基于新大陆漂移模型的地震成因与分布规律分析

地震的成因机制和大陆漂移的关系是地球科学持续研究的重要问题,首先通过对2008汶川地震的弹性应变能量计算,表明弹性应变能不足以产生8级地震的能量,然后结合新大陆漂移模型,说明大地震的主控因素主要是地下深处的高温高压地壳流和活动深断裂,地震和大陆漂移过程密切相关。地震形成过程也是一个隐爆过程。最后对全球地震和中国及亚洲地震进行解剖,同时对地光现象的产生机制进行了深入分析。     

基于弹性应变能三维Hoek-Brown准则修正

基于能量转化是物质物理过程本质属性,从能量角度对H-B准则进行了研究.首先阐明了H-B准则在判断材料破坏时的能量机制,揭示其既是经验型强度准则,更是弹性应变能表示的能量型强度准则,据此得出提高H-B强度准则计算精度的关键所在;然后根据三维H-B准则与弹性应变能数学表达式之间关系,引入材料变形参数,建立仅有3个参数的修正...     

预制裂纹盐岩单轴力学特性及能量机制试验

盐穴储气库在水溶造腔时会产生大量溶蚀裂纹,为研究裂纹对盐岩强度和变形等力学性能的影响,利用MTS-815岩石力学实验系统,对不同参数裂纹盐岩的力学特性进行试验研究,采用对数应变对试验结果进行修正,分析了不同参数裂纹对盐岩的强度和变形的影响,并基于能量耗散理论分析其损伤破坏过程中的能量特征.结果表明:不同倾角裂纹降低了试样的峰值强度值,但降低量的多少与裂纹倾角大小未呈现明显的线性关系;不同长度的预制裂纹对盐岩峰值强度有明显的弱化作用,裂纹越长,弱化作用越大.外力做功产生的总应变能U绝大部分转化为耗散能Ud,小部分累积为可释放的弹性应变能Ue,导致盐岩内部产生损伤和塑性变形.破坏过程总能耗、耗散能、弹性应变能等,能量与应变关系曲线表现出明显的阶段特征;盐岩单轴压缩呈现压密阶段、弹性变形阶段、塑性变形阶段和破坏阶段等4个阶段.     

汶川地震断层应力强度因子分析超奇异积分法

 地震作为复杂瞬态断裂破坏物理过程,其机制研究是一个多学科交叉问题;同震断层处应力/能量积累释放规律,为从断裂角度研究地震机制提供了一个切入点;应力强度因子（应力角度）和应变能强度因子（能量角度）是断裂力学/物理学的两个最基本的参数。本文应用非线性边界元和主部分析法,将汶川地震断层破坏过程转化为解以断层位移间断为未知函数超奇异积分方程组问题,定义了断层处应力强度因子;利用有限部积分概念及体积力法,为方程组建立了数值解法,编制了Fortran程序,得到断层处应力强度因子数值结果;通过研究应力强度因子随断层位置变化规律,分析了汶川地震断层破坏过程;结合应变能强度因子理论,通过对宏微观电磁破坏过程进一步深入模拟研究可得到电磁辐射破坏变化规律,为地震短临预测提供理论支持和帮助。     

深海多金属硫化物破碎能量分析及试验研究

以深海多金属硫化物破碎过程中的能量为研究内容,综合分析该矿物破碎过程中的能量分布情况,提出多金属硫化物破碎过程中能量的计算方法,在不同围压条件下对该矿物试件进行单/三轴破碎实验,得到其应力-应变曲线和单/三轴压缩条件下的总输入能、弹性能和耗散能与应变之间的关系曲线,并对曲线和破碎过程中的能量转化情况进行分析。研究结果表明:得到深海多金属硫化物破碎块的数目等与能量之间的关系;获得多金属硫化物破碎过程中弹性能、耗散能和总输入能的变化曲线以及峰值弹性能与围压之间的关系。     

汶川地震主震断层构造应力场数值分析

以连续介质力学为基础,以地块动力学为指南,对2008年5月12日汶川Ms8.0地震的主震断层的构造应力场进行了定量分析.讨论了地块-地块、地块-断层和断层-断层间的相互作用.计算结果表明,应变能随断层破裂传播发生了迁移,在特定的边界条件下,能量场随断层的扩展而向边界迁移.从位移场、应力场和能量场的分布,对地震断层破裂的机制作了初步探讨.计算结果表明,汶川地震引发了川滇地区的地应力调整活动,该地震后在汶川-茂县断裂层上仍是应变能的集中分布区域,应该有能量释放.     

花岗岩受压宏-细观破坏特征及能量演化规律

为揭示花岗岩单向受压时的破坏特征及能量演化规律，首先，通过偏光显微镜观察分析了花岗岩的矿物成分、含量及颗粒形貌；其次，开展了花岗岩的室内单轴压缩及巴西劈裂试验，得到了相关应力应变曲线及力学参数；然后分别从宏-细观角度分析了花岗岩单轴压缩的破坏特征，并借助场发射扫描电子显微镜观察了破坏断口的形貌特征；最后，基于能量理论分析了花岗岩在单轴压缩过程中的能量演化特征。结果表明，花岗岩属于典型的非均质脆性岩石，其单轴压缩应力应变曲线几乎没有屈服阶段，弹性阶段应力达到峰值后瞬间爆裂，且无残余强度；花岗岩单轴压缩破坏机制为剪、拉耦合破坏，且二者空间分布位置不同；花岗岩在达到强度极限前储存了大量的弹性应变能，这是孕育岩爆的根本原因，而花岗岩单轴压缩过程中能量的演化不存在减速损伤阶段和残余损伤阶段，这是导致岩爆产生的主要原因。     

断层活化过程及煤柱失稳机理的数值模拟研究

为研究工作面沿断层走向推进时,断层煤柱宽度的大小对断层活化失稳与断层煤柱内部能量变化的影响,采用UDEC数值模拟软件建立平面应变模型。模拟研究了当逆断层下盘工作面的断层煤柱宽度减小时,断层煤柱内储存的能量与储能极限值的变化特征、断层活化过程与破坏趋势。研究结果表明:断层煤柱宽度减小时,煤柱支承压力峰值增大,弹性应变能增加,断层出现活化现象,并释放能量至煤柱,与弹性应变能叠加,同时断层煤柱的储能极限降低;当煤柱宽度为30 m时,煤柱中的弹性应变能首次超过储能极限值,当煤柱宽度为20 m时,煤柱中的弹性应变能量峰值为储能极限值的1.84倍。当断层煤柱宽度小于30 m时,煤柱易发生整体失稳和冲击危险,需要采取必要的灾害防治措施。     

锁定地震孕育发生的物理过程 促进地震难题的破解

作者对构造地震的形成要素、成因机理、孕震机制、孕育发生的基本规律及地震预测预报进行了研究,对地震孕育发生的物理过程提出了全新的解释,从根本上揭示了构造地震孕育发生时空演化的机制与图像链是:从地壳差异构造运动牵制受阻-发生隆起-凹陷-剪切应变-形成"三向应变结构"孕震体-失稳破裂-发震-直到差异构造运动恢复正常的自然演化,对地震难题的破解取得了一系列实质性的重要进展。其"三向应变结构"是地震孕育发生的充分必要条件,应用"三向应变结构"理论观测研究地震,将直接促进地震物理预报的早日突破。     

低频电阻率法在地震预报中的应用

短周期地震预报现在仍是一个难题,但它非常重要。低频电阻率法是一种可用的方法。岩石形变导致岩石电阻率变化,变化的幅度不但决定于形变的大小,而且决定于地压的方向。无论何种类型的地震由于地压效应,岩石均会发生形变,虽然地震看起来是一个突发事件,但其形成和发展是一个过程。在能量积聚期间,地压逐渐增加,相应地岩石发生形变。然而,形变随时间变化的梯度是很小的。因此形变电阻率也很小,在这种情况下,岩石的形变大多数是弹性形变。在能量释放阶段,在能量积聚最集中的部位,将超过弹性限度,以致产生永久形变,因此在会发生地震的某些范围内,形变电阻率将可以观测到。     

BRS板部分自复位连接新型卷边PEC柱-钢梁组合框架边节点抗震机理试验

为了研究BRS板部分自复位连接新型卷边PEC柱-钢梁组合框架边节点的抗震性能,对考虑PEC柱布置方式和柱顶竖向力的3个缩尺试件进行水平低周往复荷载下的抗震性能试验研究。基于试验结果,从试件的承载力、刚度衰减规律、自复位功效、耗能能力和节点传力机理等方面分析试件的抗震机理。研究结果显示:(a)BRS板部分自复位连接可通过BRS板屈服耗散地震能和预拉杆实现自复位功效,且整个加载过程中结构主要构件处在弹性状态。(b)PEC柱顶竖向力明显提高了其初始抗弯刚度,且其二阶效应加快了连接的耗能发展进程,而PEC柱的布置对初始抗弯刚度、刚度退化和耗能发展进程影响较小。(c)试件SYJ1加载至中震层间侧移限值1/50时其残余相对侧移角小于0.005 rad,而加载至大震层间侧移限值1/30时其残余相对侧移角仍小于0.01 rad,表明该试件具有极佳的自复位功效;试件SYJ3的自复位功效稍劣于试件SYJ1,前者在加载至中震层间侧移限值1/50之前时自复位功效尚好,但加载后期其自复位功效退化明显。     

多层工业厂房火灾后加固设计与抗震性能分析

为探究多层钢筋混凝土工业厂房在加固前后以及火灾前后的抗震性能变化情况,围绕火灾后多层工业厂房的加固设计和抗震性能分析展开研究.首先,建立多层钢筋混凝土框架结构火灾后抗震性能的有限元分析方法;随后,介绍某多层工业厂房结构特点和火灾后结构损伤情况,据此综合利用增大截面、粘贴钢板和粘贴纤维复合材料等方法对结构进行了加固设计;进而,建立了结构三维有限元模型,开展了结构动力特性和弹性地震响应分析;最后,进行了结构的动力弹塑性分析,探究了火灾前、后结构整体的抗震性能和加固措施对火灾后结构抗震性能的改善,并探讨了不同地震动特性对多层钢筋混凝土框架抗震性能的影响.研究结果表明:火灾后,整体结构地震响应明显大于火灾前,层间位移角最大增加了143％,且不同楼层层间位移角的增大幅度与楼层受火情况密切相关;近场地震作用下的结构响应大于远场地震,罕遇地震作用下底层层间位移角在近场地震作用下可达远场地震作用的2.71倍;所提出的加固方案有效提升了结构抗震性能,罕遇地震作用下底层层间位移角平均减少115.7％.研究成果可为多层工业厂房火灾安全性评估和加固设计提供参考.     

四川汶川大地震与C型俯冲的关系和防震减灾的建议

四川汶川大地震发生在龙门山冲断带,属构造地震.龙门山冲断带与川西前陆盆地是中国西部典型大陆构造,属C型俯冲(陆内俯冲)模式.C型俯冲不仅控制油气资源分布,还孕育着发震机制.作者从龙门山冲断带地史演化、变形特征、深部地球物理信忠,建立起龙门山C型俯冲构造运动模式.汶川大地震发震与此模式的地质构造背景关系密切,是现今发生的陆内俯冲引起的地震.当时可能发生了两次强烈地震,这才可能是北川县城遭到毁灭性破坏的原因.汶川大地震可能发生在上地壳底至中地壳深12～24 km的高导层上,属中国陆内俯冲型地震,很可能是太平洋板块推挤中国大陆的远端效应触发作用所引起,与印度板块推挤作用关系不大.     

Great Himalayan earthquakes and the Tibetan plateau

It has been assumed that Himalayan earthquakes are driven by the release of compressional strain accumulating close to the Greater Himalaya. However, elastic models of the Indo-Asian collision using recently imaged subsurface interface geometries suggest that a substantial fraction of the southernmost 500 kilometres of the Tibetan plateau participates in driving great ruptures. We show here that this Tibetan reservoir of elastic strain energy is drained in proportion to Himalayan rupture length, and that the consequent growth of slip and magnitude with rupture area, when compared to data from recent earthquakes, can be used to infer a approximately 500-year renewal time for these events. The elastic models also illuminate two puzzling features of plate boundary seismicity: how great earthquakes can re-rupture regions that have already ruptured in recent smaller earthquakes and how mega-earthquakes with greater than 20 metres slip may occur at millennia-long intervals, driven by residual strain following many centuries of smaller earthquakes.     

分量钻孔应变仪记录的汶川、芦山强震前兆应变异常

 2007年全国布设了由40台4分量钻孔应变仪组成的分量应变监测网络。位于四川姑咱地震台的应变仪先后记录了汶川和芦山强震孕震过程中的潮汐畸变应变异常现象。这些异常变化基本满足地震前兆的3项判据,故被初步认证是这两次强震孕育过程中的应变前兆。本研究对相关记录资料进行了分析,以期为后续强震预测和预报研究提供参考。     

The M5.0 Suining-Tongnan （China） earthquake of 31 January 2010： A destructive earthquake occurring in sedimentary cover

Usually, only crystalline basement is strong enough to store the massive strain energy that can be released in a damaging earthquake. By contrast, sedimentary cover is weak, because of its relatively high porosity and fluids. Therefore, it generally cannot accumulate enough energy for strong earthquakes. On January 31, 2010, a M5.0 earthquake occurred near the border of Suining and Tongnan in China. It excited strong short-period Rayleigh waves Rg, indicative of its shallow focal depth. The focal depth is constrained to less than 4 km, most probably in the range of 1-3 km, by modeling amplitude dependence on the frequency and waveforms of teleseismic depth phases (pP, sP). Because the local Mesozoic sedimentary cover is about 6 km thick, this earthquake should have occurred in the sedimentary cover. Though some shallow earthquakes with magnitudes up to M4 occur in Paleozoic sediments, this earthquake is the first M5 event studied in Mesozoic sedimentary cover. This event provides a rare opportunity to study seismogenic processes of damaging earthquakes in sedimentary basins.     

锁固段损伤过程中的能量转化与分配原理

锁固段是主控构造地震产生的地质结构，研究其损伤过程中的能量转化与分配原理，可加深对其损伤行为和能量演化机制的理解.基于能量守恒原理，阐明了受载锁固段内裂纹扩展时储存弹性应变能的转化与分配关系，提出了锁固段破裂事件的地震波辐射能计算公式.据此，在孕震断层多锁固段脆性破裂理论框架下，推导了主震判识的震级准则，论证了锁固段累积Benioff应变比与剪切应变比的等效性，提出了锁固段破裂事件的震源参数计算方法.实例分析表明，该方法可靠.该研究成果在主震判识、震源参数估算与复核等方面具有良好的应用前景.     

Coseismic and postseismic slip of the 2011 magnitude-9 Tohoku-Oki earthquake

Most large earthquakes occur along an oceanic trench, where an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate. Massive earthquakes with a moment magnitude, M(w), of nine have been known to occur in only a few areas, including Chile, Alaska, Kamchatka and Sumatra. No historical records exist of a M(w) = 9 earthquake along the Japan trench, where the Pacific plate subducts beneath the Okhotsk plate, with the possible exception of the ad 869 Jogan earthquake, the magnitude of which has not been well constrained. However, the strain accumulation rate estimated there from recent geodetic observations is much higher than the average strain rate released in previous interplate earthquakes. This finding raises the question of how such areas release the accumulated strain. A megathrust earthquake with M(w) = 9.0 (hereafter referred to as the Tohoku-Oki earthquake) occurred on 11 March 2011, rupturing the plate boundary off the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan. Here we report the distributions of the coseismic slip and postseismic slip as determined from ground displacement detected using a network based on the Global Positioning System. The coseismic slip area extends approximately 400?km along the Japan trench, matching the area of the pre-seismic locked zone. The afterslip has begun to overlap the coseismic slip area and extends into the surrounding region. In particular, the afterslip area reached a depth of approximately 100?km, with M(w) = 8.3, on 25 March 2011. Because the Tohoku-Oki earthquake released the strain accumulated for several hundred years, the paradox of the strain budget imbalance may be partly resolved. This earthquake reminds us of the potential for M(w)?≈?9 earthquakes to occur along other trench systems, even if no past evidence of such events exists. Therefore, it is imperative that strain accumulation be monitored using a space geodetic technique to assess earthquake potential.     

A scaling law for slow earthquakes

Recently, a series of unusual earthquake phenomena have been discovered, including deep episodic tremor, low-frequency earthquakes, very-low-frequency earthquakes, slow slip events and silent earthquakes. Each of these has been demonstrated to arise from shear slip, just as do regular earthquakes, but with longer characteristic durations and radiating much less seismic energy. Here we show that these slow events follow a simple, unified scaling relationship that clearly differentiates their behaviour from that of regular earthquakes. We find that their seismic moment is proportional to the characteristic duration and their moment rate function is constant, with a spectral high-frequency decay of f(-1). This scaling and spectral behaviour demonstrates that they can be thought of as different manifestations of the same phenomena and that they comprise a new earthquake category. The observed scale dependence of rupture velocity for these events can be explained by either a constant low-stress drop model or a diffusional constant-slip model. This new scaling law unifies a diverse class of slow seismic events and may lead to a better understanding of the plate subduction process and large earthquake generation.