Groundbreaking gas source rock correlation research based on the application of a new experimental approach for adsorbed gas

Many years of experimentation have led to the development and improvement of equipment and methods used to make gas source rock correlations.By crushing samples using a ball mill and directly collecting adsorbed gases in the absence of aqueous media under high vacuum conditions,most possible interference factors,such as atmospheric pollution,crushing-induced pyrolysis,and gas collection by aqueous media are eliminated.This greatly enhances the volume percentage of hydrocarbon gas in the acquired adsorbed gases,with maxima up to more than 80%.The actual measurement of carbon isotopic series can be carried out to such an extent as to be δ13C1-δ13C5.A preliminary study using newly established equipment and methods has indicated the following.(1) The carbon isotopic composition of ethane in adsorbed gases on hydrocarbon source rocks can be used to distinguish the types of source rocks.This is consistent with results obtained by using organic geochemical parameters for source rocks,and illustrates that it is highly feasible to use the carbon isotopic composition of ethane in natural gases as a parameter for distinguishing the types of source rocks.(2) The thermal evolution degree(Ro) of hydrocarbon-source rocks calculated in terms of the carbon isotopic composition of methane in adsorbed gases on hydrocarbon source rocks agrees well with the vitrinite reflectance actually measured in the source rocks.This confirms the reliability of the relationship between the carbon isotopic composition of methane in natural gases and the thermal evolution degree determined using statistics.(3) Finally,a direct gas source correlation method for natural gases has been established,and the expression of log Ro vs.δ13C1 established in terms of actually measured δ13C1 values of methane in absorbed gases.Ro values of hydrocarbon source rocks have been established as well,thus creating favorable conditions for precise oil-and-gas source correlations in exploration areas.     

Structural,elemental, optical and magnetic study of Fe doped ZnO and impurity phase formation

We have prepared a series of(ZnO)1-x(Fe2O3)x≤0.10bulk samples with various concentrations of Fe dopant by ball milling and investigated their structural, compositional, optical and magnetic properties by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Raman spectrometer and vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM), respectively. Information about different impurity phases was obtained through Rietveld refinements of XRD data analysis. XPS results showed different valence states(Fe2+ tand Fe3+) supported by shaking satellite peaks in samples. With increasing Fe doping percentage, the crystal quality deteriorated and a shift of E2 low band(characteristic of ZnO) has been observed in Raman spectra. Energy band gap estimated from reflectance UV–vis spectroscopy showed shift for all bulk samples. The magnetic behavior was examined using a vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM), indicating ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature(300 K). The effective magnetic moment per Fe atom decreases with increase in doping percentage which indicates that ferromagnetic behavior arises from the substitution of Fe ions in the ZnO lattice.     

The comparison of biomarkers released by hydropyrolysis and Soxhlet extraction from source rocks of different maturities

The Permian Dalong Formation(P2d) source rocks from the mature Guangyuan outcrop section and the overmature Wangcang outcrop section in Sichuan Basin were selected.The Soxhlet extraction and kerogen catalytic HyPy were conducted on the P2d source rocks.The biomarkers obtained by both methods were compared to discuss their difference and the influence extent of thermal maturation on covalently bound biomarkers.The results show that covalently bound biomarkers can hardly be correlated to the corresponding free biomarkers due to severe thermal alterations and/or interference of migrated hydrocarbons in both outcrop sections and thermal maturation have much lower influence on covalently bound biomarkers in kerogens than on free biomarkers in Soxhlet extracts.The application of HyPy in study of biomarker geochemistry can reduce the thermal maturation effect on biomarkers(Ro≤2.4%) to a greater extent and the interference of migrated hydrocarbons between interbedded layers.The covalently bound biomarkers released by HyPy are useful in the study of biomarker geochemistry and oil-source correlation on high-overmature source rocks.     

双酚A型聚苯并口恶嗪的动态力学行为与交联网络结构

以碳纤维为增强体，在较宽的温度范围内（50～350℃），对不同固化条件下的双酚A型聚苯并 口恶 嗪进行动态力学分析（DMA），研究其高温松弛行为。tanδ温度谱上多个峰的出现，表明双酚A型聚苯并口恶嗪有多重高温松弛行为。原子力显微镜用来研究聚苯并口恶嗪浇注体弯曲断面的微观形貌，结果表明：双酚A型聚苯并口恶嗪的交联网络为非均相结构，高模量的“致密相”分散在低模量的“疏松相”中。聚苯并口恶嗪的多重松弛行为与其微观非均相结构相关。低官能度苯并口恶嗪的加入有利于化学交联的高模量致密相的形成，使聚合物的α₃松弛峰高降低。     

牛38井湖相烃源岩镜质体反射率负异常与有机组分含量相关性

对东营凹陷牛38井古近系沙河街组有机碳富集的沙三中、下亚段烃源岩(有机碳含量平均值分别达到2.0%、4.0%)进行了大量样品的分析测试及研究,发现该层段烃源岩存在明显的镜质体反射率Ro抑制现象(负异常),表现在2770～2900m处Ro值整体分布正常,而其下的2900～3370m处Ro值分布偏离正常发展轨迹.为考查Ro出现负异常的成因,对该井沙河街组湖相烃源岩出现的Ro负异常与有机组分相关性进行分析.研究结果表明,Ro异常值与壳质组含量、腐泥组含量呈正向线性统计关系,而与镜质组含量呈负向线性统计关系,与惰质组关系不明显.在剖面分布上,Ro抑制层段对应较高含量的壳质组与腐泥组.Ro值与H含量及H/O比呈负向线性统计关系,与O含量呈正向线性统计关系.研究结果初步显示高含量的壳质组、腐泥组与Ro负异常关系密切,壳质组和腐泥组中氢的富集,是导致Ro抑制现象的一重要成因.     

Analysis of the global T_m–T_s correlation and establishment of the latitude-related linear model

In this study,the correlation between Tm,a key variable in GNSS water vapor inversion,and surface temperature(Ts)was calculated on a global scale based on the global geodetic observing system(GGOS)atmosphere Tmdata and European centre for medium-range weather forecasts(ECMWF)surface temperature data.The results show that their correlation is mainly affected by latitudes,and the correlation is stronger at high latitudes and weaker at low latitudes.Although the correlation is relatively weak in the tropic areas,the temperature changes so little in a year in these areas that we can still achieve good Tmresults by linear regression model.Based on these facts,‘‘GGOS atmosphere’’Tmdata and ECMWF Tsdata from 2005 to2011 were used to establish the global latitude-related linear regression model.The new model has root mean square error(RMSE)of 3.2,3.3,and 4.4 K,respectively,compared with respect to the‘‘GGOS atmosphere’’data,COSMIC data,and radiosonde data and is more accurate than the Bevis Tm–Tsrelationship.     

Structural phase transition, optical and pyroelectric properties of lead-free single crystals

0.14 at% Mn-doped 0.95(Na_1/2Bi_1/2)TiO₃-0.05BaTiO₃ (0.95NBT-0.05BT) lead-free single crystals were grown by a top-seeded solution growth method (TSSG). X-ray powder diffraction measurement showed that the as-grown single crystals exhibit rhombohedral perovskite structure with apparent distortion. With the increase of temperature, successive structural phase transitions occur in the Mn-doped 0.95NBT-0.05BT single crystals. After poling, apparent dielectric anomaly is induced accompanied by the increase of the character of diffuse phase transition and the decrease of the value of dielectric constant. The Mn-doped 0.95NBT-0.05BT single crystals exhibit complex domain structure, in which micro and macro domains coexist with statistically 4 mm symmetry. The Mn-doped 0.95NBT-0.05BT lead-free single crystals exhibit excellent piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties, which will lead to promising advance in piezoelectric and pyroelectric applications. The infrared-absorption band occurred around 630.6 cm^?1 can be assigned to the “stretching” normal vibration of [Na_1/2Bi_1/2]/Ti-O group. The three diffused Raman bands centered around 300, 560 and 800 cm^?1 can be attributed to F2g [TiO₆] bending vibration, A1g [TiO₆] stretching vibration and “soft mode” mixed by bending and stretching vibrations.     

Thermal behavior of zirconia-dop ed mullite gel fibers

The zirconia-doped mullite gel fibers were prepared via a sol-gel method.The thermal behaviors of the gel fibers during pyrolysis were investigated by means of thermal gravitydifferential scanning calo...     

MAPK regulates cell cycle progression in pig oocytes and fertilized eggs

Oocytes collected from prepubertal gilt ovaries were matured in vitro (IVM), and fertilized in vitro (IVF) or electrically activated. Phosphorylation of mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) was detected with SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, and translocation of ERK₂ was observed with immunofluorescent cytochemistry. We found that the quantity of MAPK kept unchanged during oocyte maturation. There was no phosphorylated MAPK in porcine oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage; a little MAPK was phosphorylated at 20 h of IVM; a high level phosphorylation was detected at 30 h, while MAPK phosphorylation decreased at 36 h; and then MAPK phosphorylation increased again to the peak level from 40 to 60 h. ERK2 translocated from the peripheral cytoplasm to inner cytoplasm and nuclear area during oocyte maturation. There was nearly no phosphorylated MAPK at 18 and 20 h of electrically activated oocytes, but phosphorylation increased at 22 h. There was no phosphorylated MAPK at 12 h of IVF, while phosphorylation resumed at 16 h. These results suggest that MAPK may play an important regulatory role in MI-MII transition, pronucleus formation and the initiation of the first mitosis in pig eggs.     

Effect of KNbO3 content on the crystal structure and electrical properties of (1 − x)PbZr0.54Ti0.46O3-xKNbO3 piezoelectric ceramics

(1 ? x)PbZr_0.54Ti_0.46O₃-xKNbO₃ (0 ≤ x ≤ 25mol%) (abbreviated as PZT-xKN) piezoelectric ceramics were successfully fabricated by a traditional sintering technique at 1225°C for 30 min. The influence of KNbO₃ content on the crystal structure and electrical properties of the PZT-xKN piezoelectric ceramics was studied. Samples with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.20 show a pure perovskite structure, indicating that all KNbO₃ diffused into the crystal lattice of PZT to form a single solid solution in this compositional range. A second Pb₃Nb₄O₁₃ phase is observed in the PZT-0.25KN sample, showing that the maximum solid solubility of KNbO₃ in PZT matrix ceramic is less than 25mol%. Compared with pure PZT piezoelectric ceramics, samples containing KNbO₃ have smaller crystal grains. PZT-0.15KN exhibits excellent piezoelectric properties with d ₃₃ = 209 pC/N.     

Dampness in dwellings and its associations with asthma and allergies among children in Chongqing: A cross-sectional study

The city of Chongqing has high outdoor temperatures and humidity throughout the year and consequently a high risk of dampness and mold problems in dwellings.As part of the China,Children,Homes,Health(CCHH),associations between home characteristics and children’s asthma,allergies,and related symptoms were investigated in Chongqing,China.A cross-sectional questionnaire survey on home characteristics including dampness and symptoms of asthma and allergies in 5299 children was performed.Data for 4754 children(3–6 years)and their homes were analyzed.Results showed that 35.1%of homes were reported to have"damp bedding",14.3%"condensation on window panes(higher than 5 cm)",11.6%"mouldy odor",9.3%"water leakage",8.3%"damp stains"and 5.3%"visible mould".Wheezing and rhinitis ever were reported for 27.0%and 51.1%children respectively,and rhinitis,wheezing,cough at night and eczema in the last 12 months were reported for 38.1%,20.5%,18.9%and 13.2%respectively.Doctor-diagnosed asthma was reported for 8.3%of children,and doctor-diagnosed rhinitis for 6.2%.Dampness in homes was generally strongly associated with asthma and allergies among Chongqing children.The strongest association was found between"visible mould"and doctor-diagnosed rhinitis,and the adjusted Odds Ratio(ORA)was 2.27(95%CI:1.48,3.49)."Damp bedding"was significantly associated with all asthma and allergic symptoms,but doctor-diagnosed asthma and rhinitis.The behavior of"putting bedding to sunshine"could effectively reduce the prevalence of asthma and allergic symptoms,and the risk of bedding affected with damp was reduced significantly when bedding was put to sunshine frequently.     

Investigation of nanocrystalline structure in selected carbonaceous materials

The structural parameters of nine Indian coals were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The study revealed that the coals contain crystalline carbon of turbostratic structure with amorphous carbon. The stacking height (L_c) and interlayer spacing (d₀₀₂) of the crystallite structure of the coals ranged from 1.986 to 2.373 nm and from 0.334 to 0.340 nm, respectively. The degree of graphitization was calculated to range from 42% to 99%, thereby confirming the ordering of the carbon layers with the increase in coal rank. An exponential correlation was observed among the aromaticity (f_a), the lateral size (L_a), and the rank (I₂₀/I₂₆), suggesting that the coal crystallites are nanocrystalline in nature. A very strong correlation was observed between the structural parameters (f_a, d₀₀₂, L_c, the H/C ratio, and I₂₀/I₂₆), the volatile matter content, and the elemental carbon content, indicating the structures of coals are controlled by the degree of contact metamorphism. The Raman spectra exhibited two prominent bands: the graphitic band (G) and the first-order characteristic defect band (D). The deconvolution resulted in five peaks: G, D1, D2, D3, and D4. The intense D1 band, which appeared at ~1350 cm?1, corresponds to a lattice vibration mode with A_1g symmetry. The D2 mode, which appeared at ~1610 cm?1, arises from the structural disorder as a shoulder on the G band.     

Effect of heating rate on the electrochemical performance of MnO X @CNF nanocomposites as supercapacitor electrodes

Carbon nanofibers （CNFs） and MnOjc@CNF nanocomposites （MCNFs） are fabricated by electrospin- ning and investigated as free-standing electrodes for sup- ercapacitor. This work presents the effect of heating rate during carbonization on the electrochemical behavior of the as-prepared MCNFs electrodes in 6 mol/L KOH elec-trolyte. Results show that the MCNFs electrodes carbon- ized by relatively slower heating rate exhibit higher specific capacitance. The electronic conductivity of the slow heated MCNFs electrodes is better than that of the fast heated electrodes due to the better crystallinity of the MnOx nanoparticles and the graphitic carbon layers forming on the surface of the Mn-loaded CNFs. These MCNFs electrodes demonstrate elevated rate capability and improved cycling performance without adding any polymer binder or electronic conductor.     

Structure and multiferroic properties of Y-doped BiFeO3 ceramics

Bismuth ferrite, BiFeO₃, is an important multiferroic material, which simultaneously exhibits ferroelectric ordering and antifer-romagnetic ordering in bulk form. Samples of Bi_1-xY_xFeO₃ (x=0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20) were prepared by conventional solid state reaction. By X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering spectra, the crystal structures of the samples were identified as rhombo-hedral with R3c space group, in addition to a second phase at x≥0.05. Multiferroic properties of the samples were also measured. With the increasing of Y content, the relative dielectric constants of the samples increased gradually, while the loss tangents firstly decreased and then began to increase. Meanwhile, the saturation magnetization values were significantly enhanced, namely 0.1440, 0.7468, 1.9217, 3.3309 and 6.2774 emu/g at 300 K for x=0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20, respectively.     

白魔芋开花过程内源激素动态变化

为探讨白魔芋开花过程中激素与雌、雄蕊成熟时间的关系,利用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）对白魔芋从佛焰苞形成前期到开花后期6个不同时期雄蕊和雌蕊中4种内源激素：生长素（IAA）、赤霉素（GA₃）、脱落酸（ABA）和玉米素（ZT）的质量比进行测定和分析.结果表明,IAA,GA₃,ABA和ZT 4种激素的质量比均呈现出不同的变化规律,IAA在雄蕊和雌蕊中均表现为下降—上升—下降的变化趋势;ABA表现出上升—下降—上升的变化趋势,与IAA的趋势相反;GA₃在整个过程中没有明显的变化规律,雄蕊在佛焰苞成形后期达到最大值,约为195 ng/g,而雌蕊GA₃的质量比晚于雄蕊达到最大值,雌蕊在开花前期才达到最大值,约为188 ng/g;ZT质量比的变化为先升后降、再升再降.在花芽形态分化,即雌、雄蕊成熟的关键时期,雌蕊中内源IAA,GA₃和ZT的质量比均高于雄蕊,且GA₃表现明显,说明较高浓度的IAA,GA₃和ZT在成熟过程中起促进作用,在同一过程中,雄蕊中ABA的质量比却高于雌蕊的,而雄蕊晚熟于雌蕊,表明较高浓度的ABA抑制雄蕊的成熟.ABA/IAA和ABA/ZT的比值呈现出与ABA相同的变化趋势,高浓度的ABA/IAA,ABA/ZT和ABA/GA₃均不利于雄蕊的成熟,进一步证明高浓度ABA是抑制雄蕊成熟的关键因子.     

Change of proton motive force across thylakoid membrane in soybean leaf during state transitions

Change of proton gradient across thylakoid membrane in soybean leaves was studied with millisecond delayed light emission(ms-DLE) during the coures of state transitions which were indicated by the cholrophyll fluores-cence at room temperature and 77K.When dark-adapted leaves were induced to state Ⅰ with far-red light,Fm/F0,F685/F735 and the intensity of fast phase of ms-DLE were af-fected slightly.However,during the induction to state Ⅱ with red light,both Fm/F0 and F685/F735 decreased immedi-ately and the former were quicker than the latter.In this interval,the intesity of fast phase of ms-DLE increased to a maximum and then decreased to a lower valus during the transition to stateⅡ.Nigericin,an uncoupler which elimi-nates the proton gradient across thylakoid membrane,inhib-ited the increase in the intensity of fast phase of ms-DLE during the transition to state Ⅱ.Another uncoupler,valino-mycin,which eliminates the membrane potential,did not affect the changes of the intensity of fast phase.These results suggest that the prompt increase in the intensity of fast phase of ms-DLE at the beginning of transitions to state Ⅱ is cor-related mainly with the proton gradient released from water oxidation in photosystemⅡ.     

Catalysis of organic pollutant photodegradation by metal phthalocyanines immobilized on TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>@SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

A TiO2@SiO2 hybrid support was prepared by the sol-precipitation method using n-octylamine as a template.The photocatalyst manganese phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (MnPcS) was immobilized on the support to form MnPcS-TiO2@SiO2.X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-Vis DRS) were employed to characterize the catalyst.The photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and the catalytic oxidation of o-phenylenediamine (OPDA) under visible light irradiation were used as probe reactions.The mineralization efficiency and the degradation mechanism were evaluated using chemical oxygen demand (COD Cr) assays and electron spin resonance (ESR),respectively.RhB was efficiently degraded by immobilized MnPcS-TiO2@SiO2 under visible light irradiation.Complete decolorization of RhB occurred after 240 min of irradiation and 64.02% COD Cr removal occurred after 24 h of irradiation.ESR results indicated that the oxidation process was dominated by the hydroxyl radical (·OH) and superoxide radical (O-·2) generated in the system.     

Y掺杂BaZrO3 质子导体的常压和高压合成及表征

利用固相反应法和高压高温法研究BaZr_1-xYxO₃(x=0,0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)的合成. XRD和Raman谱结果表明, 在常压和1 300 ℃进行固相反应不能得到纯立方钙钛矿相BaZr_1-xYxO₃. 对上述样品进行高压（3.6 GPa）再处理, 低掺杂量样品（x=0,0.05）在500 ℃时得到较纯的立方钙钛矿相, 表明增加压力可促进固相反应; 在高掺杂量样品（x≥0.1）中出现少量BaCO₃和m-ZrO₂相, 表明增加压力不利于固相反应. 高压合成样品的晶格常数和晶胞体积均小于常压合成的样品. 保持压力不变, 当温度为1 000 ℃时, 各样品均出现明显的BaO杂相. 表明在500 ℃时, 高压处理可提高BaZr_1-xYxO_{3相似文献}   

Observation of hydrocarbon generation and migration of highly-matured carbonates by means of laser-induced fluorescence microscopy

Some important information on hydrocarbon generation, inclusion and migration in highly-matured carbonates of lower Palaeozoic age from the Ordos Basin and Tarim Basin hasbeen analyzed by a newly-combined laser-induced fluorescence microscope (LFM) designed by our laboratory. The following information has been obtained from the lower Ordovician lamellar carbonates with equivalent vitrinite reflectance (Ro) as high as 1.6%-1.7% and residual TOC of 0.14%-0.35% from the Ordos Basin: wide occurrences of oil and source macerals with strong fluorescence, including G. Prisca alginite, lamalginite, telalginite and algae-detrinite; fluorescing asphalt among mineral crystals; some groundmass and spheroid-like reservoir bitumen with high maturation levels in the pores of dolomites. Various kinds of fluorescing organic inclusions and asphalt have been found in the carbonates, calcareous shales and silt-shales with high maturation levels from the Cambrian-Ordovician strata in the Tarim Basin. All this helps us find and evaluate significant and excellent source rocks for large-and middle-scale gas fields. The net and micro-net systems for hydrocarbon generation, expulsion and migration in carbonates have been revealed by the highly-powered laser-induced fluorescence microscopy.     

Structure and properties of NASICON synthesized by two different zirconium salts

ZrOCl₂·8H₂O and ZrO(NO₃)₂·2H₂O were used respectively to synthesize a NASICON solid electrolyte by a sol-gel method. The structure and properties of two samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The crystal structure was investigated by the Rietveld refinement. It is found that both the samples contain a monoclinic C2/c phase as the main conductive phase with the lattice parameters of a=1.56312 nm, b=0.90784 nm and c=0.92203 nm, though a small amount of rhombohedral phase is also detected in the final product. The sample synthesized by ZrO(NO₃)2·2H₂O contains more monoclinic phase (89.48wt%) than that synthesized by ZrOCl₂·8H₂O (74.91wt%). As expected, the ionic conductivity of the latter is higher than that of the former; however, the activation energy of the latter (0.37 eV) is slightly higher than that of the former (0.35 eV).