滞燃期对F-T柴油机的性能影响

为分析滞燃期参数对柴油机的性能影响规律,对比研究了某型增压中冷柴油机燃用0#柴油、F-T柴油以及二者不同掺混比例的燃油时,在不同工况下燃烧最高压力、最高压力升高率、排气温度以及油耗率随滞燃期的变化规律。结果表明:在同一种工况下随着F-T掺混比例的增加,滞燃期缩短,F-T较0#柴油最高降幅35%;最高燃烧压力降低、降低幅度2.1%～6.3%;压力升高率上升缓慢;排气温度有升高趋势,最大增幅为8.4%;燃油经济性小幅增加。     

F-T柴油与生物柴油混合燃料的特性研究

针对目前柴油机替代燃料多为单一项,且替代燃料性能各有特点的状况,将F-T柴油和生物柴油掺混燃烧,通过试验研究,分析了0#柴油与3种混合柴油(B20F,B50F,B100)在2 400r/min不同负荷下的燃烧特性。结果表明,混合燃料随着生物柴油添加比例的增加,滞燃期变长,燃烧压力峰值、压力峰值相位、压力升高率峰值及放热率峰值均逐渐增大,但均比0#柴油低;且随着负荷的增加,燃烧压力、压力升高率和瞬时放热峰值均先增后减;混合燃料的碳烟排放明显降低,B50F和B80F的NOx排放与0#柴油接近,B20F的NOx排放比0#柴油降低了2.1%~16.7%。B20F是一个较好的混合比例,是一种较好的替代燃料。     

F-T柴油/乙醇混合燃料的燃烧及排放特性

在具有高十六烷值的F-T柴油中添加不同比例的乙醇燃料制得乙醇/F-T柴油混合燃料,通过与0#柴油和纯F-T柴油进行比较,研究其燃烧和排放特性。研究结果表明:与0#柴油相比,F-T柴油的滞燃期最短,混合燃料的滞燃期小于0#柴油、大于F-T柴油,且混合燃料乙醇比例越高,滞燃期越长;混合燃料燃烧始点提前,累计放热量达50%时的曲轴转角CA50增大,燃烧放热中心推迟,燃烧放热率第一峰值点下降,预混燃烧放热量降低,使燃烧温度降低,第二峰值点上升,扩散燃烧比重增大。在外特性2 000 r/min下,相比于0#柴油,混合燃料E10、E20的NO_x排放分别降低了24.9%和30.6%,碳烟排放分别降低了65.1%和76.2%,甲醛排放分别降低了67.7%和45.9%。     

煤基混合燃料对发动机燃烧及振动特性的影响

以Fischer-Tropsch(F-T)柴油为基础油,配以10%体积比的甲醇、丁醇混合燃料,在4100QBZL增压中冷柴油机上进行试验,就煤基混合燃料对柴油机的燃烧过程及振动特性的影响进行研究。研究表明:柴油机燃用F-T柴油、甲醇/F-T及丁醇/F-T燃料时,比0#柴油滞燃期缩短,燃烧始点提前,放热率曲线的第一个峰值点低,同时相位提前,第二个峰值点与0#柴油基本相当,混合燃料燃烧、放热更加柔和;混合燃料的压力升高率曲线的峰值明显低于0#柴油,工作更加柔和;燃用混合燃料时,因燃烧引起的柴油机气缸盖振动明显小于燃用0#柴油,但是燃用混合燃料时对气缸盖的冲击作用高于0#柴油。     

小型农用柴油机甲醇/生物柴油燃烧与排放模拟

针对甲醇/生物柴油在小型农用柴油机上的应用,采用3维CFD软件建立了186FA柴油机的缸内燃烧、排放仿真模型,通过对比排放污染物的试验值和计算值,验证了模型的正确性.对3 000 r·min-1,5.7 k W时,柴油机直接燃用生物柴油和生物柴油掺混15%甲醇形成的混合燃料的缸内燃烧和排放污染物进行了数值模拟.结果表明:与生物柴油相比,生物柴油掺混15%的甲醇,柴油机的滞燃期延长,放热始点对应的相位后移,缸内最大爆发压力降低不多,最大压力升高率和最大放热率略有升高;最高燃烧温度基本不变,温度场内的高温区域有所缩小;曲轴转角为370.0°~400.0°时,O2低浓度区域比燃用生物柴油时有所扩大,NOx和soot的平均体积分数同时降低.     

新型代用燃料的燃烧和排放特性分析

为了探究新型替代燃料生物柴油与F-T柴油的燃烧和排放性能,在增压中冷柴油机上进行了试验,并与0#柴油进行了对比。结果表明,在动力性方面：对比于0#柴油,F-T柴油和生物柴油的动力性能有所降低,但影响不大;在经济性方面：F-T柴油与0#柴油相差不大,而生物柴油燃油消耗率有所增加,经济性能略有降低;在排放特性方面,生物柴油与F-T柴油的NOx排放分别下降了5.4%和17%,碳烟排放平均下降了53.5%和12.7%,CO排放平均下降幅度分别为32.3%和30.1%;在燃烧特性方面：生物柴油和F-T柴油的累计放热百分比与柴油相当,同时缸内压力峰值明显低于0#柴油,且燃烧始点有所提前,说明发动机燃用0#柴油和F-T柴油可以显著降低柴油机工作粗暴的特性,从而减少发动机的振动和噪声。 关键词：柴油机、生物柴油、F-T柴油、燃烧、排放     

聚甲氧基二甲醚及其高比例掺混柴油混合燃料发动机燃烧与排放的试验研究

为研究聚甲氧基二甲醚(PODE)及其高比例掺混柴油混合燃料对发动机燃烧与排放的影响,在一台高压油泵柱塞直径加大的云内动力2102QB柴油机上开展了柴油、PODE及30%、50%质量比掺混柴油混合燃料的燃烧与排放试验研究。发动机燃用纯PODE时排气无烟,相对于柴油,其有效热效率最高提升9.67%,并使总未燃碳氢(THC)和CO排放分别降低了50%及60%,而NOx排放增加不超过10%,因此PODE可以单独作为柴油的替代燃料。30%、50%掺混时发动机经济性略有提升,同时排气烟度及CO、THC排放均有较大幅度的改善。缸压分析燃烧过程显示,柴油中添加PODE后燃烧性能改善,滞燃期和燃烧持续期略微缩短,发动机的有效热效率提高。研究结果还表明,PODE与柴油按质量比30%掺混,可以显著降低排气烟度和有害气体排放,而不需要改变发动机的燃油供给系统。     

发动机燃用煤合成柴油的试验

通过在单缸直喷式柴油机上进行燃用F-T(Fischer-Tropsch)柴油和0号柴油的对比试验,分析了发动机燃用F-T柴油和0号柴油的燃烧特性和排放特性.与燃用0号柴油相比,燃用含50%F-T柴油、75%F-T柴油的混合燃料及纯F-T柴油时的有效热效率、经济性和排放特性都有显著改善,其中有效热效率分别提高4.92%、5.22%和6.38%;燃油消耗率分别降低2.15%、2.61%和2.87%;NOx排放量平均分别降低78.2%、85.6%和90.1%;CO排放量分别平均降低91%、93.7%和96.5%;CO2排放量分别平均降低77.6%、82.3%和87.5%;纯F-T柴油的排气温度比燃用0号柴油平均降低3.5%.试验结果表明,F-T柴油是柴油机良好的清洁代用燃料.     

柴油机燃用0#柴油、F-T柴油、生物柴油的燃烧和排放差异分析

为了探究新型替代燃料生物柴油与F-T柴油的燃烧和排放性能,在增压中冷柴油机上进行了试验,并与0#柴油进行了对比。结果表明,在动力性方面,对比于0#柴油,F-T柴油和生物柴油的动力性能有所降低,但影响不大。在经济性方面,F-T柴油与0#柴油相差不大,而生物柴油燃油消耗率有所增加,经济性能略有降低。在排放特性方面,生物柴油与F-T柴油的NOx排放分别下降了5.4%和17%,碳烟排放平均下降了53.5%和12.7%,CO排放平均下降幅度分别为32.3%和30.1%。在燃烧特性方面,生物柴油和F-T柴油的累计放热百分比与柴油相当;同时缸内压力峰值明显低于0#柴油,且燃烧始点有所提前,说明发动机燃用生物柴油和F-T柴油可以显著降低柴油机工作粗暴的特性,从而减少发动机的振动和噪声。     

掺混聚甲氧基二甲醚对中国第六阶段标准柴油机燃烧与排放特性的影响

为研究高含氧、高十六烷值的新型替代燃料聚甲氧基二甲醚(PODEn)掺混柴油对中国第六阶段标准柴油机燃烧与排放特性的影响,在一台增压中冷高压共轨的潍柴动力WP12.460柴油机上开展了不同PODEn比例(体积分数分别为10%、20%、30%)PODEn/柴油混合燃料燃烧特性、燃油经济性及排放特性的试验研究。试验结果表明,随着PODEn掺混比例的增大,缸内最大爆发压力、缸内温度峰值及瞬时放热率峰值均逐渐降低,且各峰值对应相位逐渐前移;燃烧持续期缩短0.6°～2.1°(曲轴转角),放热更加集中,有效热效率最高可提升2.43%;有效燃油消耗率逐渐增加,但当量有效燃油消耗率逐渐降低,最大降幅为4.23%;NOx排放量略有升高,CO排放量、HC排放量和碳烟排放量均逐渐降低,其中CO排放量和碳烟排放量在高负荷工况下降低幅度较大,最高降幅分别为64.5%和75.8%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that