致密砂岩气藏渗流机理及开发技术

致密砂岩气藏具有相对复杂的渗流规律,明确其储层条件下的渗流机理有利于制订合理、有效的开发方案。通过总结国内外相关的研究成果,并有针对性地进行了补充实验研究,取得了致密砂岩气藏渗流机理的一些新认识:1实际生产过程中,由于受到孔喉半径较小、废弃地层压力较高的限制,无需考虑其滑脱效应和高速非达西渗流对渗流特征及开发效果的影响;2其阈压梯度和应力敏感程度随着储层渗透率的降低而增大,随着储层含水饱和度的升高而增大;3压力梯度可以显著的影响气水两相的渗流能力,随着压力梯度的增大,气相相对渗透率逐渐降低,水相相对渗透率逐渐升高。基于渗流机理的认识和美国致密砂岩气藏的开发情况,总结了有效的开发技术对策:大型水力压裂技术、井网加密技术、小井眼钻井及欠平衡钻井技术、控压开采技术。     

储层损害对致密砂岩气体传质效率影响实验研究

在致密砂岩储层流体敏感性、工作液损害评价基础上,利用岩心流动仪开展储层损害后致密岩样气体传质实验,探讨储层损害程度与类型对致密砂岩气体传质影响.实验结果表明,外来液相、固相侵入储层造成不可逆的储层损害,损害程度越高气体传质效率越低,即使增大驱替压差也不能恢复致密砂岩气体传质能力.研究揭示,实现全过程储层保护将是致密砂岩气藏经济开发的重要保证.     

基于核磁共振技术的疏松砂岩油藏微粒运移伤害机理

准噶尔盆地阜东斜坡区头屯河组疏松砂岩油藏物性非均质性强,孔喉结构复杂,储层开发过程存在微粒运移现象。为明确微粒膨胀、运移对储层微观孔喉结构的伤害作用机理,基于室内物理流动模拟实验结合低场核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR)技术,定量评价头屯河组油藏储层的微观孔喉伤害程度,明确微粒运移伤害主要控制因素。结果表明：微粒膨胀引起的孔喉结构伤害程度平均为6.84%,微粒运移造成的伤害程度高于微粒膨胀的伤害程度,达到9.16%。其中介于0.01～9.33 ms较小孔喉的伤害程度较高,微粒膨胀、运移对孔喉的伤害程度平均为5.64%、7.60%。孔隙度、渗透率、分选系数与储层微观孔喉伤害程度呈负相关关系,排驱压力与孔喉伤害程度呈正相关。蒙脱石+伊蒙混层含量高是导致阜东斜坡区头屯河组疏松砂岩油藏微粒膨胀的重要因素,砂粒运移则是微粒运移的宏观表现。从微观尺度揭示了疏松砂岩油藏在生产阶段发生砂粒运移对储层造成的伤害机理,研究成果可为生产现场优化开发方案、降低储层伤害程度提供理论依据,实现疏松砂岩油藏的高效开发。     

东胜气田致密砂岩储层渗流机理

致密砂岩气藏渗流阻力大,废弃压力高,采收率低,含水饱和度影响显著,明确致密砂岩储层气体的渗流机理对于气藏的有效开发具有重要意义。选取东胜气田致密砂岩储层样品100余块,开展了孔渗测试及其相互关系与分布特征分析;进行了致密砂岩储层在不同含水饱和度下的气体渗流特征实验,计算了单相气体及不同含水饱和度下气体渗流的滑脱因子;测试了样品在不同驱替压力下的气水两相相对渗透率曲线。实验研究结果表明：东胜气田致密砂岩储层覆压渗透率约为常压下测得的标准渗透率的1/10,且普遍低于0.1 mD,孔隙度偏低;滑脱效应受渗透率、孔隙压力、含水饱和度影响明显;干岩心气体临界流态特征明显,小于0.1 mD岩样渗流特征曲线为线性,大于0.1 mD岩样非线性特征明显;含水饱和度对于渗流特征曲线影响显著,随着含水饱和度增加,气体渗流由气态渗流过渡到液态渗流,气相渗流滑脱效应逐渐变弱;驱替压差对残余水饱和度影响大,控制气藏生产压差,防止大压差驱动储层水,导致气井大量产水。渗流机理研究对于东胜致密砂岩含水气藏的合理、有效开发具有重要的基础理论支撑作用。     

基于低场核磁共振技术的致密砂岩气藏防水锁作用机理研究

致密砂岩气藏孔隙度、渗透率较低,微观孔喉尺度细小,在生产及压裂过程中极易产生水锁伤害。为开展致密储层防水锁作用机理研究,本文将常规岩心自吸实验、防水锁剂抑制水锁伤害实验与低场核磁共振技术相结合,从微观角度揭示致密砂岩储层微纳米级孔喉中的防水锁作用机理,为致密砂岩气藏防水锁相关研究提供理论依据。研究结果显示,加入防水锁添加剂后,流体表面张力下降,接触角增大,自吸速率变慢,渗透率有一定程度恢复;在此基础上,通过核磁共振T2谱从微观角度评价缓慢自吸阶段液体在不同孔喉尺度范围内的液相水锁滞留现象,其中加入防水锁添加剂后在自吸20h时在较小孔喉处自吸液相平均占比为38.61%,整体孔喉平均液相占比为35.79%。而在未加入防水锁试剂的样品中在自吸20h时在较小孔喉处液相占比为67.48%,整体孔喉占比为54.52%;通过防水锁剂抑制水锁伤害实验得出,加入防水锁剂后渗透率恢复程度在15.38%～20.19%,整体液相滞留占比平均下降幅度在10.73%。研究发现防水锁剂有效地降低了较小孔候处液相滞留占比,降低流体表面张力以及增大岩心疏水性能,揭示了致密砂岩气藏防水锁作用机理,为致密砂岩气藏降低水锁伤害程度、提高返排效率,为实现高效开发提供理论支撑。     

致密砂岩储层孔隙结构特征及其对开发的影响

致密砂岩孔隙结构特征是致密油气地质评价的核心研究工作。通过铸体薄片、X-射线衍射、扫描电镜、常规压汞、恒速压汞及气水相相对渗透率等多种实验分析手段,研究了川西中江气田沙溪庙组致密砂岩孔隙结构特征,探讨了孔隙结构差异性成因,并分析孔隙结构对开发的影响。研究表明,中江气田沙溪庙组致密储层岩石类型以岩屑长石砂岩、长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑砂岩为主;储层物性受原生矿物组合与成岩演化过程及其产物的影响,其中,石英对储层的渗透率贡献相对明显,对孔隙度影响不明显,黏土矿物、方解石都对孔隙度和渗透率影响明显,均呈负相关;在孔隙结构参数中,孔喉组合关系、喉道大小决定储层渗流能力,以大孔喉对储层渗透能力的贡献最大;孔隙结构对产能及气井生产特征影响明显,孔隙结构均质性越好所对应的气井产能及平均日产气就越高。研究成果对于深入理解致密砂岩孔隙结构及气井开发效果差异性具有重要的理论意义,能为气藏合理开发及评价提供科学依据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界致密砂岩气成藏特征

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界气藏为致密砂岩气藏。通过对盆地上古生界烃源岩、储集层、储层致密和成藏时间以及天然气运聚的分析,详细研究盆地上古生界致密砂岩气藏的成藏特征。本溪组-山西组煤层是主要的烃源岩,烃源岩有机质丰度高,干烙根为Ⅲ型干烙根,有机质成熟度高,以高-过成熟为主,为盆地天然气成藏提供充足的物质基础。储层岩性以岩屑石英砂岩、石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩为主,孔隙度主要分布在4%~8%,渗透率在0.1×10~(-3)~0.5×10~(-3)μm~2,为低孔低渗致密砂岩储层。储层具有"小孔隙、细喉道、微裂缝不发育、孔喉连通性差"的特点。致密气藏是先致密后成藏,储层在早-中侏罗世储层演化为致密砂岩储层;而后在晚侏罗世-早白垩世天然气大量充注形成气藏。天然气在气体膨胀力的作用下沿着微裂缝近距离运移聚集形成大面积连片分布的致密砂岩气藏。     

西湖凹陷某构造花港组致密砂岩储层的渗流特征

研究西湖凹陷某构造渐新统花港组致密砂岩储层的渗流特征,旨在为该气藏的高效开发提供指导性意见。利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜资料,综合分析物性测试、压汞、核磁共振、水驱气等实验数据,研究西湖凹陷某构造花港组致密砂岩储层的孔隙结构、气水渗流特征及其影响因素。该区致密砂岩储层孔隙类型以粒间溶孔为主,孔喉半径细小,且孔喉分选性差,排驱压力高;致密砂岩储层束缚水饱和度高,两相渗流区窄,气相相对渗透率较低,且见水后急剧下降,残余气饱和度较高,最终采收率低,且无水期采收率占最终采收率的比例很大,应充分重视储层见水前的天然气开采。储层渗流特征受物性、孔隙结构、原始含水饱和度以及润湿性等多种因素的影响,其中孔隙结构影响最大。     

基于砂岩组构分类评价的储层渗透率预测

依据以砂岩岩石学特征为基础的不同类型储层孔渗定量关系渗透率预测模型,对川西新场地区上沙溪庙组Js2气藏储层渗透率进行研究。结果表明:研究区储层砂岩以次生孔隙为主,孔渗相关性差,以孔隙度参数进行的储层评价结果与产出状况匹配性差;根据岩石成份、结构和储集空间发育情况对储层进行分类,建立不同类型储层的孔渗定量关系渗透率预测模型,可明显提高孔隙度和渗透率之间的相关性;根据不同类型储层与测井特征的匹配关系,可实现储层类型的测井判别;在提高孔隙度测井解释精度的基础上,利用测井解释孔隙度,分别用不同类型储层的孔渗定量关系渗透率预测模型计算渗透率,可提高渗透率求取精度,从而提高致密砂岩储层渗透率预测水平。     

玛湖1井区乌尔禾组致密砂砾岩储层物性特征研究

新疆油田玛湖凹陷现为世界储量最大的砾岩油藏,玛湖1井区乌尔禾组是其开发的主力层位之一.致密砾岩油藏孔喉结构复杂,基础物性特征不同于常规储层,需要深入研究.通过岩石薄片、激光衍射、高压压汞、压差-流量法驱替等方法研究了该储层孔隙、粒度、启动压力梯度等物性特征.结果表明:致密砂砾岩储层粒度以2～10 mm为主,黏土矿物以伊蒙混层为主,具有潜在的强水敏性;孔隙类型主要为剩余粒间孔、粒内溶孔,含有微裂缝,按照压汞曲线可分为三类储层:Ⅰ类排驱压力较低,存在集中分布的微米级孔喉,Ⅱ类排驱压力中等,微米级与纳米级孔喉均有分布,Ⅲ类排驱压力较高,主要发育纳米级孔喉;拟启动压力梯度和渗透率呈现良好幂函数关系,相同渗透率下致密砾岩储层较砂岩储层启动压力更高,且随渗透率增加其差异有减小趋势.研究结果对该储层物性与启动压力有了清晰的认识,为玛湖致密储集层合理、高效开发提供了理论依据.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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Brief Introduction to “Journal of Jilin University( Science Edition) ”

<正>"Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition)"is a comprehensive academic journal in the fields of science sponsored by Jilin University and administrated by the Ministry of Education of the Peoples Republic of China.The journal started publication in 1955.The original name at starting publication was"Journal of Natural Science of Northeast People University",which was changed into"Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Jilinensis"in 1958 owing to the name change of the university.The present journal name has