不同微波遥感模态和不同数据组合的等湿度区域分布与土壤湿度的反演

论述了主动、被动和主动被动相结合的3种微波遥感模态反演土壤湿度的方法和特点。为了采用人工神经网络方法反演出土壤湿度，在随机粗糙面双谱散射模型的基础上计算了裸土壤表面的散射系数和发射率，分析了3种不同的微波遥感模态和不同数据组合的等湿度区域分布的特点，从而确定了适合于各个微波遥感模态的输入数据组合。反演结果表明，只要选择适当的人工神经网络输入数据组合，采用3种模态中的任何一种微波遥感模态反演土壤湿度都是可行的，并具有较好的反演精度，结果对于微波遥感反演土壤湿度方案的选取具有指导意义。     

基于星载被动微波遥感的地表土壤湿度反演

为了解决传统地面测量站网络不能满足大尺度土壤水分的时、空间变化的问题,而利用微波在土壤水分反演方面具有的独特优势,总结了被动微波遥感模态反演土壤湿度的规律,提出了利用双谱模型计算土壤表面的发射率的方法,并对实验区进行了成功的地表土壤水分反演,取得了理想的结果,该成果对于利用被动遥感技术反演土壤湿度具有一定的技术推广意义。     

基于微波遥感的土壤湿度异常监测

提出地表微波极化差异指数,并利用AMSR-E星载被动微波遥感亮温数据,统计分析了2002-2006年7月上旬新疆微波极化差异指数旬平均分布;通过计算归一化距平,反演得到新疆7月上旬土壤湿度动态变化分布图。结果表明:利用微波极化差异指数能够较好地表征土壤湿度时空异常变化,为定量监测土壤相对干湿程度提供了一种有效便捷的方法。     

先验知识在被动微波遥感土壤湿度反演中的作用和影响

利用微波遥感的发射率数据反演裸土壤湿度，不可避免需要结合地表面和土壤层的一些先验知识，而先验知识的准确度又将对反演结果的准确度产生一定的影响。文章讨论了地表的高度起伏相关函数形式、土壤温度和土壤质地等三类先验知识，定义了几种不同的土壤湿度反演误差，从而定量地给出三类先验知识的不确定性对土壤湿度反演的影响，指出：基于BSM散射模型和人工神经网络（ANN）的土壤湿度的反演方法是可行的，向ANN输入两种极化的裸土壤表面发射率数据便可反演出裸土壤的湿度，在上述三种先验知识具有一定的不确定性时仍可保证较好土壤湿度反演准确度。     

CCI土壤湿度产品在中国区的降尺度与融合研究

以欧洲航天局主/被动微波遥感融合的土壤湿度产品数据为主要数据源,结合地表参数、亮度温度、土壤质地、地形、降雨等辅助数据,提出基于移动窗口的线性、非线性联合的土壤湿度降尺度模型,对中国区域2003年1—12月的CCI土壤湿度产品数据进行降尺度,提高CCI土壤湿度数据的空间分辨率,使其更适用于农业、水文模拟等精细尺度的应用要求。为了克服CCI数据冬季缺失较多的情况,利用第3代再分析资料ERA-Interim表层土壤湿度的降尺度和重采样结果与之进行融合,生成空间覆盖完整的2003—2013年中国区月1 km土壤湿度数据集,并利用站点实测数据集对其进行了验证。结果表明,依据主/被动微波融合CCI、ERA-Interim再分析土壤湿度数据以及辅助数据的基于移动窗口和线性非线性集成的中国区地表土壤湿度降尺度和融合方法,提高了CCI土壤湿度数据集的空间分辨率和空间覆盖,同时还一定程度上提高了土壤湿度的估算精度。     

中国陆面数据同化系统研究的进展与前瞻

陆面数据同化的核心思想是在陆面过程模型的动力框架内,融合不同来源和不同分辨率的直接与间接观测,准确一致地估计地表水分和能量循环的各个分量．作者已初步建立了中国陆面数据同化系统;同化方法采用了集合Kalman滤波,模型算子使用CoLM和SiB2等陆面过程模型,观测算子采用针对土壤(包括融化和冻结)、积雪等不同地表状态的微波辐射传输模型．该系统同化被动微波遥感观测如SSM／I,TMI和AMSR以及土壤和积雪的常规观测,已计算得到中国西北干旱区和青藏高原的土壤水分、土壤温度、积雪和冻土的同化资料．文中阐述了在同化系统的构建、同化算法的研究、陆面过程模型和微波辐射传输模型的集成以及大气驱动数据制备等方面的进展,讨论了陆面数据同化的特点和面临的问题,展望了未来的研究重点和同化方法在陆地表层系统科学研究中的应用前景．     

被动微波遥感土壤水分代价函数构建研究

在被动微波遥感土壤水分的传统代价函数中,默认垂直极化(V)和水平极化(H)地表微波辐射率观测数据对代价函数值的贡献是相同的;但二者对土壤水分敏感性不同的事实导致设定贡献相同的做法值得商榷。利用AIEM模拟数据集计算不同极化地表微波辐射率对土壤水分及土壤粗糙度的敏感性;并以敏感性程度来定量不同极化地表微波辐射率对反演土壤水分信息的贡献度,发展了裸露地表条件下的双极化被动微波地表辐射率协同提取土壤水分的代价函数。利用模拟数据集,对土壤水分反演算法中传统代价函数和本文发展的代价函数进行了对比。结果表明,在代价函数中考虑不同极化地表微波辐射率数据对土壤水分的敏感性差异,可有效提高裸露地表土壤水分的反演精度。     

基于机器学习模型的多层土壤湿度反演

为了获取深层土壤湿度缺测值,采用支持向量机、BP神经网络和随机森林3种机器学习算法,在表层至深层土壤中利用主成分分析法选择与土壤湿度相关性显著的气象因子作为输入数据,建立多层土壤湿度反演模型反演了不同深度的土壤湿度。结果表明:随机森林模型模拟结果更加稳定,反演效果更佳;受气象因子驱动的影响,3种机器学习模型对地表0~10.cm深度内土壤湿度的反演效果更佳,对深层土壤湿度的反演效果随着深度增加而变差;增加表层土壤湿度及不同深度土壤温度作为驱动因子可以有效提高机器学习模型对深层土壤湿度的反演能力。     

AMSR-E微波数据反演裸地地表温度算法研究

利用AMSR-E被动微波数据,以撒哈拉沙漠地区为研究对象,基于搭载在同一颗卫星上的AMSR-E传感器和MODIS传感器同步观测成像的特点,将MODIS数据反演得到的裸地地表温度产品进行尺度上推.作为AMSR-E像元尺度的地表真实温度.在分析AMSR-E不同通道微波探测值所包含的不同信息特点的基础上,选出反演裸地地表温度较为有效的探测通道,利用多元线性回归的方法,建立经尺度上推后对应AMSR-E尺度的MODIS地表温度与AMSR-E各通道亮温之间的对应关系同,从而实现利用AMSR-E被动微波数据反演裸地地表温度的算法.经验证,反演计算的裸地地表温度误差在±3 K之间.该方法不仅对时间和空间的变化有一定的适应性.而且具有一定的物理意义,演结果可以较好地反映裸地地表温度的变化情况.     

地面实验条件下土壤水分微波辐射特性

为解决被动微波遥感反演土壤水分问题,通过C、KU两个波段微波辐射计对不同水分的裸露地表的土壤微波辐射特性进行实验研究,分析土壤湿度与土壤的微波发射率之间的定量关系,建立了土壤湿度与微波发射率的经验模型.研究结果表明:在土壤表面平整时,土壤湿度与土壤微波发射率呈线性负相关,即随着土壤湿度的增加,土壤微波发射率线性下降.在入射角为30°~50°范围内,无论是垂直还是水平极化,30°入射角时微波对土壤测湿灵敏度最大,表明在入射角30°的水平极化下微波反演土壤水分的效果最好.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that