Bi_2O_3掺杂对TSMTG法单畴YBCO超导块材性能的影响

本文采用顶部籽晶熔融织构法(TSMTG)成功地将Bi2O3掺杂到YBCO超导块材中,研究了Bi2O3掺杂含量对单畴YBCO超导块材生长形貌和磁悬浮力的影响.结果表明,在YBa2Cu3O7-δ(Y123):Y2BaCuO5(Y211)=1:0.4不变的情况下,掺杂的Bi2O3粉体在样品内部均生成了Y2Ba4CuBiOx纳米粒子.当Bi2O3添加量x≤1.5wt%时,样品均可长成完整的单畴YBCO超导块材,且样品的磁悬浮力随着Bi2O3掺杂量的增加而增大;当x1.5wt%时,YBCO超导块材的单畴区域随着Bi2O3掺杂量的增加而逐渐减小,且随机成核现象严重,磁悬浮力降低;当x=1.5wt%时,样品的磁悬浮力最大.该结果对缩短样品制备的周期及进一步提高超导块材性能具有十分重要的意义.     

显微术浅议

1显微术发展历史及现状人类总是不断地探索更小尺度的自然现象。近年来,光学这门自然科学里最古老的学科,也随着这个时代潮流焕发出崭新的生命力,诞生了近场光学显微镜这种新的观测工具,使得人们能够观测纳米尺度的光学现象。传统的光学显微镜是以光学透镜为主体,利用透镜能将物体放大成像的功能而制成的。一般的,单级透镜能将物体放大几十倍,级联使用可达到千倍以上。从根本上说,光的衍射效应限制了光学显微镜进一步提高分辨率的可能性。根据瑞利判据,光学成像系统的分辨率δx≥0.61λ/N.Sinθ,其中λ为光波波长,N.Sinθ为光学成像系统的数值孔径,对于单透镜,它等于透镜的直径与焦距的比值。由此可见,提高分辨率的方法有三个途径(1)选择更短的波长。(2)用折射率很高的材料以提高N。(3)增大显微镜的孔径角θ。而通过这几个途径来得到更大放大倍数、更高分辨率的显微镜,在可见光范围内没有多少改善的余地,也受到许多技术上的制约。上世纪80年代以来,随着科学与技术向小尺度与低维空间的推进与扫描探针显微技术的发展,在光学领域中出现了一个新型交叉学科一近场光学。近场光学对传统的光学分辨极限产生了革命性的突破。与传统光学显微镜相比,近场光学显微镜最大区别在于(1)以纳米级的光学探针代替了传统光学显微镜镜头(2)在探测过程中探针被控制在样品表面一个波长以内的近场区域。而样品表面的近场区域内存在携带物体表面精细结构信息的非辐射场,所以,处于近场区域内的探针可探测到亚微米级的光学信息,突破了瑞利衍射极限的限制。在理论上,其分辨率是无限大的,但由于技术上探针针尖不能做的无限小,探针也不能太接近样品表面,所以在实际应用中,分辨率还是有限的。1982年,瑞士苏黎士IBM的宾尼和罗雷尔制成了世界上第一台扫描隧道显微镜(STM),极大地提高了观测灵敏度,比传统电子显微镜提高了两个数量级。在被应用到光学领域时,极大的推动了扫描近场光学显微镜(SNOM)的诞生和发展。1984年瑞士苏黎士IBM研究小心用金属镀膜的石英晶体尖端制成的纳米尺寸光孔作为探针制成了世界上第一台近场光学显微镜,同时美国康乃尔大学用微毛细管拉成的极细光孔为探针制成了近场光学显微镜。从此,近场光学显微镜走向成熟,并广泛应用于许多微观现级观测领域。     

铝掺杂氧化锌薄膜的光学性能及其微结构研究

以氧化铝(Al2O3)掺杂的氧化锌(Zn O)陶瓷靶作为溅射靶材,采用射频磁控溅射工艺在玻璃基片上制备了具有c轴择优取向的铝掺杂氧化锌(Zn O:Al)薄膜样品.通过可见-紫外光分光光度计和X射线衍射仪的测试表征,研究了生长温度对薄膜光学性能及其微结构的影响.实验结果表明:薄膜性能和微观结构与生长温度密切相关.随着生长温度的升高,样品的可见光平均透过率、(002)择优取向程度和晶粒尺寸均呈非单调变化,生长温度为640 K的样品具有最好的透光性能和晶体质量.同时薄膜样品的折射率均表现为正常色散特性,其光学能隙随生长温度升高而单调增大.与未掺杂Zn O块材的能隙相比,所有Zn O:Al薄膜样品的直接光学能隙均变宽.     

Gd_2Ba_4CuNbO_y掺杂对单畴GdBCO超导块材性能的影响

本文采用顶部籽晶熔融织构方法(TSMTG),制备出了配比为GdBa2Cu3O7-δ(Gd123):Gd2BaCuO5(Gd211):Gd2Ba4CuNbOy(GdNb2411)=1:(0.4-x):x的系列单畴GdBCO超导块材(其中x=0,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08,0.1,0.12,0.14,0.16),并研究了不同GdNb2411掺杂量对样品生长形貌和磁悬浮力的影响.结果表明:在该掺杂范围内,均有可能制备出单畴GdBCO超导块材,且样品的表面生长形貌与掺杂量x密切相关.当x≤0.06mol时,样品上表面光滑平整且四径分明,表现出通常的单畴形貌;当x≥0.08mol时,样品的单畴区域不再光滑和平整,表面出现褶皱,且随着掺杂量的增加,单畴区域越来越小.样品的磁悬浮力测试结果表明:随着掺杂量的增加,其磁悬浮力先增大后减小,当x=0.06mol时,样品的磁悬浮力达到最大25N.实验结果对研究纳米粒子的磁通钉扎作用及进一步提高GdBCO超导块材的性能有重要意义.     

SNOM—对传统光学衍射极限的革命性突破

扫描近场光学显微镜的出现 ,对传统光学衍射极限产生了革命性的突破 ,实现了对亚微米甚至纳米尺度样品的光学成象 .通过与传统光学显微镜成象原理的对比 ,论述了扫描近场光学显微镜实现高分辨率成象的原理     

Y2Ba4CuBiOx掺杂对单畴YBCO块材性能的影响

本文采用顶部籽晶熔融织构法(TSMTG)成功地将纳米Y2Ba4CuBiOx(YBi2411)引入了YBCO超导块材,研究了YBi2411掺杂量对单畴YBCO超导块材晶体生长形貌和磁悬浮力的影响.结果表明,YBi2411在YBCO超导块材中呈现出直径约100 nm～200 nm的纳米点状粒子和直径约100 nm～200nm,长约2μm的纳米棒状粒子.当YBi2411添加量x≤8 wt%时,样品均可长成完整的单畴YBCO超导块材,样品的磁悬浮力随着YBi2411掺杂量的增加而增大;当x≥8 wt%时,样品均可长成一定的单畴区,但随着YBi2411掺杂量的增加,YBCO超导块材的单畴区域逐渐减小,且随机成核现象越来越严重,同时磁悬浮力逐渐减小;当x=8 wt%时,样品磁悬浮力最大.在此基础上,结合超导材料的微观形貌,分析了YBi2411掺杂量对单畴YBCO超导块材磁悬浮力的影响.     

FeV_2O_4多晶块材的磁电效应与输运特性

采用固相烧结法制备了FeV_2O_4多晶块材,采用X射线衍射法和电子显微镜断面扫描对FeV_2O_4多晶块材进行结构表征,并测量其铁电极化强度和交、直流电输运特性.结果表明,制备的FeV_2O_4多晶块材是纯净的,结构较致密.低温(6K)时FeV_2O_4多晶块材的铁电饱和极化强度达到141.8μC/m2,外加磁场后自发极化强度受到较大的压制,表明样品具有较强的磁电效应,其最大磁阻效应(2.83%)出现在亚铁磁转变温度TN1(110K)处.结合交流阻抗谱辅助等效回路分析法,对测量数据进行拟合.结果显示FeV_2O_4多晶块材的直流和交流输运特性都符合Mott的变程跳跃(variable range hopping,VRH)机制,其能带是近似于原子能级的窄带.     

基于几何光学近似模型的大气泡粒子散射光场分布计算

基于几何光学近似模型（GOM）对大气泡粒子散射特性进行了分析.针对散射角的多值问题进行了研究,并对不同三角函数的求解方法进行了分析,提出了一种基于tan（θp2）函数和MATLAB中的fsolve（.）函数的遍历取值的简便准确求解方法,计算了球形的大气泡粒子和水粒子的总散射光强分布、近场和远场散射相位分布,并与Mie理论计算进行了比对,计算结果与Mie理论计算吻合很好,验证了算法的正确性.     

纳米小孔光学近场分布的研究

扫描近场光学显微镜突破了传统远场光学的衍射极限 ,能够获得超高光学分辨率。亚波长尺寸的小孔作为扫描近场光学显微镜中常用的金属膜光纤探针的简化模型。研究光透过小孔后的近场分布特性 ,对理解和分析探针在近场成像中的作用十分重要。采用时域有限差分 (FDTD)方法研究了无限大理想导体屏上纳米小孔的近场分布 ,计算结果表明 ,入射偏振光从小孔出射后发生了退极化 ,即出射光含有与入射光偏振方向垂直的电场分量。文中详细分析了小孔的近场分布特征与退极化之间的关系 ,研究了小孔的形状以及入射光偏振态对近场分布的影响     

等离子喷涂ZrO28Y2O3和NiCrAlY表面激光散射实验研究

针对两种等离子热喷涂涂层ZrO2 8Y2 O3和NiCrAlY (金属基底 )的不同粗糙表面的实验样品进行了激光空间散射场实验研究 .采用了He Ne激光光源 (波长λ =6 33.0nm ;激光功率P =2mW ) .将激光束倾斜一定角度直接照射到实验样品上 ,在不同散射角和不同散射空间距离位置上用面阵CCD传感器探测空间散射光场分布 .实验结果表明 :不同散射方向的空间散射光场分布是不一样的 ,从而为进一步利用光学方法测量热喷涂涂层工业参数 ,诸如涂层厚度 ,表面形态等提供了一定的实验依据     

敲击模式扫描近场光学显微镜

为了实现敲击模式的扫描近场光学显微镜 ,采用以石英音叉为灵敏探测器件 ,将光纤探针垂直音叉侧臂粘接 ,使探针在垂直样品的方向上振动 ,以“敲击”方式探测样品表面的信息 ,实现近场范围的高度控制。仪器结构紧凑 ,操作方便 ,灵敏度高 ,可用于液体环境下的样品探测 ,在对样品形貌进行探测的同时可实现对光信号的调制。将这种探测模式应用于实验 ,获得 2 40 0线 /mm光栅、光盘母盘和生物细胞的形貌图像。实验证明 :这种探测方式分辨率优于 2 0 0 nm,适用于不同硬度的样品 ,可以作为材料学、生物学等领域的有力工具。     

Optical detection of liquid-state NMR

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in liquids and solids is primarily detected by recording the net dipolar magnetic field outside the spin-polarized sample. But the recorded bulk magnetic field itself provides only limited spatial or structural information about the sample. Most NMR applications rely therefore on more elaborate techniques such as magnetic field gradient encoding or spin correlation spectroscopy, which enable spatially resolved imaging and molecular structure analysis, respectively. Here we demonstrate a fundamentally different and intrinsically information-richer modality of detecting NMR, based on the rotation of the polarization of a laser beam by the nuclear spins in a liquid sample. Optical NMR detection has in fact a long history in atomic vapours with narrow resonance lines, but has so far only been applied to highly specialized condensed matter systems such as quantum dots. It has been predicted that laser illumination can shift NMR frequencies and thus aid detection, but the effect is very small and has never been observed. In contrast, our measurements on water and liquid 129Xe show that the complementary effect-the rotation of light polarization by nuclear spins-is readily measurable, and that it is enhanced dramatically in samples containing heavy nuclei. This approach to optical NMR detection should allow correlated optical and NMR spectroscopy on complex molecules, and continuous two-dimensional imaging of nuclear magnetization with spatial resolution limited only by light diffraction.     

Thermal radiation scanning tunnelling microscopy

In standard near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), a subwavelength probe acts as an optical 'stethoscope' to map the near field produced at the sample surface by external illumination. This technique has been applied using visible, infrared, terahertz and gigahertz radiation to illuminate the sample, providing a resolution well beyond the diffraction limit. NSOM is well suited to study surface waves such as surface plasmons or surface-phonon polaritons. Using an aperture NSOM with visible laser illumination, a near-field interference pattern around a corral structure has been observed, whose features were similar to the scanning tunnelling microscope image of the electronic waves in a quantum corral. Here we describe an infrared NSOM that operates without any external illumination: it is a near-field analogue of a night-vision camera, making use of the thermal infrared evanescent fields emitted by the surface, and behaves as an optical scanning tunnelling microscope. We therefore term this instrument a 'thermal radiation scanning tunnelling microscope' (TRSTM). We show the first TRSTM images of thermally excited surface plasmons, and demonstrate spatial coherence effects in near-field thermal emission.     

近场光学与近场光学显微镜

近场光学是研究距离物体表面一个波长以内的光学现象的新型交叉学科。基于非辐射场的探测与成像原理,近场光学显微镜突破常规光学显微镜所受到的衍射极限,在超高光学分辨率下进行纳米尺度光学成像与纳米尺度光谱研究。本文将讨论近场光学的基本原理,非辐射场的探测与高分辨率的关系;光学限阈及隐失场在近场光学中的重要性;以及近场信息的获取方法。对近场光学显微镜的主要类型及相应的仪器发展,分辨率,衬度原理做一综述。同时简要介绍近场光学显微镜在超高分辨率光学成像,近场局域光谱,高密度数据存储,在生命科学,单分子光谱,量子器件发光机制等领域中的应用。     

The roles of π electrons in the electronic structures and optical properties of graphyne

The electronic structures and optical properties of graphyne consisting of sp-and sp 2-hybridized carbon atoms are studied using first-principles calculations.A tight-binding model of the 2p z orbitals are proposed to describe the electronic bands near the Fermi level.The results show that the natural band gap of graphyne originates from the inhomogeneous bindings between differently-hybridized carbon atoms.The interlayer interactions of bulk graphyne narrow the band gap to 0.16 eV and result in redshift of the optical spectral peaks as compared to single-layered graphyne.     

Phonon-enhanced light matter interaction at the nanometre scale

Optical near fields exist close to any illuminated object. They account for interesting effects such as enhanced pinhole transmission or enhanced Raman scattering enabling single-molecule spectroscopy. Also, they enable high-resolution (below 10 nm) optical microscopy. The plasmon-enhanced near-field coupling between metallic nanostructures opens new ways of designing optical properties and of controlling light on the nanometre scale. Here we study the strong enhancement of optical near-field coupling in the infrared by lattice vibrations (phonons) of polar dielectrics. We combine infrared spectroscopy with a near-field microscope that provides a confined field to probe the local interaction with a SiC sample. The phonon resonance occurs at 920 cm(-1). Within 20 cm(-1) of the resonance, the near-field signal increases 200-fold; on resonance, the signal exceeds by 20 times the value obtained with a gold sample. We find that phonon-enhanced near-field coupling is extremely sensitive to chemical and structural composition of polar samples, permitting nanometre-scale analysis of semiconductors and minerals. The excellent physical and chemical stability of SiC in particular may allow the design of nanometre-scale optical circuits for high-temperature and high-power operation.     

Solving surface plasmon resonances and near field in metallic nanostructures: Green’s matrix method and its applications

With the development of nanotechnology, many new optical phenomena in nanoscale have been demonstrated. Through the coupling of optical waves and collective oscillations of free electrons in metallic nanostructures, surface plasmon polaritons can be excited accompanying a strong near field enhancement that decays in a subwavelength scale, which have potential applications in the surface-enhanced Raman scattering, biosensor, optical communication, solar cells, and nonlinear optical frequency mixing. In the present article, we review the Green’s matrix method for solving the surface plasmon resonances and near field in arbitrarily shaped nanostructures and in binary metallic nanostructures. Using this method, we design the plasmonic nanostructures whose resonances are tunable from the visible to near-infrared, study the interplay of plasmon resonances, and propose a new way to control plasmonic resonances in binary metallic nanostructures.     

声子之间相互作用对磁场中晶体性质影响的研究进展

综述了近年来对电子在反冲效应中发射和吸收不同波矢的声子之间相互作用对磁场中晶体性质的影响方面的部分工作,在第一节中从磁场中电子一表面光学声子和电子一体纵光学声子系的哈密顿量出发,用线性组合算符和微扰法研究声子之间相互作用对弱耦合磁极化子的基态能量、自陷能和有效质量的影响,在第二节中研究了声子之间相互作用对与表面光学声子和体纵光学声子弱耦合的表面磁极化子的诱生势和有效质量的影响在第三节中研究了相应的声子之间相互作用对与表面光学声子耦合强,与体纵光学声子耦合弱的表面磁极化子的振动频率、诱生势和有效质量的影响,在第四节中研究了声子之间相互作用对与表面光学声子耦合强,与表面声学声子耦合弱的极性半导体中通过形变势的表面磁极化子的诱生势和有效质量的影响.     

纳米孔径近场光学显微成像的数值分析

将纳米级光孔的近场分布表征为横电与横磁模式按空间频谱分布的展开叠加,其频谱系数由界面上的电磁分布来确定。在柱坐标系上,横电及横磁各分量的具体形式来源于矢量亥姆霍兹方程的一般解,通过界面上电磁分布的修正,是到更为精确的矢量解,既保留了近场的发散特性,又满足了远场的偶极子分布特性。