极显著正相关, 与比降呈显著负相关; 单位流域面积( 或单位干流长度) 全部种类数与干流长度( 或流域面积) 、流量呈显著或极显著的负相关, 与比降、径流深呈极显著正相关; 特有种类数目的绝对数与流域面积、干流长度、流量呈显著或极显著正相关; 单位流域面积特有种类数与干流长度、流量呈显著或极显著负相关, 与比降、径流深呈极显著正相关; 单位干流长度特有种类数与流域面积呈显著负相关, 与比降、径流深呈极显著正相关. 主成分分析得到的第一和第二主成分分别综合反映了河流鱼类的相对种类数和绝对种类数与流域特征因子之间的关系.     

汉江流域河网分级特征研究

为深入了解汉江流域河网结构特征,在提取高精度数字河网的基础上,结合地表水频率地图和河宽遥感数据集,研究河网几何结构和拓扑结构的自相似性,同时统计分析河网的河宽分级规律.结果表明,河网中1～6级的分支比、河长比、面积比和侧枝比等结构参数稳定在较窄的数值范围内,证明1～6级河网具有良好的几何拓扑结构自相似性.在河网自相似级...     

柴达木盆地北缘第三系沉积体系演化模式

基于柴达木盆地北缘第三系的地质背景和构造演化,结合野外露头、岩心、测井解释和地震相特征,研究了沉积相的纵横分布特征并建立了柴北缘第三系沉积体系演化模式。结果表明:盆地边缘的马北、马西和平台地区一带主要以冲积扇和辫状河沉积为主,靠近湖盆中心的南八仙、冷湖Ⅵ号和Ⅶ号、鄂博梁等地区主要发育辫状河三角洲平原或前缘相带。路乐河组(E1+2)冲积扇较为发育,辫状河相对发育;下干柴沟组(E3)主要发育辫状河和辫状河三角洲沉积,下干柴沟组下段(E13)到下干柴沟组上段(E23)是一个辫状河向辫状河三角洲演化的水进沉积序列;上干柴沟组(N1)和油砂山组(N2)发生进一步湖侵,湖盆扩张,为辫状河三角洲前缘与滨浅湖的交互沉积。在此基础上,建立了柴北缘古近纪—新近纪从物源区向盆地中心发育的冲积扇—辫状河—辫状河三角洲—湖泊沉积体系模式,并探讨了沉积体系演化过程及其油气意义。     

Young organic matter as a source of carbon dioxide outgassing from Amazonian rivers

Rivers are generally supersaturated with respect to carbon dioxide, resulting in large gas evasion fluxes that can be a significant component of regional net carbon budgets. Amazonian rivers were recently shown to outgas more than ten times the amount of carbon exported to the ocean in the form of total organic carbon or dissolved inorganic carbon. High carbon dioxide concentrations in rivers originate largely from in situ respiration of organic carbon, but little agreement exists about the sources or turnover times of this carbon. Here we present results of an extensive survey of the carbon isotope composition (13C and 14C) of dissolved inorganic carbon and three size-fractions of organic carbon across the Amazonian river system. We find that respiration of contemporary organic matter (less than five years old) originating on land and near rivers is the dominant source of excess carbon dioxide that drives outgassing in medium to large rivers, although we find that bulk organic carbon fractions transported by these rivers range from tens to thousands of years in age. We therefore suggest that a small, rapidly cycling pool of organic carbon is responsible for the large carbon fluxes from land to water to atmosphere in the humid tropics.     

江汉盆地白垩系沉积相与沉积演化

在对江汉盆地露头剖面野外实测、钻井及分析化验资料综合研究的基础上,运用层序地层学、沉积学和测井地质学原理,识别了白垩系层序及沉积相类型、沉积特征。研究表明, 受燕山期幕式构造运动的影响,白垩系可划分为两个构造层序,主要发育冲积扇、辫状河、辫状河三角洲和氧化型湖泊四种主要沉积相类型;早白垩世,由于拉张断陷强度较弱,仅在盆地边缘断裂前缘的局部地区发育一套粒度较粗的冲积扇-辫状河砂砾岩沉积;至晚白垩世,在区域引张力的作用下盆地整体拉伸断陷,从盆缘往盆内方向依次发育冲积扇—辫状河—三角洲—氧化型湖泊沉积,构成一个自下而上粒度由粗变细的沉积序列。     

石羊河流域天然径流序列统计特征分析及其随机模拟

文章首先通过自相关、互相关分析和谱分析，对内陆河水系石羊河流哉八条主要河流天然年、月径流序列进行了统计特征分析．得出了许多有价值的结果．进而，本文对该流域并联多河系统的径流序列的随机模拟作了尝试．在应用三阶自回归模型、多层次模型和一阶自回归模型生成主河天然年径流、逐月径流序列的基础上，通过多站线性回归模型对其它各从河的天然年、月径流序列进行了的机模拟．     

汶川大地震对岷江上游水资源与水环境的影响

岷江是长江上游的最大支流,发源于四川与甘肃交界的岷山南麓,都江堰之上河段为上游,是成都平原及其下游最重要的水源河.流域区属高山峡谷区,高山耸峙,河流深切,北段为山原地貌,南段为高山峡谷地貌.岷江上游位于青藏高原东缘,河流自北西向南东分别流经松潘-甘孜地槽褶皱系、龙门山断裂带和四川盆地.汶川大地震在给人民生命财产造成重大损失的同时,也对岷江上游的季节性水量,岷江水质产生了重大影响.由于汶川地震诱发和潜在的地质灾害,对上游的水电工程形成了潜在的巨大威胁,其影响应在灾后重建规划时予以高度重视.     

南海珠江深水扇系统的沉积构造背景分析

从深水扇系统的观点出发,主要基于对最近所采集的穿越整个白云凹陷的700余公里长电缆深反射(深达14 s)地震资料综合解释,结合南海大洋钻探的成果,对南海珠江深水扇系统沉积的构造背景特征进行了综合分析.研究发现:白云主凹在早中新世-中中新世期间(即大约距今25～10 Ma)是一个因坳陷期盆地基底的持续沉降及其相关断裂活动而形成的南海北部陆缘上的斜坡内盆地;白云主凹这个"斜坡内盆地"有别于世界上其它位于被动大陆边缘背景中(如西非近海、巴西近海、墨西哥湾)的斜坡内盆地;海平面变化、沉积物通量变化、构造活动等地质营力都在斜坡内盆地的构造背景上对南海珠江深水扇系统在不同时期产生了不同程度的重要影响.简言之,斜坡内盆地成就了南海珠江深水扇系统.这为以后进一步全面深入研究南海珠江深水扇系统的形成机制、演化过程、结构特征等有着重要意义.     

中国的网状河流体系

网状河流是由低坡降、深且窄、重复分汊合并的多河道系统及大片的泛滥平原所组成的一种特殊的河流类型,研究尚待深入。中国的许多河流发育了网状河段,其中包括黑龙江、松花江和长江等一些大型河流以及许多中、小型河流。按照地理和构造背景的不同可以把它们分为平原地区网状河流、山谷网状河流、入湖三角洲平原网状河流和入海三角洲平原网状河流四大类。这四类网状河流在形成机理、地貌和沉积特征等方面有所不同。研究古代沉积,对于研究油气储集体来说,进一步地了解网状河流,特别是研究平原地区和三角洲平原上的网状河流具有重大的意义。     

1980—2015 年清水河流域水系连通变化研究

为揭示城市化发展情景下区域水系连通的变化规律, 以永定河支流清水河流域为对象, 集成遥感影像、统计资料及土地利用等数据, 运用河流连通性综合评价体系, 将基于障碍物累积影响的河流纵向连通性及基于土地破碎度的河流横向连通性相结合, 系统性地研究1980—2015年清水河流域的水系连通性变化。根据专家知识并结合清水河实际情况, 可将清水河河道阻碍物分为水库、水闸、漫水桥和河道堆积物4种类型。1980—2015年阻碍物的数量持续增长, 2000年比1980年增加10.4%, 2015年增加23.9%。1980—2015年,清水河流域纵向连通性整体上呈升高趋势, 纵向连通性差的汇水区比例由1980年的40%逐渐降低 2015年的14%。纵向连通性升高的区域集中在流域东部及中部, 西南部部分汇水区连通性加剧恶化。河流横向连通性整体上变化不明显, 其中流域西部有所下降, 东部有所好转。1980—2015年清水河流域综合连通性整体上呈升高趋势, 综合连通性差的汇水区占比在1980, 2000和 2015年分别为26%, 17%和11%。综合连通性升高的区域集中在流域东部, 而流域西南部部分区域连通性始终较差。研究结果揭示了京津冀城市化进程中流域连通性的变化规律, 可为区域防洪减灾和河流生态修复提供参考。