伊朗BA原油沥青沉积及抑制高压模拟实验

在原油的开釆过程中,沥青质沉积问题可能发生于各个环节,其中在井筒或地面管线的沉积可能造成堵塞,降低生产运行效率,沉积严重时会导致油井停产。为了更好地预防沥青质沉积,对伊朗BA原油样进行族组成分析,其胶体不稳定指数CII大于0.9,易发生沥青质沉积。采用压差法对BA原油沥青质析出压力进行高压模拟实验评价,而压差法主要是通过压降的变化来判断沥青质的沉积。结果表明:在50~96℃下,当井筒压力降低到一定程度时,原油中沥青质会析出,使压降显著增加;且沥青质析出压力随着温度升高减小,随着气油比增大而增大。采用正己烷沉淀法对8种抑制剂进行初选,阳离子表面活性剂YAI-4、YAI-6的抑制效果较好,其抑制率可达88.9%和95.6%;同时通过高压模拟实验评价,同样条件下YAI-6比YAI-4能更好地稳定原油中的沥青质,在等温降压过程中,用YAI-6处理的原油在不同条件下均没有检测到明显的压降变化,表明YAI-6对于伊朗BA原油是一种非常有效的沥青沉积抑制剂。     

生产参数对沥青质井筒析出影响规律研究

针对油田沥青质井筒沉积问题,开展了生产参数对沥青质井筒析出影响规律研究,研究中采用了压差法,高温高压条件下测定温度、油气比、流速等对沥青质析出压力与再溶解的临界压力的变化规律。研究结果表明,沥青质析出压力（p_onset）与温度成反比,而沥青质再溶解的临界压力（p_red）与温度成正比;温度一定,沥青质析出压力（p_onset）随着油气比增大而增大,即原油中溶解气体量大,沥青质沉积的趋势增大;油气比和温度一定时,流速变化对沥青质的析出压力和再溶解压力几乎没有影响。     

伊朗北阿扎德干油田沥青质沉积特征

伊朗北阿扎德干油田原油的四组分和气相色质联用分析表明,原油饱和烃碳链分布范围较广,直连烷烃主峰碳为C16,原油重质组分含量相对较高,石蜡组分少,芳烃组成非常复杂,其沉积环境为强还原和高盐度海相沉积环境;胶体不稳定系数及原油的流变性分析说明,该原油容易发生沥青质沉积;对伊朗原油沥青质初始絮凝点和沉淀量的研究发现,剂油比为0.21 mL/g时,伊朗原油沥青质开始发生絮凝,利用标度方程对沥青质沉积的预测表明,当剂油比为0.27 mL/g时,伊朗原油开始出现沥青质沉积,分子量较大的沉淀剂需要较大浓度才能引发沥青质沉淀,沥青质的沉淀量随沉淀剂分子量的增大而减小;分析注入不同体积天然气的特征化原油拟组分的变化情况,发现气举采油会导致沥青质的沉积初始压力升高,沥青质容易在井筒内沉积。     

伊朗雅达油田完井测试作业中沥青质析出分析

 伊朗雅达油田生产井由于沥青质析出和沉积在油管内壁,严重影响了油井的完井测试和投产前井下作业,例如阻碍钢丝作业工具的下入和井下工具的回收等。为了查清该油田原油中沥青质析出趋势和析出规律,结合雅达油田的特点,利用原油SARA 数据,采用胶体体系稳定性定量计算方法对沥青质析出程度进行了分析;采用热力学平衡原理和固体模型,结合不同产量下油管内温度与压力分布剖面,对沥青质析出初始压力与温度进行分析和预测,同时通过室内试验,评价并优化了沥青清除剂。通过对原油胶体体系稳定性定量计算,认为雅达油田原油胶体体系趋于不稳定,沥青质易于析出;通过对沥青质析出初始压力与温度及深度的预测,沥青质析出深度为2900~3700 m,认为雅达油田生产井自投产开始,沥青析出是无法避免的。室内沥青清除剂试验结果表明,单一的沥青清除剂无法达到满意的效果。在分析研究的基础上,优化了井筒处理方法和施工作业措施。     

原油沥青质的沉积条件及其控制

原油温度、压力和组分的改变均会引起沥青质发生絮凝和沉积,造成储层损害。沥青质沉积热力学预测模型可以更直观、方便地确定沥青质的沉积条件。建立了一种沥青质沉积条件的预测模型,该模型将沥青质沉积相视为固相,按液固相平衡来处理沥青质的沉积问题,根据井筒流体组成和地层性质等资料,估算原油沥青质开始沉积的压力,并提出相应的井下热力学控制条件。利用该模型预测了渤海SZ36-1油田具有代表性的3口油井的原油沥青质发生沉积的初始压力,结果表明,随着压力不断下降,原油中的沥青质在沉积初始压力处开始发生沉积,且该压力比地层温度下的原油饱和压力高出2~4 MPa,这为预防油井发生沥青质沉积具体措施的制订提供了理论依据。     

原油沥青质的沉积条件及其控制

原油温度、压力和组分的改变均会引起沥青质发生絮凝和沉积，造成储层损害。沥青质沉积热力学预测模型可以更直观、方便地确定沥青质的沉积条件。建立了一种沥青质沉积条件的预测模型，该模型将沥青质沉积相视为固相，按液-固相平衡来处理沥青质的沉积问题，根据井筒流体组成和地层性质等资料，估算原油沥青质开始沉积的压力，并提出相应的井下热力学控制条件。利用该模型预测了渤海SZ36—1油田具有代表性的3口油井的原油沥青质发生沉积的初始压力，结果表明，随着压力不断下降，原油中的沥青质在沉积初始压力处开始发生沉积，且该压力比地层温度下的原油饱和压力高出2～4MPa，这为预防油井发生沥青质沉积具体措施的制订提供了理论依据。     

原油沥青质初始沉淀压力实验测定研究

原油温度、压力的改变均会引起原油中沥青质沉淀,造成储层伤害和井筒堵塞。采用自主研发的固相沥青质激光探测装置,通过透光率法探测伊朗南阿油田典型井原油样品在不同温度下的沥青质初始沉淀压力,从而确定沥青质发生沉淀的热力学条件,绘制出沥青质沉淀相包络线。结果表明,该油田油样在44℃、80℃、113℃下的沥青质沉淀点分别为42.8 MPa、39.7 MPa和35.2 MPa,原油沥青质初始沉淀压力随着温度的升高而降低;并且在井筒温度范围内呈线性关系。结合取样井井筒温度压力曲线预测出井筒中沥青质出现沉淀的深度为1 600~1 800 m,对于油田预防沥青质沉淀有极其重要的意义。     

原油沥青质沉积影响因素

针对西北某油田沥青质井筒沉积问题,选取四种黏度相差较大的原油,采用黏度法和微观形态观察研究原油中沥青质的析出过程.结合原油的物化性质及各项参数,分析沥青质沉积的主要影响因素.实验结果表明,沥青质沉积不是仅仅出现在沥青质含量较高的稠油中,稀油也可能产生较严重的沥青质沉积现象.沥青质含量、原油黏度、杂原子含量不是沥青质沉积的主导因素.不稳定系数、氢碳原子比、胶质/沥青质比值是影响沥青质沉积的主要内在因素.温度降低,会加剧沥青质沉积现象.π—π键和氢键是沥青质分子形成缔合物的主要作用力.高碳数化合物含量较高会导致较高的黏度,可以在一定程度上阻止沥青质聚集体的进一步聚集,降低沉积速率;原油黏度较低,当胶体处于不稳定状态时,沥青质聚集体通过扩散作用更容易碰撞、聚集及沉积.油样中加入十二烷基苯磺酸、水杨酸促使沥青质聚集体大量聚并、沉积.加入0.5％ YZB-7酚醛低聚物可以明显抑制沥青质沉积,抑制率可达81％.     

考虑沥青质沉积的储层压力场数值模拟

油藏开发过程中,随着储层压力的下降和轻质组分的采出,原油中的胶质、沥青质等重质成分逐渐析出并沉积在岩石孔隙表面,造成渗流通道的堵塞,导致开发效果变差。本文根据相平衡理论和修正的Flory-Huggins溶解理论,建立了沥青质组分的最大溶解度模型,结合毛管束模型,推导了沥青质沉积对孔喉半径的影响公式,建立了单井渗流模型,并对模型进行了求解;与常规模型相比,该模型考虑了沥青质沉积造成的绝对渗透率损伤,压力场的波动导致沥青质的析出,而沥青质的析出又会反作用于压力场,影响开发效果。研究结果表明,随着储层压力降低,沥青质的溶解度先减小后增大,在饱和压力处取得最低值,为减少沥青质析出对开发效果的影响,应尽量使地层压力保持在饱和压力附近;沥青质沉积主要发生在生产井附近,随着到生产井距离的增大,沥青质沉积量逐渐减小,对储层渗透率、孔隙度的影响也逐渐变弱;压力场求解结果表明,当考虑沥青质沉积时,生产井附近渗流阻力增大,地层压力衰减加快。     

沥青质沉积特征及控制策略研究进展

对于含沥青质油藏,沥青质可能在原油生产整个过程中析出,沉积在近井地带储层、生产系统的内表面或者生产设备中,从而造成流动保障问题。在石油的生产、加工和运输过程中,沥青质沉淀问题越来越受到人们的重视,目前已成为石油工业中需要重点研究和解决的技术问题之一。针对沥青质沉积问题,分析了沥青质的组成和分子结构,调研了沥青质析出原因及有效控制策略,总结了沥青质稳定性评价方法、析出动态表征方法和沥青质析出后的补救措施,并提出了沥青质下一步研究方向,对解决油藏沥青质沉积问题提供了思路。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of