谈当代世界科学中的语言学

本文通过语言学从一门被冷落的学科发展成为一门领先科学的过程，探讨了语言学在当代世界科学体系中的地位问题，以及它对其它学科的影响     

语法模因现象初探

在总结其它学者研究语言模因论状况的基础上，尝试将模因论用作语法层面的研究，是对语言学理论思维方法的拓展和创新。语言随人类大脑的进化而进化，随客观事物的发展而发展，用发展的思维来学习语法，这一哲学观点可有效指导语法理论和应用。采用从理论到实践，从宏观到微观的辨证方法来分析语法规则和语法变体中的模因现象，可以充分阐明这一哲学语言观对二语习得的意义。     

索绪尔研究的哲学语言学视角——纪念索绪尔逝世100周年

索绪尔实质上是语言学领域的思想家,而不是一般的语言学家。从哲学语言学的角度看,索绪尔的最大贡献是提出了“抽象”和“系统”两个方法论原则,作为建立“科学”的语言学的基础。只有从哲学语言学的角度才能看清索绪尔的真正历史定位以及他对当今语言学研究的意义,也才能真正看清20世纪“现代语言学”的来龙去脉和发展走向。     

索绪尔的语言学说

瑞士语言学家索绪尔(1857-1913年)是十九世纪末至二十世纪初心理社会学语言学派的创始人,西欧一位影响最大的语言学家.青年时期著有《论印欧系语言元音的原始系统》;在他逝世以后,由他的学生根据其讲稿整理而成的《普通语言学教程》,则是代表索绪尔语言学说的名著.索绪尔认为,语言是一种社会现象,而言语是一种个人现象.他把使语言能够成为交际工具的物理成分(声音)列入言语的范围,从而提出了语言符号的心理性的论点.语言符号的本质是心理的,而语言作为交际工具却是社会的,这两个不很一致的论点恰恰是索绪尔关于语言本质的全部学说的奠基石.由这些论点构成的学说便被称为“心理社会学说”. 在那本流行极广、影响很深的著作中,他提出了许多颇具特色而不容忽视的论点:一、语言和言语是有区别的,语言是一种社会现象,语言的交际职能是主要的;二、语言符号对所标志的事物来说是任意的,但对说话的人来说不是任意的;三、语言是一种系统;四、语言符号是一种具有价值的系统的要素;五、历时语言学和共时语言学应该划分开来;六、语言系统的描写分析在科学上是必要的,并且它向语言科学提出一系列复杂的,至今仍未解决的根本问题. 无庸置疑,这些理论对更深刻地了解语言的特点,对后来语言学的进一步研究,对语言分析方法之缜密化、数学化,都是颇有功绩的.而这种功绩又直接同当代应用语言学和许多边缘学科的发展有着密切的关系.我国语言学家岑麒祥教授最近曾公正地指出,索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》出版后,“任何研究语言学理论的都不能不以其中有关的论点为基础去加以修订和发展,其中有待进一步去发现和解决的问题还不少”.因此,运用马克思主义的论点,排除“左”的教条主义的影响(例如本文著作对索绪尔的以上某些重要论点所给予的不应有的苛刻的批评,即是受了此种影响),重新认识和研究索绪尔的语言学说,在今天仍是十分必要的. 本文节译自苏联语言学家契柯巴瓦所著的《做为语言学对象的语言问题》.标题是译者加的.     

语言符号的任意性与象似性述评

语言不仅是占支配地位的交流手段，也是最重要的符号系统。语言具有可被感知和携带信息的能力，并能够反射出入的感知和观念。认知科学的发展促进了人们对语言符号的认识，增进了对语言符号本质，语言符号理论的反思。本文从认知角度回顾了语言符号的发展史；展示了语言符号的认识背景、性质、特点及其发展概况；体现了语言符号研究成果。本文在看到前入研究成果的合理性和目睹当今语言学研究的新发展的基础上，对语言符号的新认识一象似性及其特点、类型、及语用体现进行诠释；并对语言符号的任意性与象似性进行了客观的评析。     

论索绪尔关于语言符号任意性的理论

语言符号的任意性问题一直是古今中外语言学界有争议的问题。本文经过对双方各自不同的观点进行剖析,认为:语言在本质上是接缘性的、物质的社会现象。由此决定了语言符号无论是在起源上还是在本质上主要都是非任意性的,也就是说语言要永远受到人类历史、自然和精神活动的决定和制约。本文又从语言的本质入手,找出了索绪尔语言符号任意性理论的症结,即,局限的以"共时性"为基础的语言学研究违背了语言的本质规律。最终得出语言学研究要尊重语言的本质规律,建立科学的时间观的结论。     

语言学与外语教学

语言学是研究语言的一门科学。语言的研究对象是研究它的功能、结构及其历史发展，并揭示它的本质。语言现象本身纷繁复杂，导致了语言学众多的分支体系。外语教学理论要解决关于语言本质的问题，而这些理论与理论语言学直接相关。语言教学可以在实践中使教师思考并理解语言本质的问题。     

浅析传统文化与语言学研究方法论的建设

一直以来，研究方法是进行自然科学研究最基本的前提。作为科学组成部分之一的语言学研究，研究方法论与研究方法的重要性亦不例外。近年来，由于受西方思想的影响，对汉语语言的研究已经开始采用西方对语言学研究的方法进行，并取得了一定的成果。但在语言学研究方法论以及具体研究方法使用中，因为受到了我国传统文化意识以及认知世界方式等的影响，使得我国语言学研究以及方法论建设存在问题，表现在具体研究方法的使用上就是我国语言学研究中对实证研究方法的采用尚没有达到主动状态。本文在对我国语言学研究现存问题进行分析的基础上，指出制约我国语言学研究发展的主要原因是与我国传统文化以及世界观等有着密不可分的关系，同时提出了我国语言研究者所面对的使命与责任。     

语言任意性与索绪尔理论的总体思想

索绪尔通过否定语言起源问题和否定命名论，赋予了语言任意性全新的内容。索氏的语言任意性不仅指符号内部概念和音响形象之间没有内在联系，其更深层的意义是指概念和音响形象的结合是语言系统自己运作的结果，不是人的意志性行为的结果。任意性的实质是否定人创造语言这个事实，这正是索绪尔建立语言本体论和共时语言学的基础。     

Four Features of Sexism in English

语言是文化呈现的符号系统,能够映射出社会的各种观念。本文从社会语言学的角度展示了因性别歧视引起的语言不对等现象的四个方面。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that