斑马鱼受精过程中原核的时空规律

斑马鱼的成熟卵子处于第2次减数分裂中期,精子通过受精孔进入卵内,精子入卵后,卵子被激活;受精后3 min,精核位于卵质膜内侧边缘,处于凝集状态;受精后5 min精核开始解凝;受精后8 min,精核明显解凝,受精卵出现明显的精子星光.同时进入第2次减数分裂后期,之后排出第二极体;受精后10 min,雄原核形成,具有双星光,此时,雄原核已位于胚盘中部;受精后15 min雌原核已形成,雌、雄原核向胚盘中央靠近;受精后20 min,雌雄原核开始接触;受精后30 min,雌雄原核完全融合成为1个合子核;35 min时,受精卵开始第1次卵裂;45 min后分裂形成2个子核;50 min时分裂为2细胞,60 min时分裂为4细胞.     

弓獭蛤受精及早期卵裂过程核相变化的细胞学观察

采用Hoechst 33258染色和荧光显微镜技术,对弓獭蛤(Lutraria arcuata)受精和早期卵裂过程中的核相变化进行观察.其成熟未受精卵呈圆球形,卵径55~60μm,核相处于第1次成熟分裂前期;精子为鞭毛型,全长约50~55μm.精卵混合后,精子迅速附着于卵子表面;受精后10~30 min,精子入卵膨胀成球形;30~50 min进行第1次成熟分裂,排出第1极体;50~60 min进行第2次成熟分裂,排出第2极体;同时精核和卵核体积膨胀,形成雄原核和雌原核;70 min左右,雌、雄原核联合,形成第1次有丝分裂的中期分裂相;70~90 min受精卵进行第1次卵裂,形成2个卵裂球;90~110 min进行第2次卵裂,形成1大3小的4个卵裂球.     

合浦珠母贝受精细胞学观察

用醋酸－地衣红染色制片的方法对合浦珠母贝卵子减数分裂和受精过程进行了详细的细胞学观察。精子入卵前，卵子停留于第一次减数分裂中期。精子入卵后，卵子开始成熟分裂，在海水温度２２℃的条件下，授精后２２ｍｉｎ及３９ｍｉｎ绝大部分卵子分别完成第一次减数分裂和第二次砬数分裂，排出第一极体和第二极体，雌雄原核分别形成，其染色体逐渐凝集，形成两组染色体，最后在卵裂的赤道板上联合，７１ｍｉｎ后，大部分卵子完成第一次     

近江牡蛎受精细胞学研究

用醋酸－地衣红染色的方法对近江牡蛎人工授精的卵子减数分裂和受精过程进行了详细细胞学观察。精子入卵前，卵子处于第一次减数分裂的前期（胚泡期），精子入卵后，胚泡消失，然后进行两次减数分裂，在海水温度为２８．８℃的情况下，授精后３３ｍｉｎ和４５ｍｉｎ，绝大部分受精卵已排出第一极体和第二极体，雄原核可在第一极体排出后及第二极体排出前任何时期内形成，雌雄原核以联合的方式将两组染色体合并，授精后１ｈ，大部分卵     

杂色鲍♀×盘鲍♂合杂交受精的细胞学研究

应用组织学方法。研究了杂色鲍♀×盘鲍♂舍种间杂交受精过程的核相变化。结果表明杂色鲍♀×盘鲍♂种间杂交受精主要表现出两性融合的特点．盘鲍精子进入杂色鲍卵子。9min后中心粒发育为星光；精子头部逐渐膨大、液化形成雄性原核，39min后与雌性原核会合，而后融合．约3．2％的受精卵中观察到1个受精卵中同时存在3个即将融合的原核，这可能是多精入卵或卵子染色体组自发加倍的结果．42min后开始第1次有丝分裂。此时在极个别发育卵中发现固缩的染色质小体、微核、或分离不同步的染色体．     

栉孔扇贝成熟卵形态与超微结构的研究

实验研究栉孔扇贝成熟的形态与超微结构。观察表明卵子表面呈峰窝状,无卵极标志,受精前质膜形态模糊,属非典型单位膜。卵质内含有线粒体、内质网、高尔基体等细胞器,但缺乏中心粒复合体。皮层内含有皮层颗粒。卵黄形态不同,来源于多种细胞器。卵子的成熟核相对第一次成熟分裂中期。     

杂色鲍♀×盘鲍♂杂交受精的细胞学研究

应用组织学方法,研究了杂色鲍♀×盘鲍♂种间杂交受精过程的核相变化,结果表明杂色鲍♀×盘鲍♂种间杂交受精主要表现出两性融合的特点.盘鲍精子进入杂色鲍卵子,9 min后中心粒发育为星光;精子头部逐渐膨大、液化形成雄性原核,39 min后与雌性原核会合,而后融合.约3.2%的受精卵中观察到1个受精卵中同时存在3个即将融合的原核,这可能是多精入卵或卵子染色体组自发加倍的结果.42 min后开始第1次有丝分裂,此时在极个别发育卵中发现固缩的染色质小体、微核、或分离不同步的染色体.     

细胞松弛素B诱导马氏珠母贝四倍体形成机制研究

为了解在珍珠贝多倍体诱导中四倍体形成的机制 ,用醋酸地衣红染色技术研究抑制马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii)受精卵第一极体排放后的染色体行为。试验用贝为人工养殖贝 ,贝龄为 2～ 3龄。试验用水为沙滤海水 ,海水比重 1.0 18～ 1.0 2 0 ,p H值 8.10～ 8.30。2 6℃～ 2 8℃下人工授精 ,授精前用 6× 10 - 6氨水处理卵子10 m in～ 15 min。处理组用 0 .5 mg/ L 细胞松弛素 B(CB)处理受精卵 15 min;对照组为不做任何处理的受精卵。受精后每隔 3m in取样观察 ,直至受精后 6 0 min。观察结果表明 ,在第 2次减数分裂期间 ,染色体分离有 4种主要类型 ,即“随机三极分离” (2 8.1% )、“不混合三极分离” (7.6 % )、“联合双极分离” (19.3% )和“离散双极分离” (13.6 % ) ,余下的 31.5 %因染色体混乱或难以确定而无法分类 ,但似乎是以上 4种分离的变体。在受精后33m in～ 42 min,在联合双极、三极和离散双极分离的细胞中分别形成 2 ,3和 4个原核。将各种分离类型所出现的频率与产生的三倍体 (33% )和四倍体 (2 2 % )比较 ,表明导致四倍体形成的是“离散双极分离”;“不混合三极分离”也可能导致四倍体的形成 ;导致三倍体形成的是“联合双极分离”;导致非整倍体形成的是“随机三极分离”和其他不规则的分离     

濒危植物-半日花(Helianthemum songaricum)的双受精作用及胚和胚乳发育

运用石蜡切片法,对半日花Ｈ．ｓｏｎｇａｒｉｃｕｍ的受精过程,胚及胚乳发育进行了初步观察．受精前,一个助细胞解体,另一助细胞宿存．精核与极核的融合早于精核与卵的融合．受精极核不经过休眠过程,经多次分裂形成核型胚乳．胚乳游离核于球胚晚期开始细胞化．种子成熟后无胚乳．胚胎发育属柳叶菜型．胚柄由一纵列细胞组成并于球胚晚期开始退化．胚的发育经历球形原胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚及成熟胚各时期．     

蛋白激酶C在卵母细胞减数分裂成熟和受精中的作用

蛋白激酶C(PKC)是一类广泛分布在真核细胞中的单链丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶超家族,在卵母细胞成熟和受精的多个环节发挥着重要调节作用.在卵母细胞成熟过程中,PKC的作用决定于它存在的位置:卵丘细胞中PKC的激活能够促进卵母细胞恢复减数分裂,而卵母细胞中PKC的激活却抑制自身的生发泡破裂.PKC活性在卵母细胞成熟过程中逐渐升高,在第一次减数分裂中/后期转换时活性下降,使卵母细胞得以排出第一极体,进入第二次减数分裂.在哺乳动物卵子的受精过程中,PKC可能作为钙离子的下游靶分子,引发皮质颗粒的排放,并使卵子突破MII期阻滞,形成原核.PKC还参与调节其他重要蛋白激酶,如成熟促进因子(MPF)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)的活性.目前已经在哺乳动物卵子中发现多种PKC亚型,其中经典型PKC可能在卵皮质反应中发挥最主要的作用.结合作者的工作,对目前已知的PKC在减数分裂与受精中的作用进行了评价和展望.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

正~~