基于刻蚀模型的高渗条带控制下剩余油微观赋存特征

特高含水期砂岩油藏中普遍出现高渗条带,为研究高渗条带控制下剩余油分布特征,在储层高渗条带动静态特征分析的基础上,建立二维刻蚀模型,通过微观驱替试验研究不同级别高渗条带控制下注入水波及及微观剩余油赋存特征。研究结果表明,对于存在高渗条带的模型,增大驱替速度仅对绕流式剩余油的挖潜有效,而对包围式簇状、并联式喉道状、死角式点状剩余油影响不大,说明单纯提高驱替速度已不能作为动用高渗条带下剩余油的有效方式,研究结果为特高含水期油藏提高剩余油采收率提供了理论基础。     

特高含水期微乳液驱油规律微观可视化实验研究

为深入探究特高含水期微乳液提高采收率的规律,设计了微观可视化驱替装置,在分析水驱剩余油的宏、微观分布特征基础上,对特高含水期微乳液驱进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,在特高含水期,中相微乳液的增溶作用对膜状剩余油的动用最为明显;微乳液能将剩余油乳化拉丝,油丝断裂形成乳状油滴,小油滴易于流动,体积较大的乳化油可聚并下游剩余油,富集形成油带被驱替出;微乳液中表面活性剂可将油水界面张力降至10~(-3)mN/m量级,超低界面张力有利于驱替相突入连片状剩余油中,实现对剩余油的分割动用,有效提高特高含水期剩余油的采出程度。     

双河油田聚合物驱后微观剩余油分布特征

为进一步认识聚合物驱后油藏微观剩余油分布特征,以河南双河油田天然岩心铸体薄片真实孔喉为基础制作微观仿真模型,采用微观模型驱油实验以及图片分析方法研究了不同渗透率模型水驱后、聚合物驱后微观剩余油分布特征。结果表明,水驱后剩余油以簇状、柱状分布为主,少部分以膜状、孤岛状和盲端/角隅状分布;聚合物驱对各个形态剩余油均有不同程度的驱替效果,对簇状、盲端/角隅状剩余油驱替效果尤为明显;聚合物驱后微观剩余油形态仍以簇状、柱状剩余油为主,膜状、孤岛状剩余油比例上升明显。     

平面非均质性对渤海B油田注聚效果的影响实验研究

根据渤海典型稠油注聚油藏的非均质特征,建立内置微电极平面非均质物理模型,开展了中高含水期注聚物理模拟实验,对比研究了不同非均质条件下水驱、聚合物驱对开采效果和剩余油分布的影响。研究结果表明,在平均渗透率相同的条件下,相对于均质模型,非均质模型水驱和聚驱含水率曲线均左移,含水率上升速度变快,含水率回升期提前,达到极限含水率时注入体积分别减少了0.18 PV和0.31 PV,最终采收率分别降低了5.89%和4.93%。对于平面非均质性严重的稠油油藏,由于聚合物吸附滞留作用,在高渗条带形成了一定渗流阻力,迫使驱替液转向相对渗流阻力较小的中、低渗透条带,从而扩大了平面波及面积;但高渗条带无效、低效循环依然严重,剩余油主要富集在中、低渗透条带。对于非均质性严重的稠油油藏,采用优化井网和化学调堵相结合,是大幅度提高稠油油藏注聚效果的重要途径。     

扇三角洲储层微观剩余油分布模拟试验

利用图像分析系统对大港油田孔南地区某断块孔店组一段扇三角洲储层不同岩相单元样品进行微观孔隙结构的刻画,制作光刻模型,分别采用恒压注水和变压注水的方式开展微观剩余油分布模拟试验,对试验过程进行录像及图像采集,定性和定量地研究微观剩余油的分布,分析不同岩相单元中水驱油过程及微观剩余油分布模式,探讨剩余油分布的控制因素.研究结果表明:扇三角洲储层中剩余油微观分布形态主要有不连通孔隙中由于阻断现象形成的孤岛状剩余油(占剩余油总量的75%)、小孔喉区由于卡断现象形成的剩余油(占剩余油总量的20%)以及珠状、膜状剩余油(不超过剩余油总量的5%);控制不同岩相单元中驱油效率和剩余油分布的因素主要为孔隙结构、驱油压力、驱替流量及流速,孔隙结构类型是影响恒压条件下驱油效率的根本因素,驱油压力和驱油方式是影响驱油效率的关键因素,提高驱油压力、采用变压不稳定注水方式能够使驱油效率提高1倍.     

苏北盆地复杂断块油藏多夹层模式划分及控油规律

复杂断块油藏含油层系薄,隔夹层发育复杂,因此多夹层控制下的剩余油分布规律对其水驱技术政策的制定意义重大。首先基于典型模型研究了夹层数目(贯通注采井)、夹层发育规模及夹层展布位置对于水驱后储层纵向波及效率及剩余油分布模式的影响。然后依据复杂断块油藏储层特征建立了16种表征注采井间不同夹层数量及展布位置的多夹层驱替模型,并将其归纳为"多驱少"和"少驱多"两种驱替模式。总结了两种驱替模式下夹层对于剩余油分布的控制作用及其差异性。基于多夹层驱替模式划分方法及控油规律,针对典型区块提出补层及新井部署等挖潜对策,取得良好应用效果。研究成果及应用实践可为其他多夹层油藏中高含水期的剩余油挖潜提供借鉴意义。     

特高含水期油藏数值模拟应用技术探讨——以胜二区为例

特高含水期水驱油特征和油水两相渗流规律研究表明,油藏进入特高含水开发阶段后,剩余油的分散程度增强;同时随着驱替倍数的增加,残余油饱和度会进一步降低,油藏物性也发生了变化,导致用常规数值模拟技术难以精确描述剩余油的分布。因此,需要研究特高含水期油藏数值模拟方法。在应用高驱替倍数相渗曲线的基础上,实现了数值模拟中的过水倍数的计算;提出了有效过水倍数的概念来反映真正的水驱油效果;建立了有效过水倍数与饱和度之间的关系;大大改进和完善了传统物性时变数值模拟技术。将上述特高含水期油藏数值模拟方法应用到胜坨油田胜二区74~81单元中,更准确描述了目前近极限含水阶段,剩余油局部完全水洗,局部相对富集的现状。     

一种改进的聚合物驱孔隙网络模型

基于幂律流体在圆管中的流动模型,建立了幂律流体剪切率与流速之间的关系式。对关系式进行校正并代入Carreau 模型中,得到了改进的Carreau 流体有效黏度模型。新模型中有效黏度是流速的函数,将原来的非线性问题简化为线性问题。应用新建立的有效黏度模型,综合考虑聚合物渗流机理建立聚合物驱微观模拟模型。进行了聚合物驱微观模拟,统计分析了聚合物驱后剩余油的微观分布规律。计算结果表明,聚合物驱后剩余油更趋分散：网络状剩余油体积比例明显减少,但油水混合状、孤粒/孤滴状、斑块状剩余油体积比例都有所提高。     

水驱优势通道下微观潜力分布及改变流线挖潜

根据中高渗油藏优势通道孔喉分布特征,建立了具有不同优势通道发育规模的二维刻蚀模型,对优势通道下剩余油微观分布及演变特征进行了研究;通过分析不同改变流线动用方法适应性,初步揭示了优势通道下剩余油改变流线动用机制;结合油藏数值模拟,量化了改变流线动用策略。结果表明,提高驱替速度可使弱优势通道下剩余油大幅降低,而强优势通道变化较小;根据优势通道下剩余油赋存形态、形成机制,将其分成了4类,即死角式、并联式、包围式、绕流式,其中前两类受优势通道规模、驱替速度影响极小,而后两类仅在优势通道规模较小时,才会随驱替速度增加而大幅减小。应以利用与克服优势通道的角度去设计流线动用改变方式,在流线动用方式合理改变时,强优势通道注采比应适当降低,而弱优势通道相反。     

底水油藏高含水期剩余油挖潜可视化驱油实验

C油田馆陶组油藏为强底水油藏,储层物性具有高孔、高渗特征,经过长期天然能量开采,整体进入高含水开发阶段,亟待探索新的补充能量方式,提高剩余油动用程度。研究为了实现油藏开发过程模拟的可视化,结合油藏实际情况,设计了满足几何相似条件的物理胶结模型和两组不同介质(活性水,气体和泡沫交替)驱替实验,利用X射线安检机直观了解岩层中流体渗流情况、底水锥进现象以及剩余油分布特征。研究表明：大尺寸平板模型实验能够直观地描述底水油藏水锥形态;2组实验在初始底水驱阶段水驱规律相同,水驱采收率达到42%,波及范围有限,井间和顶部剩余油富集;活性水驱阶段提高采收率0.73%,剩余油动用程度不高,顶部剩余油富集;气体和泡沫交替驱可有效动用井间和顶部剩余油,较水驱提高采收率2.14%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with