Sequences of cytochrome b gene for primitive cyprinid fishes in East Asia and their phylogenetic concerning

1140 bp of cytochrome b gene were amplified and sequenced from 14 species of primitive cyprinid fishes in East Asia. Aligned with other ten cytochrome b gene sequences of cyprinid fish from Europe and North America retrieved from Gene bank, we obtained a matrix of 24 DNA sequences. A cladogram was generated by the method of Maximum likelihood for the primitive cyprinid fishes. The result indicated that subfamily Leuciscinae and Danioninae do not form a monophyletic group. In the subfamily Danioninae, Opsariichthys biden and Zacco platypus are very primitive and form a natural group and located at the root. But the genera in subfamily Danioninae are included in different groups and have not direct relationship. Among them, Aphyocypris chinensis and Yaoshanicus arcus form a monophyletic group. Tanichthys albonubes and Gobiocypris rarus have a close relation to Gobioninae. The genus Danio is far from other genera in Danioninae. In our cladogram, the genera in Leuciscinae were divided into two groups that have no direct relationship. The genera in Leuciscinae distributed in Europe, Sibera and North America, including Leuciscus, Rutilus, Phoxinus, N. crysole, Opsopoeodus emilae, form a monophyletic group. And the Leuciscinae in southern China including Ctenopharyngodon idettus, Mylopharyngodon piceus, Squalibarbus and Ochetobius elongatus have a common origination.     

Mitochondrial d-loop sequence variation and phylogeny of gobiobotine fishes

The mitochondrial DNA control region is amplified and sequenced from 8 genera and 10 species of gobiobotine fishes. The phylogenetic tree of Gobiobotinae and some representative species of other Cyprinid subfamilies obtained by the method of neighborhood joining, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony with Danio rerio as an outgroup indicates that Gobiobotinae fishes are a monophyletic group which is close to Gobioninae subfamily. Gobiobotinae should be included into subfamily Gobioninae in terms of phylogenetic analysis. The research result supports that Gobiobotinae can be divided into genus Xenophysogobio and Gobiobotia. Xenophysogobio is the most primitive genera in the subfamily.     

The c-myc coding DNA sequences of cyprinids （Teleostei： Cypriniformes）： Implications for phylogeny

The family Cyprinidae is one of the largest fish families in the world, which is widely distributed in East Asian, with obvious difference in characteristic size among species. The phylogeneUc analysis of cyprinid taxa based on the functionally important genes can help to understand the speciation and functional divergence of the Cyprinidae. The c-myc gene is an important gene regulating individual growth. In the present study, the sequence variations of the cyprinid c-myc gene and their phylogenetic significance were analyzed. The 41 complete sequences of the c-myc gene were obtained from cyprinids and outgroups through PCR amplification and clone. The coding DNA sequences of the c-myc gene were used to infer molecular phylogenetic relationships within the Cyprinidae. Myxocyprinus asiaticus （Catostomidae）, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus （CobiUdae） and Hemimyzon sinensis （Homalopteridae） were assigned to the outgroup taxa. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony （MP）, maximum likelihood （ML）, and Bayesian retrieved similar topology. Within the Cyprinidae, Leuciscini and Barbini formed the monophyletic lineage respectively with high nodal supports. Leuciscini comprises Xenocyprinae, CuItrinae, East Asian species of Leuciscinae and Danioninae, Gobioninae and Acheilognathinae, and Barbini contains Schizothoracinae, Barbinae, Cyprininae and Labeoninae. Danio rerio, D. myersi and Rasbora trilineata were supposed to separate from Leuciscinae and Barbini and to form another lineage. The positions of some Danioninae species were still unresolved. Analyses of both amino acid variation with parsimony information and two high variation regions indicated that there is no correlation between variations of single amino acid or high variation regions and characteristic size of cyprinids. In addition, the species with smaller size were usually found to be basal within clades in the tree, which might be the results of the adaptation to the primitive ecology and survival pressure.     

Mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence variations and phylogeny of the East Asian bagrid catfishes

The mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene was sequenced from 8 bagrid catfishes in China. Aligned with cytochrome b sequences from 9 bagrid catfishes in Japan, Korea and Russia retrieved from GenBank, and selected Silurus meridionalis, Liobagrus anguillicauda, Liobagrus reini and Phenacogrammus interruptus as outgroups, we constructed a matrix of 21 DNA sequences. The Kimura's two-parameter distances were calculated and molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed by using the maximum parsimony (MP) and neighbor-joining (NJ) methods. The results show that (i) there exist 3-bp deletions of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene compared with cypriniforms and characiforms; (ii) the molecular phylogenetic tree suggests that bagrid catfishes form a monophyletic group, and the genus Mystus is the earliest divergent in the East Asian bagrid catfishes, as well as the genus Pseudobagrus is a monophyletic group but the genus Pelteobagrus and Leiocassis are complicated; and (iii) the evolution rate of the East Asian bagrids mitochondrial cytochrome b gene is about 0.18%～0.30% sequence divergence per million years.     

从线粒体16S rDNA部分序列探讨厚蟹属的系统学位置

测定了天津厚蟹线粒体16S rDNA部分序列。基于天津厚蟹和方蟹科另外13种蟹类线粒体16S rDNA部分序列构建的NJ树，表明前者和弓蟹亚科7个属形成单系群，自引导值达到94％, 支持将厚蟹属从相手蟹亚科移至弓蟹亚科。     

Molecular phylogeny of European and African Barbus and their West Asian relatives in the Cyprininae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) and orogenesis of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The phylogenetic relationships of European and African Barbus and their West Asian relatives in Cyprininae remain largely unresolved. Consequently, little is known about the drivers of their evolution, including the possible association of uplifting of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) with the early divergence of the subfamily. We use complete sequence data of the mitochondrial DNA gene encoding the protein cytochrome b (Cytb) to hypothesize the phylogeny of 85 species belonging to 47 genera in the Cyprininae plus 6 species from the Leuciscinae. We employ 6 other species from Cypriniformes as outgroup taxa and estimate divergence times. Our results indicate that European Barbus sensu stricto lineage including Aulopyge shares a common ancestor with specialized and highly specialized schizothoracins and the genera Cyprinion and Scaphiodonichtys. The common ancestor appears to have originated in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) region about 19.4–17.8 Ma. Barbus sensu stricto lineage appears to have originated about 16.6–15.5 Ma. Small to medium sized African Barbus sensu lato appear to have had an Oriental origin about 19.1–15.3 Ma and are closely related to Asian Puntius. West Asian Carasobarbus lineage including large African Barbus sensu lato might have originated about 9.94 Ma, also in Oriental Realm and has a close relationship to Asian Neolissochilus and Tor. The large-sized Barbus sensu lato appear to have diverged from Carasobarbus about 7.7 Ma. Finally, the Cyprininae appear to have radiated rapidly into nine lineages and many sublineages from about 27.8 to 17.8 Ma, close to the time of the second-stage tectonic movements of the QTP. Our analyses provide evidence that the uplifting of the QTP drove early diversification of the Cyprininae. Our extensive sampling of species involving all of the important areas results in clear evolutionary scenario for the Cyprininae.     

苏州市区苔藓植物区系分析

在野外调查和标本鉴定基础上,报道了江苏省苏州市区苔藓植物33科,71属,154种,其中苔类8科,10属,13种;藓类25科,61属,141种．区系分析表明：该地区苔藓植物东亚成分、北温带成分和热带成分分别占36．59％,34．15％和12．20％,具有明显的东亚特色和一定的温带成分,与相邻的上海市、无锡市苔藓植物组成比较,三市的属种相似性系数较高,区系成分的R／T值分析显示了相似的温带性质。     

山东泰山苔藓植物区系研究

经过调查和资料统计,泰山共有苔藓植物162种(含3变种)，隶属于34科、79属。经区系分析发现,泰山苔藓植物区系主要成份为泛北极区系成份(96．5％),其中又以欧、亚、北美成份(45．4％)和东亚特有成份(32．6％)为主体。本文把泰山与省内外山区昆嵛山、金华山、深圳梧桐山的苔藓植物区系成份作了比较。     

遵义市区苔藓植物区系研究

通过对采自遵义市两城区凤凰山、三阁公园、湘江河道及丁字口等区域的苔藓植物标本共150号进行鉴定,得到遵义市区共有苔藓植物19科41属70种(含亚、变种,下同),其中藓类植物15科37属66种,苔类植物4科4属4种。丛藓科Pottiaceae、真藓科Bryaceae、灰藓科Hypnaceae和青藓科Brachytheciaceae为该地区的优势科,构成该区苔藓植物的主体,对该区苔藓植物进行区系分析,北温带和东亚成分均占该区苔藓植物总数(不含世界分布)的31.34%,其次是中国特有成分,占该区域苔藓植物总数的13.43%,说明该区域苔藓植物总体是温带性质的。     

世界朽木甲分类研究进展与我国种类名录

朽木甲是一个经济意义较为重要的昆虫类群,曾被作为一个独立科使用了近200年,于20世纪90年代被作为拟步甲科的亚科单位.本文对世界朽木甲分类研究的基本历史与现状、分类文献、分类系统和种类情况做了较详细介绍,并依据已知种类进行了区系分析,首次列出中国2族、16属、146种的系统目录.     

杭州市区苔藓植物区系初报

在野外调查的基础上，报道了浙江省杭州市区苔藓植物51科，92属，201种．其中苔类20科，24属，46种；藓类31科，68属，155种，中国新纪录种1个，浙江省新纪录属1个、新纪录种4个．该地区苔藓植物区系成分以东亚成分、北温带成分为主，其次是热带亚洲成分，分别占39．52％，24．55％和14．37％，具有从亚热带向北温带过渡的特征．比较杭州市区与上海、无锡市苔藓植物组成，发现杭州市区苔藓植物物种最为丰富，这可能与该地区多丘陵的地形特点有一定关系．     

Phylogenetic studies of Chinese labeonine fishes (Teleostei:Cyprinidae) based on the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene

The mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene is sequenced from 24 ingroups taxa, including 18 species from Labeoninae grouped in 13 genera. Phylogenetic analyses are subjected to neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Labeoninae is basically a monophyletic assemblage and can be divided into 2 major clades: one comprising the genera Cirrhinus, Crossocheilus and Garra; and the other consisting of the genera Labeo, Sinilabeo, Osteochilus, Pseudoorossocheilus, Parasinilabeo, Ptychidio, Semilabeo, Pseudogyricheilus, Rectori and Discogobio. According to our present analysis,the features such as the presence of the adhesive disc on the chin and the pharyngeal teeth in 2 rows used in the traditional taxonomy of Labeoninae provide scarce information for phylogeny of labeonine fishes.     

长江口冲积岛屿苔藓植物多样性及其特点

在对长江口崇明、长兴、横沙和九段沙四个冲积岛屿的野外调查和标本鉴定基础上,记录报道苔藓植物16科28属50种.崇明岛种类最为丰富,有15科24属42种;长兴岛、横沙岛次之,分别有5科10属18种和6科11属17种;九段沙最少,仅有3科4属4种.分析结果表明：长江口诸岛苔藓植物生境以土生为主,植物地理区系成分以北温带及东亚成分占多数,其中中国特有成分4种.大部分苔藓植物为常见的随人种类,人类活动是影响长江口诸岛苔藓植物物种多样性的主要因素之一.长江口各岛屿的苔藓植物物种多样性与岛屿形成时间、岛屿面积之间存在密切关系,反映了河口沙洲环境的总体特征.     

广西猫儿山自然保护区的叶附生苔类植物

首次系统调查了猫儿山自然保护区的叶附生苔类植物区系.通过野外考察和文献考证, 发现猫儿山现有叶附生苔类植物3科8属19种, 其中16种为猫儿山首次发现, 15 种属于典型的叶附生苔类植物.细角管叶苔（Colura tenuicornis）和叶生角鳞苔（Drepanolejeunea foliicola）为广西苔类植物新记录.叶附生的管叶苔属（Colura）为广西新记录属.猫儿山的叶附生苔类植物区系的主要成分为东亚成分（占36.84%）, 这反映了猫儿山的叶附生苔类植物区系具有显著的东亚特点.异胞扁萼苔为Radula gedena Gottsche ex Steph.的新拟名.     

Relationship between the simulated East Asian westerly jet biases and seasonal evolution of rainbelt over eastern China

Due to the particular geographical location and topog- raphical features, the East Asia exhibits prominent mon- soonal climate with significant seasonal variation and complex spatial distribution of climatic elements. There are many difficulties in simulating and forecasting the weather and climate over East Asia by using climate model system. Generally speaking, the capability and performance of the currently widely-used climate modelsin East Asia are not satisfied. It is of scientific sign…     

陕西菊科观赏植物种质资源和区系的研究

陕西省菊科观赏植物种质资源丰富,共有３２属４６种．区系成分多样,其中温带成分有７属,占２１．９％;热带成分有６属,占１８．７％;世界分布有３属,占９．３％;地中海—西亚—中亚分布有３属,占９．３％;东亚分布有３属,占９．３％;外来栽培属有１０个,占３１．６％．可见,陕西菊科观赏植物区系成分中温带性质明显,热带分布占相当的比例．     

内蒙古自治区赛罕乌拉国家自然保护区地衣的区系研究

内蒙古自治区赛罕乌拉国家自然保护区地衣共有12科13属42种1变型，其中优势科为梅衣科、蜈蚣衣科、黄枝衣科、石蕊科。其区系成分以环北极成分、东亚成分为主．这与该保护区维管束植物区系特点相一致，过滤性是其突出特点。     

宁夏贺兰山拟步甲科的区系组成与生态分布

为了研究宁夏贺兰山国家自然保护区的生物多样性,于2007-2009年在宁夏贺兰山进行了系统的拟步甲科标本采集．结果表明,共获得标本4000余只,经分类鉴定出50种,隶属4亚科20属,其中,拟步甲亚科种类最多,计11属24种,占总种数的48％,漠甲亚科次之,计7属20种,占总种数的40％．从世界动物区系的构成来看,以中亚亚界成分为主;从中国动物区系的构成来看,贺兰山拟步甲科昆虫区系具有明显的蒙新区系特征,并且与华北区区系较为密切,与青藏区系次之,7个区系分布型中以蒙新区所占比例最高,共有32种,占64％,其次为蒙新区＋华北区区系分布型,计10种,占20％．根据拟步甲科生态分布特征,并结合植被、地形、地貌,运用等级聚类分析将50种拟步甲科划分为4个生态种组;拟步甲科随贺兰山垂直植被带分布表现差异,山麓荒漠草原带和疏林草原带是主要的分布带,喜阴湿的种类主要分布在针阔混交林带以上．     

安徽歙县清凉峰自然保护区苔藓植物区系研究

本文旨在研究安徽县清凉峰苔藓植物区系。从1877份苔藓植物标本中,鉴定出417种（包括亚种、变种、变型）,隶属于62科,169属,并根据种的分布范围划出下列区系成分:1.欧亚—北美成分（97种,23.26％）;2.东亚—北美成分（9种,2.15％）;3.欧亚大陆成分（19种,4.56％）;4.东亚成分（179种,42.9％）;5.北半球广布成分（6种,1.43％）;6.中国特有成分（20种,4.79％）;7.新热带成分（9种,2.15％）;8.旧热带成分（63种,15.1％）。进而提出,清凉峰苔藓植物区系以东亚成分为主,区系组成表现为泛热带植物区系向北渗透过渡的复杂性。     

山东苔藓植物区系

现知山东苔藓植物有56科155属433种(包括变种和亚种)，约占全国苔藓植物科的47．86％，属的28．34％，种的13．57％。从区系成分上看，山东苔藓植物区系具有两大特点：一是温带成分比例高；二是东亚成分多；就地理分布而言，沿海地区种类多于内陆地区，山区多于平原的分布特点。可以说，山东苔藓植物区系与山东种子植物区系相类同，是相对简单的北温带类型的苔藓植物区系。