Analysis of Income Structure of Farmer （Herdsman） of the Tibet Autonomous Region

Based on the sampling data this paper analyzes income structure of farmer (herdsman) of the Tibet Autonomous Region, including source, characteristics and cash. Situation of income structures and income sources of the farmers in different areas (agricultural, animal husbandry areas and half agricultural and half animal husbandry areas etc. )was approached. The following features were found through an analysis of surveyed data; ① In Tibetan peasant household goods and products instead of money, disposable income and cash are very little. ② The variety index of income is higher in the outskirt than it in rural, the index has a direct bearing on net income. ③ The income ways are simplistic and outdate in the poor households, they have no ability to resist and guard against any risk, it is very difficult to increase their receipts. ④ The living standard in agricultural areas is better than in pastoral areas, it is the worst in half agriculture and half animal husbandry areas.     

The interdecadal variation of Indonesian Throughflow and its mechanism

The interdecadal variation of the volume and heat transport of Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and its mechanism are preliminarily studied on the basis of the updated SODA data. It is found that the interdecadal variation of ITF‘s volume transport is mainly concentrated in upper 714 m and that of ITF‘s heat transport is mainly confined to upper 450 m. There is fairly consistent interdecadal variation in the depth-integrated seawater pressure above different depths in the region south of Davao, north of New Guinea and southwest of Australia. The depth-integrated pressure difference between northwest of Australia and south of Java has best correspondence with ITF‘s volume transport on interdecadal time scales. The relation between the wind stress on the Pacific and ITF‘s volume transport on interdecadal time scales is studied based on Island Rule. It is shown that both the wind stress along the zonal lines just south of Australia and the Equator act as the dominant contributors to ITF‘s volume transport, with the latter dominating the phase of ITF‘s interdecadal variation. These results indicate that the atmospheric forcing and oceanic adjustment in the tropical region both contribute significantly to the ITF‘s interdecadal variation.     

Determination of Chinese mobile SLR sites‘ coordinates

The geocentric coordinates of three mobile sites including Fangshan in Beijing, Urumqi in the Xinjiang Uygut Autonomous Region and Lhasa in Tibet are determined in the ITRF2000 frame by means of both the global SLR data and the mobile (SLR) data obtained by a mobile satellite laser ranging (SLR) apparatus from Aug. 2000 to Dec.2001. The results showed that the geometrical performance of Chinese SLR network has been significantly improved.     

An Analysis of Labor Resources “One River and Two Tributaries” Region in Tibet, China

Focusing on the region of Yarlung Zangbo River and the middle reaches of its two tributaries of Nianchu River and Lhasa River in Tibet (Hereafter referred to as the ““““One River and Two Tributaries““““ region), and based on the data from China 3rd, 4th and 5th population censuses, the article has analyzed change patterns of this region‘s labor force. Major findings from the study are summarized as follows:① Compared with the data from the 3rd census, labor force population in 2000 has increased significantly. ② Children dependency coefficient has dropped, while old people dependency coefficient has changed very slight-ly with an increase of 0. 047% only. ③ Compared 2000 with 1982, illit eracy and semiilliteracy rate of the population above 15 years old have decreased significantly by 30.69 percentage points, but still higher than thena tional average. ④ Women‘s illiteracy rate has dropped faster than men‘s, but up to 2000 it was generally quite high. The upgrading of the entire population‘s overall quality has a long way to go.     

Population Characteristics and Future Population Countermeasures for the Studied Counties in Tibet, China

Focusing on the 18 counties along ““““One River and Two Tributaries““““ region, and based on the data from China 3^nd , 4th and 5^th population censuses, this article has analyzed the time and spatial changing patterns of the population in this region, The analyses show that since the 3^al population census, total population, average age and total birth rate have all changed considerably: ① Total population has grown fast, with most counties‘ annual average growth rate of more than 10. ② In terms of the region‘s average age, in 2000 the age inthe 18 counties is younger than 30 years old. ③ Compared with the 3^rd population census, labor force by the 5^th census is much younger. ④ Countermeasures are proposed to control population by controlling birth rate as the result of the local resident‘s quality improvement by education.     

Study on the Application of Turndown Collar Pattern

The relation between lining collar and face collar in the collar pattern designed by experiments and theoretical calculation is elucidated. In spite of the same constructions, the collar's shape and the fabric's thickness influence on the pattern of lining collar and the face collar, especially on the back center of the lining and the two collar angles. The thicker the fabric, the more, with a proportional relation, the total variation. It is supposed that this work has made some contribution to the collar pattern design.     

Grading Discipline for the Fitting Garment with 45° Four-Piece Extraordinary Diagonal Structure Line

The innovative and unconventional diagonal dividing line fitting clothing is one kind of extraordinary structures. In order to make up the fitting garment,the pattern shape is different from the common structure on garment. Besides that,the way of grading series pattern will be different. The fitting garment with 45° fourpiece extraordinary diagonal structure line was taken for example.The series pattern is made directly and the grading rules are found by analyzing the geometric relationship of each grading point in the corresponding pattern. The research technique for extraordinary structures garment is offered. It gives the pattern-maker in garment industry exact grading data on fitting garment with 45° four-piece diagonal structure line. It has practical and scientific guiding sense.     

Study on Landscape Pattern in the Jinshajiang Xerothermic Valley Using RS and GIS——Taking Yuanmou of Yunnan as an Example

Based on the data of Landsat-TM in 1986 and 2000 and with the applied indices of landscape pattern, an analysis is carried out on the landscape pattern with its evolution in Yuanmou County of Yunnan Province inside the Jinshajiang Xerothermic valley area and a forecast is given on the changing tendency of the landscape pattern in the county with Markov Chain Model. The result shows that the production landscape like irrigated farmland and construction land in town and country as well as ecological building landscape in boondocks were enlarged during 1986-2000. Also the patch shape was regularized and the patch shape index and dimensionality were degraded. The landscape pattern was tattered and the heterogeneity index and Evenness degree were increased but the dominance degree was degraded. The key elements with lower stability cover grassland, water body and bush land. The future transformation of landscape pattern will centralize in construction land‘‘s occupation in irrigated farmland, non-irrigated farmland and grassland, the transformation of non-irrigated farmland to irrigated farmland, forest and sparse wodland or orchard, construction land‘‘s occupation in grassland and cultivation of it into sloping non-irrigated farmland and forest‘‘s degeneracy to bush land, sparse woodland and grassland. The main measures to improve virtuous development of landscape in the xerothermic valley are suggested.     

Temporal and spatial variation of atmospheric water vapor in the Taklimakan Desert and its surrounding areas

The study of the temporal and spatial variation of atmospheric water vapor has the important significance to show the response to climate change in the Taklimakan Desert. The series of monthly atmospheric water vapor from 1961 to 1998 are reconstructed using the observation data including the precipitation, ground water vapor pressure data over the period of 1961 to 2006 from 27 observation stations in its surrounding areas and meteorological data from the Tazhong station during 1999-2006. Then the relationship between atmospheric water vapor and ground vapor pressure is calculated and validated using the observation data for the period of 1976 to 2006 from 5 sounding stations (Hotan, Kuqa, Ruoqiang, Kashgar, and Minfeng). The temporal and spatial variation of atmospheric water vapor in the Taklimakan Desert and its surrounding areas is studied and then its distribution is generated. Results show that high value zone of atmospheric water vapor is mainly distributed in the northern Taklimakan Desert and the oasis-marginal belt of western desert and the value ranges from 14 to 15 mm. The low value center of atmospheric water vapor is in the hinterland of the desert and the value is only 7―8 mm. The annual variations of atmospheric water vapor show generally the increasing trend. How- ever, the variation of atmospheric water vapor in the surrounding areas and the hinterland of the desert is insignificant during 1961―1986. The atmospheric water vapor changes abruptly after 1986 and increases clearly in the two regions. The variation trend accords with that of the precipitation’s increasing significantly in southern Xinjiang for the recent 50 years. There is great error between the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data of atmospheric water vapor and real data in theTaklimakan Desert.     

Environmental changes and lake level fluctuation recorded by lakes on the plain in northern Xinjiang during the late Holocene

Xinjiang Autonomous Region is located in the arid area of westerly of China and there are many arguments about the changes of past temperature and moisture. Most of the lakes on the plain in northern Xinjiang are sealed lakes and terminal lakes. They can evidently reflect the changes in palaeoclimate. The palaeoenvironmental changes of some plain lakes in northern Xinjiang during the late Holocene will be analysed mainly based on the data of pollen, sedimentary facies, loss on ignition （LOI）, susceptibility and grain size from the Sichang Lake, Dongdaohaizi Lake and Aibi Lake. Results reveal an assembled pattern of temperature and moisture dominated by cold-wet and warm-dry. In addition, the impact factor will be discussed.     

Analysis on the Spatio-Temporal Changes of Sustainable Land Use in Tibet

By constructing evaluation indicator system of sustainable land use of Tibet from three aspects of ecological environment, economic development, resources and social advancement, this article studies the following contents respectively in two dimensions of time and space： the changes of sustainable land use of Tibet in recent 20 years and spatial characteristics of sustainable land use of Tibet in 2002. The following conclusions can be drawn from evaluation results .① With regard to com- prehensive evaluation value of sustainable land use, the trend of Tibet sustainable land use evaluation values from 1983 to 2002 are very close to the comprehensive evaluation values of ecological environment, which is up trend; ② sustainable utilization degree of land use in eastern region of Tibet is much higher than that of western region. ③ the sustainable land use evaluation value of Nyingtri County is the highest, and the counties with relatively higher land sustainable use values include Lhasa, Lhoka, Chamdo. While Nakchu, Ngari, Shigatse counties have the relatively lower evaluation values; ④ By analyzing each evaluation indicator＇s weight on sustainable land use, it can be concluded that the key limiting factors of sustainable Tibet land resource utilization are land desertification, grassland degradation and low economic level.     

Diversity of Plant Species of Alpine Grassland in Nakchu of Tibet, China

0Introduction Biologicaldiversityconcernedwiththesumofvariouslivingbeingsandtheirprocesses,aswellasthebasisofharmonious coexistencebetweenmanandnatureplaysanimportantroleinecology,economy,esthetics,ethics,etc.Duetodeteriorationofglobal environment,acceler…     

Food-Chain Model of Grassland Degradation and Its Restoration Process in Northern Tibet Plateau：A Case Study in Nierong County

Based on the model of grassland climate ecological productivity, the process of grassland degradation and its restoration mechanism in northern Tibetan Plateau were discussed by the model of food-chain in which the environmental and human factors were corrected. The results of case study in Nierong County showed that： ① the climate trend of becoming warmer, more droughts and gales were conflicted with the restoration of grassland degradation, even under level of perfect management the climate ecological productivity was declined from 89. 3 kg/m^2 of 1983 to 71.8 kg/m^2 of 2003; ② from 1983 to 2003, the population increased fast, while the variation of livestock on hand was little, and the cost of its maintaining is rapid grassland degradation; ③ on the present condition of overgrazing, the livestock on hand can be maintained on the level of theoretical carrying capacity in 2033 by applying the mechanism of food-chain in grassland ecological system controlled with expected coefficients, so that to realize the policy of determining the quantity of livestock according to grass growth.     

Dynamic of Grassland Biomass in Different Degenerative Stages

The dynamics of plant community and above- and belowground biomass of the different degenerative stages was researched of Kobresia hurnlis meadows of Nakchu prefecture in Tibet Autonomous Region. The results indicated that the aggravation of the degree of deterioration of alpine meadow is, the lower the vegetation coverage, percentage of excellent forage, and biodiversity are. The total aboveground biomass is highest in the lightly degraded stages while it is lowest in the extremely degraded stages. With the aggravation of degradation, the aboveground biomass of forbs increases while that of Cyperaceae decreases. We found that the belowground biomass was mostly distributed in the 0-10 cm soil depth in the alpine meadow with a ＂T＂-shape distribution feature, and with the acceleration of deterioration, the numbers of roots becomes less and less. Meanwhile, the above- and belowground biomass of the different degraded communities was significantly correlated（r= 0. 963）. There is an obvious positive correlation with the above- and belowground biomass in different degenerative stages, and their ratio increased with the aggravation of degradation.     

Floristic Characteristics of the Rare and Endangered Plants and the Conservation Countermeasures in Tibet, China

The floristic elements and the geographical distribution are analyzed in this paper based on statistics of elements of rare and endangered plants in Tibet. The results have been gained as following:① According to ““““the National Important Wild Conservative Plants List (List 1)““““ and ““““the National Important Wild Conservative Plants List (List 1)““““, there are a total of 54 plant species (48 genera and 33 families); ② The geographical elements are very complicated in Tibet with 12 of 15 distribution patterns of genera classified byacademician Wu; ③ There are obvious temperate genera with 28 genera accounting for 60.40% of the total genera; ④ There are abundant endemic speciesaccounting for 18.52% of total species but poor endemic genera; ⑤ The geographical distribution is uneven and a great of species distribute in the areas be-tween 1 000 m and 3 500 m above sea level; ⑥ To protect the rare and endangered plants efficiently, six conservation measures are proposed, and 35 species are suggested for the conservative plants of the autonomous conservation level.     

城镇化进程中青藏两省区农牧民家庭收支变化及满意度情况的调查分析

城镇化建设和生态移民的城镇化安置等使青海和西藏的农牧民经历着城镇化进程中的社会变迁。农牧民的家庭收支变化和对收入的满意情况等也会随着生产生活环境的变化以及政府的相应政策与措施产生很大的变化。文章通过对青海和西藏两省区农牧民收入情况的调查,对城镇化进程中农牧民家庭目前的收支变化以及对收入的满意度情况进行分析,提出了改善农牧民家庭发展生产、增加经济收入的对策和建议。     

西部生态脆弱地区反贫困模式探究——以甘南州舟曲县为例

西部地区生态脆弱与贫困问题高度相关。生态脆弱地区面积广、类型多、强度高,贫困问题积重难返,贫困发生率高、贫困程度深,开发式扶贫又易“返贫”,扶贫开发效果不易巩固,且夹杂着复杂的民族问题。文章以甘南藏族自治州舟曲县为例,深入分析舟曲县生态与贫困现状,并在研究探讨反贫困理论与实践的基础上,提出舟曲县生态型反贫困模式,主张把生态治理与地质灾害防治相结合,推动生态移民和劳务输出,加大人力资本开发和跨区域生态补偿,实现生态与社会经济的良性循环。     

Ecological Carrying Capacity of Tibet China——Variety of Ecological Footprints from 1978 to 2002

Ecological footprint‘ s theory and method are used to calculate and analysis the ecological carrying capacity in Tibet. The results indicate: Tibet ecological footprint (2.1 hm^2) keeps higher than countrywide average level( 1.5hm^2 ), and lower than global average level (2.4hm^2 ) the result show that Tibet pasture ecological footprint is the most different with other area, and woodland is the second; Tibet ecological footprint grows from 1. 25 hm2 in 1978 to 2.09 hm^2 in 2002, which states that life level is improvingcontinuously; GDP (per RMB 104 Yuan) ecological footprint reduces from 61.9 hm2 in 1978 to 4.54 hm^2 in 2002, which states resources utilized ratio is increasing continuously.     

Molecularly imprinted polymer for theophylline retention and molecular recognition properties in capillary electrochromatography

0　IntroductionMolecularimprinting[1 ] isatechniquebasedoncreatingcavities,inahighlycross linkedpolymermatrix ,thatcorrespondtothesizeandshapeoftheprintmolecule .Themolecularrecognitioneffectisaconsequenceofthepresenceinthepolymerizationmixtureoftemplatemoleculescapableofestab lishingnon covalentinteractionswithmonomerandcross linkers.Molecularlyimprintedpolymers (MIPs)havebeenusedaschromatographicstationaryphases[2 ,3] includingcapillaryelec trochromatography ,asselectivematerialsforbiosenso…