纳米复合纤维基表面活性剂压裂液性能评价

黏弹性表面活性剂(VES)压裂液因为具有低伤害的特性,在煤层压裂中得到广泛应用。针对煤层割理裂隙发育、对表面活性剂吸附量大的特点,在阴离子表面活性剂压裂液中引入功能性纳米复合纤维,形成纳米复合纤维基表面活性剂压裂液体系。通过实验确定纤维的最佳质量分数为0.4%～0.7%,最佳长度为6～12 mm。对压裂液体系开展了室内评价,结果显示此压裂液体系在预防支撑剂回流、缓解煤粉聚集、降低滤失、增强携砂性能、降低摩阻等方面效果显著,且对支撑剂层的导流能力伤害较小。此体系对于中国煤层气开发具有一定参考价值。     

新型纳米复合纤维基清水压裂液体系配方优化与评价

页岩气藏储层具有不同于常规油气储层的岩性和物性特征。选择适合的压裂液体系对于页岩气藏的高效开发具有重要意义。基于新型纳米复合纤维,研究了纳米复合纤维基清水压裂液体系。通过实验确定纤维的最佳质量分数为0.4%~0.7%,最佳长度为6~12 mm。对纳米复合纤维基清水压裂液体系开展了室内评价,结果显示此压裂液体系在预防支撑剂回流、降低滤失、增强携砂性能、降低摩阻等方面效果显著;且对支撑剂层的导流能力伤害较小。此体系对于国内页岩气储层的有效开发具有一定参考价值。     

煤层低伤害氮气泡沫压裂液研究

随着煤层气开发规模不断扩大,在煤层压裂增产过程中压裂液滤失量高、地层伤害严重、返排困难且压裂效果差等问题不断凸显。结合煤层气储层物性,研制低伤害氮气泡沫压裂液体系,即0.5%YSJ杀菌剂+1%FP-1复合起泡剂+2%KCl防膨剂+N2。对该氮气泡沫压裂液体系进行滤失试验和分散试验研究。结果表明:该泡沫压裂液体系起泡及稳泡性能良好,耐剪切能力强,携砂能力强;泡沫和气液两相滤饼的封堵作用可以明显降低压裂液的滤失量,并且氮气可以增强压裂液的返排能力;压裂液体系中的表面活性剂可以降低煤粉与水相的界面张力,提高压裂液对煤粉的分散能力;相对于常规压裂液体系,氮气泡沫压裂液体系对煤层气岩心的伤害较小。     

煤层气新型清洁压裂液室内研究及现场应用

在煤层压裂中,任何进入煤层的化合物都会对煤层造成不同程度的伤害。另外,由于煤层较松软、脆性强,在压裂施工中受到外力容易造成整个煤层粉碎,施工难度增大。因此,为了降低伤害,减少煤层受外力容易粉碎的几率,同时提高压裂增产效果,通过室内实验,研究开发出一种新型清洁压裂液。它是由小分子表面活性剂在一定溶液介质中相互缔合形成的网络结构。试验结果表明这种新型清洁压裂液不仅完全达到了清洁的要求,而且对煤层是负伤害。能有效地改善煤层,并在现场施工中取得了良好的压裂施工效果。其防膨率高达94.72%,并且能够溶解煤层的部分有机物质。这些优良性能是这种新型清洁压裂液所特有的,也是明显与其他清洁压裂液的不同之处。通过使用这种新型清洁压裂液现场施工10口煤层气井,100%成功,开发的新型清洁压裂液具有很好的应用效果和前景。     

一种新型纳米复合清洁压裂液的研究与应用

研发了一种新型表面活性剂,与助表面活性剂组成复合表面活性剂体系(VES-M)。优选了疏水缔合高分子聚合物(HMPAM)和纳米材料颗粒ZnO,形成纳米复合清洁压裂液体系,具有表面活性剂用量低、添加剂种类少的特点。室内试验表明,与常规黏弹性表面活性剂清洁压裂液相比,该体系具有更好的耐温性能及耐剪切性能,较好的降滤失性、黏弹性及携砂性;且破胶彻底、速度快,破胶后无残渣,岩心伤害率仅为9.3%。2014年在苏里格气田东二区进行现场应用,试气无阻流量均值约为其相同地质条件邻井的2.0倍,为致密气藏低伤害高效改造提供了一条有效途径。     

压裂液侵入对页岩储层导流能力伤害

大规模水力分段压裂是页岩气等非常规资源高效开发的关键技术。页岩气井返排率一般较低,大量的压裂液长期滞留地层对储层岩石、支撑剂强度等造成一定的伤害,影响页岩储层压裂改造长期效果。针对该问题,通过室内试验模拟研究现场压裂前后气测导流的变化规律,对压裂液伤害程度进行表征。结果表明:压裂液侵入降低了支撑剂、页岩岩石强度,导致支撑剂破碎率、岩石嵌入程度加剧,导流能力伤害达到60%以上;使用大粒径支撑剂、较高铺砂浓度,优选破胶性能好、低残渣、防膨性强的压裂液,能有效提高导流能力,降低压裂液伤害程度。研究结果对页岩地层压裂设计,降低压裂液伤害提高产量提供参考。     

生物酶SUN-1/过硫酸铵对羟丙基瓜胶压裂液破胶和降解作用

针对延长低渗、低压和低温油藏压裂过程中压裂液破胶慢以及破胶液残渣大对储层造成的伤害,以生物酶SUN-1/过硫酸铵为复合破胶剂,在40℃以下,分别考查SUN-1加量、过硫酸铵加量、引发剂加量、温度和pH等因素对压裂液破胶速度和破胶液残渣的降解作用的影响,最后优化出复合破胶的最佳条件.利用马尔文激光粒度仪分析了在复合破胶剂的作用下,破胶液中固体颗粒粒径分布,利用岩心流动仪和支撑剂导流仪评价了复合破胶剂作用下的压裂液破胶液对岩心和支撑剂导流能力的伤害.结果表明:生物酶SUN-1/过硫酸铵复合破胶剂的最佳使用温度低于50℃,交联液过硫酸铵中加质量分数为200×10-6的酶,原胶液pH=7~8,与单剂比较复合破胶剂对压裂液的破胶时间减小了近43%,残渣降解下降了44.6%,固体颗粒粒径中值下降40%,对支撑剂导流能力的伤害下降了近60%,岩心伤害下降近43%.     

通道压裂裂缝导流能力影响因素研究

为了研究高速通道压裂裂缝内的支撑规律及裂缝导流能力,利用FCES-100导流仪对砂岩岩板进行室内导流能力测试。对比通道压裂铺砂与连续铺砂裂缝导游能力的差异,分析了纤维浓度、铺砂方式和支撑剂类型对通道压裂裂缝导流能力的影响。实验结果表明:低闭合压力下,通道压裂裂缝比连续铺砂裂缝导流能力大,随着闭合压力增加,通道压裂裂缝导流能力下降速度更快;纤维缠绕支撑剂形成网状结构,增加支撑剂团的稳定性,压裂液中最佳纤维质量分数为0.5%;支撑剂团的面积变化系数越大,通道压裂裂缝导流能力越低;支撑剂团块总面积大有利于增大通道压裂裂缝承压能力,但总面积过大裂缝导流能力反而会降低;对比通道压裂中3种支撑剂,覆膜砂的效果最好,其次是陶粒,石英砂效果最差。     

低伤害小分子瓜尔胶压裂液性能研究

华北油田致密储层属于低孔低渗储层,需要压裂改造才能投产,但储层厚度小,孔吼半径小,在压裂过程中应特别关注入井流体对储层的伤害问题。提出采用分子量为常规瓜尔胶一半的小分子瓜尔胶作为压裂液的稠化剂的方法,以降低压裂液高分子稠化剂对储层孔吼的堵塞的伤害,提高改造效果。优选了与小分子瓜尔胶匹配的分散剂、助排剂、黏土稳定剂,形成了适应华北油田致密储层的低伤害小分子瓜尔胶压裂液体系。该压裂液体系可以在5 min内完全溶胀;该压裂液体系在130℃温度下剪切2 h后,黏度保持在80 m Pa·s以上,满足携砂的要求;压裂液体系在90℃可在90 min内完全破胶,破胶液粒径小于10μm;对华北油田致密岩心伤害率小于16%,残渣含量小于10%,对支撑剂导流带的伤害小于15%。可满足华北油田致密储层的压裂要求。     

新型低聚物清洁压裂液结构与性能研究

压裂液是对油气层进行压裂改造时使用的工作液。研究的清洁压裂液体系由低聚物、表面活性剂和盐组成,不含有交联剂。通过溶液的表面张力和粒径方法研究了压裂液的组成与性能之间的关系。并测试了压裂液的耐温抗剪切性能、携砂性能、破胶性能等。研究表明,两性表面活性剂和阳离子表面活性剂的加入,使得清洁压裂液的表面张力降低,携砂能力增强。该体系清洁压裂液遇到一定量的油、气以及地层水时会自动破胶,对地层伤害小,耐温抗剪切性能好,可用于120℃地层。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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Brief Introduction to “Journal of Jilin University( Science Edition) ”

<正>"Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition)"is a comprehensive academic journal in the fields of science sponsored by Jilin University and administrated by the Ministry of Education of the Peoples Republic of China.The journal started publication in 1955.The original name at starting publication was"Journal of Natural Science of Northeast People University",which was changed into"Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Jilinensis"in 1958 owing to the name change of the university.The present journal name has