青藏高原东北部西宁盆地中始新世-渐新世沉积物颜色与气候变化

始新世-渐新世是古近纪气候变化中最显著的时期.通过对西宁盆地42.5～26.0 Ma沉积物颜色指标的详细分析,发现颜色参数L*,a*,b*曲线明显以32.8 Ma为界分为上下两段.其中:L*值在下段(42.5～32.8 Ma)波动剧烈并呈缓慢降低趋势,至32.8 Ma左右大幅度降低,此后(32.8～26.0 Ma)波动变小、稍有回升;a*,b*值则与L*值的变化趋势相反,在下段(42.5～32.8 Ma)呈逐渐增大趋势,剧烈波动,在32.8 Ma左右时突然大幅度升高.至上段波动变小.结合西宁盆地孢粉、有机质及CaCO3质量分数变化的特征分析,该区域在32.8 Ma时可能发生大幅度的降温事件(对应于海洋记录所揭示的Oi-1事件),此事件之前气候干旱程度相对较弱、氧化作用逐渐增强、气候波动剧烈.在Oi-1事件之后大陆性干旱程度增强、氧化强烈、气候波动幅度较小.这是在该区高分辨率获得Oi-1事件前后气候变化的记录.它对始新世-渐新世全球气候变冷背景下陆地系统响应研究具有重要意义.     

塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩碳氧稳定同位素地球化学特征

中-下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层是塔里木盆地塔中地区的主要油气产层.利用碳氧稳定同位素的分布特征和变化规律,可分析影响碳酸盐岩沉积环境和成岩作用的因素.中-下奥陶统的碳酸盐岩可在垂向上把δ13C和δ18O值的变化趋势划分为三段,二者的变化趋势是一致的.中-上奥陶统岩层碳氧稳定同位素比值明显下降,证明中-下奥陶统经历过一次短暂的抬升暴露和随后的大面积海水加深淹没事件.海水淹没时期,大量C转到海水之中,海水中沉淀出的碳酸盐岩的δ13C值相对较低.     

A carbon- and oxygen-isotope record of recent environ- mental change from Qinghai Lake, NE Tibetan Plateau

An understanding of natural climatic variability is essential for evaluating anthropogenic impacts on recent and future climate[1—3]. Due to the lack of lengthy instrumental records, such an understanding must be gained from natural archives of climate change. Palaeolimnological indicators of past lake levels may provide a sensitive record of changes in effective precipitation in closed basins. This approach is particularly relevant on the Tibetan Plateau, where instrumental records are very…     

近300年来岱海流域气候干湿变化与人类活动的湖泊响应

根据岱海60cm柱状岩芯的磁化率、孢粉、粒度等环境指标的分析结果,对历史时期岱海气候干湿变化和人类活动的湖泊记录进行探讨,岱海湖泊沉积记录近300年来的气候干湿变化可划分七个阶段,与历史记载有较好的一致性;频率磁化率高值段对应气候偏湿阶段,低值对应气候偏干阶段,人类活动特别是人口增加和土地开垦,加剧流域水土流失,导致湖泊沉积物中细颗粒组分增加,频率磁化率升高;孢粉Ulmus的变化受流域人口增加的影响。频率磁化率和孢粉是反映岱海历史时期干湿变化和人类活动的重要环境指标。     

Climatic significance of stable carbon isotope in tree rings of Abies spectabibis in southeastern Tibet

The annually cross-dated stable carbon isotope of tree-ring a-cellulose of Abies spectabibis collected from the southeastern Tibetan Plateau is used to examine its rela-tionship with climatic parameters. The residual D13C series in treerings is constructed after removing the effects of age trend and rising CO2. We found a close relationship between D13C in tree rings and the relative humidity of September—November of the previous year measured at the nearby Ny-ingchi Meteorological Station, albeit a strong 搇agged effect? Thus we developed a transfer function to reconstruct the autumn relative humidity for the Nyingchi region, which explained 37.9% of the total variance (p < 0.001). Our results suggest a high frequency and moderate amplitude variance of the relative humidity before 1800, and the variance re-versed afterwards.     

广西及邻区泥盆系碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素组成特征及意义

广西及邻区下泥盆统至下石炭统稳定碳同位素组成逐渐增大，由埃姆斯阶（Ｄ＿１）一１‰～一４‰增至法门阶，杜内阶的＋０．５‰～＋２．５‰。同时期δ￣１８Ｏ呈“Ｗ”型分布，在艾菲尔阶（）和弗拉斯阶（）两个负向波动；在埃姆斯阶（），吉维特阶（）和法门阶（）、杜内阶（）三个正向波动。这些变化趋势反映了当时气圈、沉积的变化，也反映了生物界的演化变迁。华南泥盆纪δ￣１３Ｃ和δ￣１８Ｏ的变化特征可与同时期、同纬度的北美大陆保存完好的低镁方解石质腕足动物壳中碳、氧同位素组成良好的对比。因此，华南碳酸盐中碳、氧同位素组成基本保存了泥盆纪古海洋中同位素的特征，是很有潜力的地层对比的工具。     

Environmental changes reflected by n-alkanes of lake core in Nam Co on the Tibetan Plateau since 8.4 kaB.P.

The n-alkanes are extracted from NMLC-1 core that was drilled in the Nam Co, central Tibet. They are measured by using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) for componential and quantitative analyses. According to the constructed depth-age model, the component and concentration of n-alkanes, together with total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and carbonate are used to elu- cidate palaeoenvironmental changes of Nam Co during the past 8.4 ka. The results indicate that Holo- cene environment performs three stages in the lake area. In the stage of 8.4―6.7 kaB.P., it was warmer while precipitation slightly increased. This stage was ended by an obvious cold/dry event. During 6.7― 5.8 kaB.P., temperature increased rapidly and reached its maximum values at about 6.0 kaB.P. The environments were warm/wet optimum for the blooming of terrestrial plants and submerged aquatic plants. After that, temperature decreased continuously and showed the lowest values at about 3.0 kaB.P. From 2.9 kaB.P. to the present, temperature rose again but alternated with cold and warm. The lake area tended to be dry after 1.4 kaB.P. During 600―400 aB.P., the environmental feature was the reflection of Little Ice Age.     

轮古西地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层碳、氧同位素地球化学特征

中—下奥陶统鹰山组碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层是塔里木盆地轮古西地区的主要油气产层 .为了弄清储层的成因类型、储层古岩溶过程中的流体性质和古水文条件 ,为预测和评价此类储层提供有关的地球化学信息 ,讨论了储层形成过程中记录的碳、氧稳定同位素特征 .结果表明 :轮古西地区奥陶系鹰山组碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层中的δ13C和δ18O值的变化范围较大 ,δ13C值为 -0 .70‰～ -6.5 0‰ ,平均值 -1 .76‰ ;δ18O值为 -3 .75‰～ -1 7.1 0‰ ,平均值 -9.42‰ .碳酸盐岩基质、冲积岩和方解石胶结物的δ13C和δ18O分布具有一定的差异 .三类样品的δ18O值均具有明显偏负特征 ,表明在碳酸盐岩成岩过程中受到大气成因的淡水影响 ,反映了当时的风化壳岩溶成岩环境 .冲积岩样品的δ13C值的偏负程度较高 ,其物源可能来自石炭—二叠系地层     

Vegetational ecotype of the Gyirong Basin in Tibet, China and its response in stable carbon isotopes of mammal tooth enamel

Carbon isotope analysis of modern herbaceous plants in the Gyirong Basin (Tibet, China) indicates that although C3 plants are dominant, C4 plants rarely comprise of the vegetation in the area at 4000 m above sea level. The C4 plants discovered in the Gyirong Basin are Salsola nepalensis of Chenopodiaceae and Pennisetum flaccidum of Gramineae, affirming that C4 plants affected by high solar gain can be distributed at high altitude, which supports the opinion that some C4 plants can exist in areas of high elevation. Carbon isotope analysis of herbivore tooth enamel from the Gyirong Basin indicates that carbon isotopes of structural carbonate in biogenic apatite at high altitude still keep a stable enrichment relationship with those of plants in their diet. Carbon isotopes in tooth enamel are therefore an accurate proxy for vegetation ecotypes and should reflect climatic and environmental features.     

内蒙古东北部林西组碳酸盐岩结核的成因及油气地质意义

内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗哈日根台苏木地区上二叠统林西组深水外陆棚灰黑色泥页岩沉积中发育大量的碳酸盐岩结核。这些结核呈透镜状、结核状及丘状,在产状上与现代海底发育的及古代的冷泉碳酸盐岩极为相似。通过对碳酸盐岩结核的微观组构、物质成分和碳同位素特征的研究,发现碳酸盐岩结核中发育较多的气孔构造、生物化石及草莓状黄铁矿;碳、氧同位素结果显示碳酸盐岩结核的碳同位素存在明显的负偏,表明其中有有机来源的碳。这些特征与现代海底由于天然气渗漏形成的冷泉碳酸盐岩特征一致,因而推测研究区发育的碳酸盐岩结核为古代海底天然气渗漏形成的冷泉碳酸盐岩。这表明在林西组沉积时期,海底存在天然气水合物,可能与海底早期沉积的灰黑色泥页岩中甲烷的释放有关。烃源岩潜力分析也表明,研究区大量发育的灰黑色泥页岩具有一定的生烃潜力,林西组具有较好的油气勘探前景;但是由于地层时代较老,成岩作用及构造运动的影响,现今的勘探难度较大。     

Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin,China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation potential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.     

川东L2井三叠系飞仙关组碳酸盐样品的锶同位素年龄标定

测试了四川盆地东部L2井三叠系飞仙关组碳酸盐样品87Sr/86Sr比值,以及相应的Mg,Sr和Mn的含量.在对样品进行成岩蚀变性评价的基础上,根据锶同位素地层学的原理,尝试对这些样品进行了年龄标定.4个样品分别位于L2井深度为3 297.6 m,3 290.0 m,3 268.8 m和3 201.6 m处;其87Sr/86Sr比值分别为0.707 330,0.707 340,0.707 348和0.707 383;年龄的标定结果分别为245.3 Ma,245.2 Ma,245.1 Ma和245.0 Ma.除深度3 201.6 m的样品因成岩蚀变,其年龄值的可靠程度较低以外,其余3个样品的年龄值都具有较高的可靠程度.     

重庆北碚嘉陵江组第三—第四段碳酸盐岩碳同位素组成对古海水代表性

早三叠世海水的碳同位素组成是近年来地学研究的热点之一,但全球早三叠世碳同位素组成并没有获得统一的认识。上扬子地区早三叠世晚期普遍发育蒸发岩,地表剖面则因表生成岩作用而形成一套夹盐溶角砾岩及次生灰岩的碳酸盐地层,其地球化学信息不同程度地偏离海水,因而样品成岩蚀变性对古海水碳同位素组成的代表性的评估显得十分重要。本文以中、下三叠统界线清楚的重庆北碚剖面为对象,研究了下三叠统嘉陵江组第三、第四段和中三叠统雷口坡组底部样品的元素组成,碳、氧同位素组成及彼此之间的相互关系,选择Mn含量和氧同位素作为条件评价碳酸盐岩的成岩蚀变性及其对海水碳同位素组成的代表性,在此基础上建立了早三叠世晚期海水的碳同位素演化曲线。研究表明:(1)北碚剖面嘉陵江组第三、第四段(嘉三、嘉四段)及雷口坡组底部碳酸盐岩的Mn、Fe含量与碳同位素组成之间具有良好的负相关性,氧同位素组成和碳同位素组成之间则具有良好的正相关性,大量样品具有低δ18 O值、低δ13 C值以及较高Mn、Fe含量的特征,说明其碳同位素组成偏离海水。(2)以δ18 O-7.5‰、方解石的Mn质量分数100×10-6、白云石的Mn质量分数120×10-6为评价条件,北碚剖面嘉三、嘉四段(含雷口坡组底部)的73个样品中有38个需要在建立海水碳同位素曲线时剔除,占全部样品的52%。其中嘉四段需要剔除的样品占嘉四段样品的78%,而嘉三段的该数值为11%,说明作为原始沉积的灰岩段对海水地球化学信息保存较好,而分布盐溶角砾岩及次生灰岩的层位对海水地球化学信息保存很差。(3)氧同位素作为成岩蚀变评价标准比Mn含量更为苛刻,并可基本覆盖Mn含量评价条件,说明对于嘉三—嘉四段这样的石灰岩—白云岩—蒸发岩地层的地表剖面的样品来说,选择氧同位素作为评价条件可较好地对碳同位素的原生性进行控制。(4)白云岩对海水地球化学信息总体上保存较好,与相邻石灰岩相比,白云岩具有更高的δ18 O和δ13 C值,但其原因仍然需要进一步研究,可能与同位素分馏系数的差别以及白云岩形成于盐度更高的流体有关,因而白云岩所代表的海水地球化学信息可能不完全与伴生石灰岩相同。(5)除绿豆岩附近出现了短时间的变化超过4‰的大幅度波动以外,早三叠世晚期海水的碳同位素演化相对平稳,大致在-0.3‰~-1.8‰的范围内波动,呈现一个低幅的"V"字形,显示早三叠世晚期地球生态的恢复与碳循环系统的重建。     

High-resolution geochemistry records of climate changes since late-glacial from Dajiuhu peat in Shennongjia Mountains,Central China

A peat core with depths of 297 cm was obtained from the Dajiuhu Basin(31°29′27″N,109°59′45″E,1760 m)in Hubei Province,Central China.10 AMS ages provide a time control and reveal that this core spans the past about 16.0 kaBP(calibrated age)(1 4C age:13.3 kaBP).Multi-proxy indexes analysis of geochemistry shows the following character of climate and environmental changes since about 16 kaBP:(1) The climate during the late-glacial period was cold and wet as a whole,but fluctuated continually.11.4- 12.6 cal.kaBP,12.6-15.2 cal.kaBP and 15.2-16 kaBP were corresponding respectively to the Younger Drays,Bφlling-Allerφd Warm Period and the Oldest Drays.(2)Inheriting the some climate characteristics of the late-glacial,the climate during the early-Holocene was wet and temperature increased gradually,during which an obvious dry event around 10.6 cal.kaB appeared.(3)The climate during the mid-Holocene was genarally warm and wet.During 9.2-7.5 kaBP,temperature increased gradually, precipitation was less comparatively and the 8.2 kaBP cold event which might be representative in the globe was reflected markedly.Then,multi-proxy records were relatively stable during 6.7-4.2 kaBP, which shows the best water and thermal condition in the Holocene Optimum.(4)Around 4.2 kaBP,the climate and environment transform from warm and wet to cool and dry,which may result in the collapse of the Neolithic Culture and midwifery the civilization of Xia Dynasty in this region.After 0.9 kaBP,the climate turned cool and wet.Climate and environmental changes archived in Dajiuhu peat respond to the global changes since the late-glacial period and can be contrasted to the changes recorded in other high-resolution archives from the East Asia Monsoon region,which take on the variety model that the monsoon strengthened abruptly after the late-glacial,was strong during the early Holocene,subse- quently declined and became weak after the middle Holocene with dry climate.According to our analysis,the driving mechanism should be the response of s     

The controlling factors and distribution prediction of H2S formation in marine carbonate gas reservoir, China

Generally, there are some anhydrites in carbonate reservoir, as H2S is also familiar in carbonate oil and gas reservoirs. Nowadays, natural gas with high H2S concentration is usually considered as TSR origin, so there is close relationship between H2S and anhydrite. On the contrary, some carbonate rocks with anhydrite do not contain H2S. Recently, researches show that H2S is only a necessary condition of H2S formation. The reservoir porosity, sulfate ion content within formation water, reservoir temperature, oil/gas and water interface, hydrocarbon and some elements of reservoir rock have great controlling effects on the TSR occurrence. TSR deoxidizes hydrocarbon into the acidic gas such as H2S and CO2, and the H2S formation is controlled by TSR occurrence, so the relationship among reaction room, the contact chance of sulfate ion and hydrocarbon, the reservoir temperature has great influence on the TSR reaction. H2S has relatively active chemical quality, so it is still controlled by the content of heavy metal ion. Good conditions of TSR reaction and H2S preservation are the prerequisite of H2S distribu- tion prediction. This paper builds a predictive model based on the characteristic of natural gas reservoir with high H2S-bearing. In the porosity reservoir with anhydrite, the formation water is rich in sulfate and poor in heavy metal ion. Oil and gas fill and accumulate in the gas reservoir with good preservation conditions, and they suffered high temperature later, which indicates the profitable area of natural gas with high H2S-bearing.     

The controlling factors and distribution prediction of H_2S formation in marine carbonate gas reservoir,China

Generally, there are some anhydrites in carbonate reservoir, as H2S is also familiar in carbonate oil and gas reservoirs. Nowadays, natural gas with high H2S concentration is usually considered as TSR origin, so there is close relationship between H2S and anhydrite. On the contrary, some carbonate rocks with anhydrite do not contain H2S. Recently, researches show that H2S is only a necessary condition of H2S formation. The reservoir porosity, sulfate ion content within formation water, reservoir temperature, oil/gas and water interface, hydrocarbon and some elements of reservoir rock have great controlling effects on the TSR occurrence. TSR deoxidizes hydrocarbon into the acidic gas such as H2S and CO2, and the H2S formation is controlled by TSR occurrence, so the relationship among reaction room, the contact chance of sulfate ion and hydrocarbon, the reservoir temperature has great influence on the TSR reaction. H2S has relatively active chemical quality, so it is still controlled by the content of heavy metal ion. Good conditions of TSR reaction and H2S preservation are the prerequisite of H2S distribution prediction. This paper builds a predictive model based on the characteristic of natural gas reservoir with high H2S-bearing. In the porosity reservoir with anhydrite, the formation water is rich in sulfate and poor in heavy metal ion. Oil and gas fill and accumulate in the gas reservoir with good preservation conditions, and they suffered high temperature later, which indicates the profitable area of natural gas with high H2S-bearing.     

Holocene climatic and environmental changes recorded in Baahar Nuur Lake core in the Ordos Plateau, Inner Mongolia of China

A 5.3 m lake core was drilled in Baahar Nuur Lake in the Ordos Plateau, and measurements of meangrain size, organic δ 13C (δ 13Corg), organic carbon content (TOC), C/N, carbonate content, carbonate δ 13C(δ 13Ccar) and δ 18O (δ 18Ocar) were conducted for retrieving the Holocene chronosequence of climaticchanges based on 15 AMS 14C dates. The record documented four major stages of climate change inthe Ordos Plateau: (IV) a cold and dry condition before ～7.65 14C ka BP; (III) a warm and humid stagebetween ～7.65 and ～5.40 ka BP; (II) a generally drier and cooler climate since ～5.40 ka BP with twohumid events occurring from ～4.70 to ～4.60 ka BP and from ～4.20 to ～3.70 ka BP, and (I) a dry climatecharacterized by complete desiccation of the lake after 3.70 ka BP. Stage III can be further divided intothree sub-stages: (IIIa) a warm and humid episode from ～7.65 to ～6.70 ka BP, (IIIb) a warm and relativelydry episode from ～6.70 to ～6.20 ka BP, and (IIIc) the magthermal and maghumid episode of the Holo-cene from ～6.20 to ～5.40 ka BP.     

Old EMI-type enriched mantle under the middle North China Craton as indicated by Sr and Nd isotopes of mantle xenoliths from Yangyuan, Hebei Province

Recent studies indicate that the Mesozoic litho- spheric thinning in North China was diachronous with that in west to the Taihangshan gravity lineament being later than in the eastern part of the North China Cra- ton[1―3]. During the Cenozoic, lithospher…     

Dynamics of sediment resuspension and the conceptual schema of nutrient release in the large shallow Lake Taihu,China

On the basis of investigations in situ, it was found that mass exchange on the water-sediment interface occurred chiefly on the superficial sediment within 5-10 cm. The spatial physicochemical character of sediment was distributed uniformly. The observation of lake currents and waves indicated that the dynamic sources, which act on the interface of water and sediment, came mainly from waves under strong wind forcing, while the critical shear stresses     

利用示踪剂资料讨论塔河缝洞性油藏井间连通方式

探讨塔河油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏多缝洞系统的井间连通方式。针对缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏井间储集层复杂的特点,通过示踪剂曲线特征分析油藏井间连通方式,从峰型、主峰高宽比、主峰拟面积和注水推进速度4个方面评价曲线特征与连通方式之间的关系,结果表明塔河油田主要有单一连通型和复合连通型2种连通方式,其中以单一连通型为主,占73.5%。典型井分析说明连通方式与单井所处的地质条件有关。