Interplanetary dust from the explosive dispersal of hydrated asteroids by impacts

The Earth accretes about 30,000 tons of dust particles per year, with sizes in the range of 20-400 microm (refs 1, 2). Those particles collected at the Earth's surface--termed micrometeorites--are similar in chemistry and mineralogy to hydrated, porous meteorites, but such meteorites comprise only 2.8% of recovered falls. This large difference in relative abundances has been attributed to 'filtering' by the Earth's atmosphere, that is, the porous meteorites are considered to be so friable that they do not survive the impact with the atmosphere. Here we report shock-recovery experiments on two porous meteorites, one of which is hydrated and the other is anhydrous. The application of shock to the hydrated meteorite reduces it to minute particles and explosive expansion results upon release of the pressure, through a much broader range of pressures than for the anhydrous meteorite. Our results indicate that hydrated asteroids will produce dust particles during collisions at a much higher rate than anhydrous asteroids, which explains the different relative abundances of the hydrated material in micrometeorites and meteorites: the abundances are established before contact with the Earth's atmosphere.     

Meteoritic dust from the atmospheric disintegration of a large meteoroid

Much of the mass of most meteoroids entering the Earth's atmosphere is consumed in the process of ablation. Larger meteoroids (> 10 cm), which in some cases reach the ground as meteorites, typically have survival fractions near 1-25 per cent of their initial mass. The fate of the remaining ablated material is unclear, but theory suggests that much of it should recondense through coagulation as nanometre-sized particles. No direct measurements of such meteoric 'smoke' have hitherto been made. Here we report the disintegration of one of the largest meteoroids to have entered the Earth's atmosphere during the past decade, and show that the dominant contribution to the mass of the residual atmospheric aerosol was in the form of micrometre-sized particles. This result is contrary to the usual view that most of the material in large meteoroids is efficiently converted to particles of much smaller size through ablation. Assuming that our observations are of a typical event, we suggest that large meteoroids provide the dominant source of micrometre-sized meteoritic dust at the Earth's surface over long timescales.     

含大地形、摩擦、加热的准地转正压模式

从包含大地形、摩擦及加热作用的正压模式方程组出发,通过尺度分析、小参数展开和线性化等方法,导出一个含大地形、摩擦及加热作用的准地转正压模式。该模式是我们今后研究青藏高原的基本出发方程。如果不考虑地形的动力作用、摩擦及加热作用,该模式就退化为通常的准地转正压模式。     

Precipitation of flaky moolooite and its thermal decomposition

Moolooite particles with flaky morphology were synthesized by mixing dilute solutions of copper nitrate and sodium oxalate in the presence of citric acid. Solution pH value, citric acid concentration, and stirring were found to have large effect on the shape of the precipitated particles. Under the stirring, the radial area of flaky moolooite particles was enlarged and extended to become a thinner and larger flake. This is ascribed to growth promotion caused by the selective absorption of citric ligands onto a particular crystalline surface of the moolooite particles. Flaky shape of the moolooite particles tended to become spherical and disappeared completely when decomposed under an Ar atmosphere, leading to the formation of large porous aggregated particles composed of many tiny nanosized copper crystals.     

长春市大气中PM10本地源和外来源解析对比研究

利用单粒子后向轨迹模型与化学质量平衡模型(CMB)相结合的方法,分别对长春市大气中PM10外来源和本地源贡献率进行源解析研究。CMB 8.2的解析结果中,工业燃煤和以钢铁尘为主的工业尘是外来可吸入颗粒物的最主要来源,非采暖期、采暖期的贡献率分别为13.04%、32.56%和29.75%、14.66%;而机动车尾气和道路尘则是本地可吸入颗粒物的最主要来源,非采暖期、采暖期贡献率分别为39.24%和33.86%。HYSPLIT模型分析,2011年9月30日(非采暖期)对于长春市大气中可吸入颗粒物影响较大的城市为通辽、白城、四平等;2012年3月1日(采暖期)的外来源则来源于兴安盟、白城、松原、吉林以及牡丹江市。     

赤道加热对大气波动的影响

研究了赤道大气加热对大气波动的影响，结果表明：(1)赤道加热可以产生赤道对称的定常气压波动，其强度与加热特别是凝结加热密切相关；(2)当加热强度变化时，可激发产生东移的开尔波和西移的Hossby波重力波。     

含碳团矿盖碳保护直接还原的试验研究

在盖碳保护敞焰加热条件下,对含碳团矿进行试验研究,得到金属化率与加热时间、加热温度、料层厚度等参数间的定量关系,从而确定了球团还原时获得高金属化率的条件。     

钻井柴油机废气余热分析研究

随着经济的快速发展与能源供应相对不足的矛盾日益突出,柴油机废气余热回收利用越来越受到重视。针对钻井常用柴油机Z12V190耗油量大、热效率低、大部分热量以废气余热形势随废气排到大气中、能源浪费较大等问题,分析柴油机燃烧反应与废气成分,分别根据质量守恒定律和能量守恒定律,建立了废气排量计算模型和废气余热量计算模型;并举例计算。分析发现:Z12V190柴油机废气排量较大,废气排量随废气含氧量增加急剧增加;废气余热量随废气排量增加呈线性增加。废气余热量较大,具有较好的经济开发前景,结合当前存在的利用柴油机废气余热热管锅炉、热力发电、热能储藏等实际应用,为钻井用柴油机废气余热回收利用做理论基础。     

新型尾气能量回收器设计与研究

目前针对供暖系统产生尾气余热和水蒸气回收再利用的理论研究较少,这些能量在无任何能量回收措施的处理下,直接伴随尾气排出,这不仅造成了大气环境热污染,还导致了能量的白白浪费。本文结合某供暖系统实际运行工况,开发出一款新型尾气能量回收器,并对其工作效果进行了实验验证。研究成果可为进一步提高供暖系统的能量利用效果提供了一定的理论基础。     

Atmospheric heterogeneous reaction of acetone: Adsorption and desorption kinetics and mechanisms on SiO2 particles

Acetone plays an important role in photooxidation processes in the atmosphere. Up to date, little is known regarding the heterogeneous fate of acetone. In this study, the adsorption and desorption processes of acetone on SiO2 particles, which are the major constituent of mineral dust in the atmos-phere, have been investigated for the first time under the simulated atmospheric conditions, using in situ transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It is found that acetone molecules are adsorbed on the surfaces of SiO2 particles by van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding forces in a nonreactive and reversible state. The rates of initial adsorption and initial desorption, initial uptake coefficients and adsorption concentrations at equilibrium have been determined at different relative humidity. The presence of water vapor cannot result in the formation of new substances, but can decrease the adsorption ability by consuming or overlapping the isolated OH groups on the surfaces of SiO2 particles. In the desorption process, a considerable amount of acetone molecules will remain on SiO2 particles in dry air, whereas acetone molecules are almost completely desorbed at a high relative humidity. In order to evaluate the role of heterogeneous reactions of acetone and other carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere, a new model fitting the atmospheric conditions is needed.     

蒸发凝聚法制备金属超微粉末工艺规律研究

采用自行设计的超微粉末制备装置,在压力为50～1000Pa的Ar气中,利用中频感应加热对坩埚中的金属熔融蒸发,并以水冷螺线管捕获蒸发过程中形成的粉末,研究了蒸发工艺参数对金属蒸发速率、粉末产率和粒度、形貌的影响规律．实验结果表明：采取提高蒸发温度、减小惰性气体压力、加大坩埚直径以及保持金属液面与坩埚口部平齐等措施均能显著地提高金属的蒸发速率和超微粉末产率;在感应加热蒸发法中,粉末和蒸气原子在坩埚口部堆集结壳现象是造成金属难以长时间连续蒸发、金属有效蒸发速率及粉末产率降低的关键原因之一．可以通过加大坩埚直径和保持液面与坩埚口部平齐来克服．     

欧姆加热在食品加工中的应用

欧姆加热是快速的体积加热 (1～ 5℃ / s) ,没有传热面 ,不易结垢 ,受热均匀。适合对含有大颗粒 (2 5 mm )、固形物含量 (5 0 %～ 6 0 % )高的食品的灭菌消毒。生产出的食品营养保留高 ,口味好 ,机械损伤小。商品的欧姆加热装置已由英国的 APV Baker公司开发 ,并在欧洲、亚洲、北美等地应用 ,生产高酸或低酸食品。固液两相的电导率是其首要的影响因素。     

MgO-C材料在氮气气氛下的物相演化及其力学性能研究

以电熔镁砂、天然鳞片石墨、煤沥青、Al粉及Si粉为主要原料,以热固性酚醛树脂为结合剂,混匀后压制成MgO-C材料试样。将试样在氮气气氛下分别经1000℃×3h、1200℃×3h、1400℃×3h热处理,研究热处理温度对材料物相组成、显微结构及力学性能的影响。结果表明,1000℃热处理后,试样中Al消失,反应生成了柱状AlN和八面体状MgAl2O4,此温度下Si尚未参与反应;1200℃热处理后,Si开始反应生成六边形板状的SiC,镶嵌在镁砂基体中,提高了试样的高温抗折强度和热震后残余抗折强度;1400℃热处理后,试样中除有柱状AlN和八面体状MgAl2O4生成外,还有较多晶须状SiC和针状β-Si3N4生成,形成了良好的非氧化物结合,使得材料具有优良的高温力学性能和抗热震性能。     

Atmospheric heterogeneous reaction of acetone:Adsorption and desorption kinetics and mechanisms on SiO_2 particles

Acetone plays an important role in photooxidation processes in the atmosphere. Up to date, little is known regarding the heterogeneous fate of acetone. In this study, the adsorption and desorption processes of acetone on SiO2 particles, which are the major constituent of mineral dust in the atmos-phere, have been investigated for the first time under the simulated atmospheric conditions, using in situ transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It is found that acetone molecules are ad-sorbed on the surfaces of SiO2 particles by van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding forces in a nonreactive and reversible state. The rates of initial adsorption and initial desorption, initial uptake coefficients and adsorption concentrations at equilibrium have been determined at different relative humidity. The presence of water vapor cannot result in the formation of new substances, but can de-crease the adsorption ability by consuming or overlapping the isolated OH groups on the surfaces of SiO2 particles. In the desorption process, a considerable amount of acetone molecules will remain on SiO2 particles in dry air, whereas acetone molecules are almost completely desorbed at a high relative humidity. In order to evaluate the role of heterogeneous reactions of acetone and other carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere, a new model fitting the atmospheric conditions is needed.     

Heterogeneous chemistry in the atmosphere of Mars

Hydrogen radicals are produced in the martian atmosphere by the photolysis of water vapour and subsequently initiate catalytic cycles that recycle carbon dioxide from its photolysis product carbon monoxide. These processes provide a qualitative explanation for the stability of the atmosphere of Mars, which contains 95 per cent carbon dioxide. Balancing carbon dioxide production and loss based on our current understanding of the gas-phase chemistry in the martian atmosphere has, however, proven to be difficult. Interactions between gaseous chemical species and ice cloud particles have been shown to be key factors in the loss of polar ozone observed in the Earth's stratosphere, and may significantly perturb the chemistry of the Earth's upper troposphere. Water-ice clouds are also commonly observed in the atmosphere of Mars and it has been suggested previously that heterogeneous chemistry could have an important impact on the composition of the martian atmosphere. Here we use a state-of-the-art general circulation model together with new observations of the martian ozone layer to show that model simulations that include chemical reactions occurring on ice clouds lead to much improved quantitative agreement with observed martian ozone levels in comparison with model simulations based on gas-phase chemistry alone. Ozone is readily destroyed by hydrogen radicals and is therefore a sensitive tracer of the chemistry that regulates the atmosphere of Mars. Our results suggest that heterogeneous chemistry on ice clouds plays an important role in controlling the stability and composition of the martian atmosphere.     

Synergistic effect of microwave irradiation and CaF<Subscript>2</Subscript> on vanadium leaching

The effect and mechanism of microwave irradiation on vanadium leaching were studied via a comparison between microwave heating and conventional heating. The results show a synergistic effect of microwave irradiation and calcium fluoride (CaF₂) on the vanadium leaching efficiency. It is confirmed that the vanadium leaching process can be improved by microwave irradiation when CaF₂ is present. The leaching rate of vanadium under microwave irradiation is increased by 8%-15% when 5wt% CaF₂ is added; by contrast, in the absence of CaF₂, the leaching rate is almost unaffected compared to that by conventional heating. Morphological analysis reveals that the particles are gradually eroded by acid under microwave irradiation, whereas some of the fine particles in samples subjected to conventional heating are tightly covered by a flocculent silicate product. Moreover, a large amount of Al and V and a small amount of Si are dissolved from samples under microwave heating, as revealed by the elemental analysis of leachates. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis also indicates a higher mass transfer coefficient in the diffusion layer of the raw material by microwave irradiation. When CaF₂ is present, the reaction energy barrier is lowered and the leaching process is controlled by the tightly covered product layer, resulting in a prominent effect of microwave irradiation.     

Deep carbon export from a Southern Ocean iron-fertilized diatom bloom

Fertilization of the ocean by adding iron compounds has induced diatom-dominated phytoplankton blooms accompanied by considerable carbon dioxide drawdown in the ocean surface layer. However, because the fate of bloom biomass could not be adequately resolved in these experiments, the timescales of carbon sequestration from the atmosphere are uncertain. Here we report the results of a five-week experiment carried out in the closed core of a vertically coherent, mesoscale eddy of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, during which we tracked sinking particles from the surface to the deep-sea floor. A large diatom bloom peaked in the fourth week after fertilization. This was followed by mass mortality of several diatom species that formed rapidly sinking, mucilaginous aggregates of entangled cells and chains. Taken together, multiple lines of evidence-although each with important uncertainties-lead us to conclude that at least half the bloom biomass sank far below a depth of 1,000 metres and that a substantial portion is likely to have reached the sea floor. Thus, iron-fertilized diatom blooms may sequester carbon for timescales of centuries in ocean bottom water and for longer in the sediments.     

低温工况下R125替代R502的热力性能分析

R502被认为是一种性能良好的制冷剂，但由于其对臭氧层的污染即将被禁止使用、为了寻找R502替代工质，在特定工况下，对R125、R22和R502进行热力性质对比分析，鉴于R125具有良好的热力性能及对大气臭氧层的无迫害性，在理论上论证了R125替代的可行性。     

β射线式PM2.5测量仪的挥发性颗粒物补偿方案设计

目前β射线法加动态加热系统的PM2.5连续监测仪缺少挥发性颗粒物补偿措施,造成挥发性颗粒物在采样加热过程中丢失,从而导致测量结果存在偏差.针对这一问题,利用冲击采样原理,在理论计算的基础上设计了一种挥发性颗粒物连续补偿测量装置.该补偿测量装置设计为A、B双通道的三级冲击式采样器,可实现颗粒物粒径为10μm、5μm和2.5μm的冲击采样,采集的挥发性颗粒物由石英晶体微天平直接测量,并采用加热的方式结合双通道的设计实现连续的采样测量功能.     

U75V高速轨钢脱碳的影响因素分析

在不同炉内气氛、加热温度、停留时间以及是否采用保护涂料等条件下,对U75V高速轨钢脱碳的影响因素进行分析。结果表明,正常轧制时,应尽量避免预热段为氧化性气氛,在预热段空气消耗系数为1.2、均热段空气消耗系数为0.8时,钢坯的脱碳层深度最浅;采用保护涂料方式可使钢坯氧化烧损量减少20%～30%,脱碳层深度减少29.7%。